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Hamad H, Castelo-Quibén J, Morales-Torres S, Carrasco-Marín F, Pérez-Cadenas AF, Maldonado-Hódar FJ. On the Interactions and Synergism between Phases of Carbon⁻Phosphorus⁻Titanium Composites Synthetized from Cellulose for the Removal of the Orange-G Dye. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11091766. [PMID: 30231540 PMCID: PMC6164880 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon–phosphorus–titanium composites (CPT) were synthesized by Ti-impregnation and carbonization of cellulose. Microcrystalline cellulose used as carbon precursor was initially dissolved by phosphoric acid (H3PO4) to favor the Ti-dispersion and the simultaneous functionalization of the cellulose chains with phosphorus-containing groups, namely phosphates and polyphosphates. These groups interacted with the Ti-precursor during impregnation and determined the interface transformations during carbonization as a function of the Ti-content and carbonization temperature. Amorphous composites with high surface area and mesoporosity were obtained at low Ti-content (Ti:cellulose ratio = 1) and carbonization temperature (500 °C), while in composites with Ti:cellulose ratio = 12 and 800 °C, Ti-particles reacted with the cellulose groups leading to different Ti-crystalline polyphosphates and a marked loss of the porosity. The efficiency of composites in the removal of the Orange G dye in solution by adsorption and photocatalysis was discussed based on their physicochemical properties. These materials were more active than the benchmark TiO2 material (Degussa P25), showing a clear synergism between phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Hamad
- Carbon Materials Research Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuentenueva, s/n. ES18071 Granada, Spain.
- Fabrication Technology Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt.
| | - Jesica Castelo-Quibén
- Carbon Materials Research Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuentenueva, s/n. ES18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Sergio Morales-Torres
- Carbon Materials Research Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuentenueva, s/n. ES18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco Carrasco-Marín
- Carbon Materials Research Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuentenueva, s/n. ES18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Agustín F Pérez-Cadenas
- Carbon Materials Research Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuentenueva, s/n. ES18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Maldonado-Hódar
- Carbon Materials Research Group, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida de Fuentenueva, s/n. ES18071 Granada, Spain.
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