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Liu Q, Liu M, Chen W, Yuan H, Jiang Y, Huang D, Liu H, Wang T. Recent Advances in 2-Keto-l-gulonic Acid Production Using Mixed-Culture Fermentation and Future Prospects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1419-1428. [PMID: 38206567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is an essential vitamin that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be acquired through our diet. At present, the precursor of vitamin C, 2-keto-l-gulonic acid (2-KGA), is typically produced via a two-step fermentation process utilizing three bacterial strains. The second step of this traditional two-step fermentation method involves mixed-culture fermentation employing 2-KGA-producing bacteria (Ketogulonicigenium vulgare) along with associated bacteria. Because K. vulgare has defects in various metabolic pathways, associated bacteria are needed to provide key substances to promote K. vulgare growth and 2-KGA production. Unlike previous reviews where the main focus was the interaction between associated bacteria and K. vulgare, this Review presents the latest scientific research from the perspective of the metabolic pathways associated with 2-KGA production by K. vulgare and the mechanism underlying the interaction between K. vulgare and the associated bacteria. In addition, the dehydrogenases that are responsible for 2-KGA production, the 2-KGA synthesis pathway, strategies for simplifying 2-KGA production via a one-step fermentation route, and, finally, future prospects and research goals in vitamin C production are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Li W, Huang X, Liu H, Lian H, Xu B, Zhang W, Sun X, Wang W, Jia S, Zhong C. Improvement in bacterial cellulose production by co-culturing Bacillus cereus and Komagataeibacter xylinus. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 313:120892. [PMID: 37182977 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a bio-produced nanostructure material widely used in biomedical, food, and paper-manufacturing industries. However, low production efficiency and high-cost have limited its industrial applications. This study aimed to examine the level of improvement in BC production by co-culturing Bacillus cereus and Komagataeibacter xylinus. The BC yield in corn stover enzymatic hydrolysate was found to be obviously enhanced from 1.2 to 4.4 g/L after the aforementioned co-culturing. The evidence indicated that acetoin (AC) and 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) produced by B. cereus were the key factors dominating BC increment. The mechanism underlying BC increment was that AC and 2,3-BD increased the specific activity of AC dehydrogenase and the contents of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), thus promoting the growth and energy level of K. xylinus. Meanwhile, the immobilization of BC could also facilitate oxygen acquisition in B. cereus under static conditions. This study was novel in reporting that the co-culture could effectively enhance BC production from the lignocellulosic enzymatic hydrolysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition & Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xinxin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition & Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition & Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hao Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition & Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition & Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Wenjin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition & Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xuewen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition & Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition & Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Shiru Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition & Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition & Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, PR China.
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Tian YS, Deng YD, Zhang WH, Yu-Wang, Xu J, Gao JJ, Bo-Wang, Fu XY, Han HJ, Li ZJ, Wang LJ, Peng RH, Yao QH. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for direct production of vitamin C from D-glucose. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:86. [PMID: 35996146 PMCID: PMC9396866 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Production of vitamin C has been traditionally based on the Reichstein process and the two-step process. However, the two processes share a common disadvantage: vitamin C cannot be directly synthesized from D-glucose. Therefore, significant effort has been made to develop a one-step vitamin C fermentation process. While, 2-KLG, not vitamin C, is synthesized from nearly all current one-step fermentation processes. Vitamin C is naturally synthesized from glucose in Arabidopsis thaliana via a ten-step reaction pathway that is encoded by ten genes. The main objective of this study was to directly produce vitamin C from D-glucose in Escherichia coli by expression of the genes from the A. thaliana vitamin C biosynthetic pathway. Results Therefore, the ten genes of whole vitamin C synthesis pathway of A. thaliana were chemically synthesized, and an engineered strain harboring these genes was constructed in this study. The direct production of vitamin C from D-glucose based on one-step fermentation was achieved using this engineered strain and at least 1.53 mg/L vitamin C was produced in shaking flasks. Conclusions The study demonstrates the feasibility of one-step fermentation for the production of vitamin C from D-glucose. Importantly, the one-step process has significant advantages compared with the currently used fermentation process: it can save multiple physical and chemical steps needed to convert D-glucose to D-sorbitol; it also does not involve the associated down-streaming steps required to convert 2-KLG into vitamin C. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13068-022-02184-0.
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da Silva GAR, Oliveira SSDS, Lima SF, do Nascimento RP, Baptista ARDS, Fiaux SB. The industrial versatility of Gluconobacter oxydans: current applications and future perspectives. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:134. [PMID: 35688964 PMCID: PMC9187504 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gluconobacter oxydans is a well-known acetic acid bacterium that has long been applied in the biotechnological industry. Its extraordinary capacity to oxidize a variety of sugars, polyols, and alcohols into acids, aldehydes, and ketones is advantageous for the production of valuable compounds. Relevant G. oxydans industrial applications are in the manufacture of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C), miglitol, gluconic acid and its derivatives, and dihydroxyacetone. Increasing efforts on improving these processes have been made in the last few years, especially by applying metabolic engineering. Thereby, a series of genes have been targeted to construct powerful recombinant strains to be used in optimized fermentation. Furthermore, low-cost feedstocks, mostly agro-industrial wastes or byproducts, have been investigated, to reduce processing costs and improve the sustainability of G. oxydans bioprocess. Nonetheless, further research is required mainly to make these raw materials feasible at the industrial scale. The current shortage of suitable genetic tools for metabolic engineering modifications in G. oxydans is another challenge to be overcome. This paper aims to give an overview of the most relevant industrial G. oxydans processes and the current strategies developed for their improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Alves Ribeiro da Silva
- Graduate Program in Science and Biotechnology, Biology Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói-RJ, 24020-141, Brazil.
- Microbial Technology Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói-RJ, 24241-000, Brazil.
- Ecology of Microbial Process Laboratory, Biochemical Engineering Department, Chemical School, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941-909, Brazil.
| | - Simone Santos de Sousa Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Science and Biotechnology, Biology Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói-RJ, 24020-141, Brazil
- Microbial Technology Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói-RJ, 24241-000, Brazil
| | - Sara Fernandes Lima
- Microbial Technology Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói-RJ, 24241-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pires do Nascimento
- Ecology of Microbial Process Laboratory, Biochemical Engineering Department, Chemical School, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Andrea Regina de Souza Baptista
- Center for Microorganisms Investigation, Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói-RJ, 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Sorele Batista Fiaux
- Microbial Technology Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói-RJ, 24241-000, Brazil
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Zeng W, Wang P, Li N, Li J, Chen J, Zhou J. Production of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 318:124069. [PMID: 32916460 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2-KLG) is the direct precursor for industrial vitamin C production. The main biosynthetic method for 2-KLG production is the classical two-step fermentation route. However, disadvantages of this method are emerging, including high consumption of energy, difficulties in strain screening, complex operation, and poor stability. In this study, five recombinant Escherichia coli strains overexpressing different sorbose/sorbosone dehydrogenases were constructed and used for 2-KLG production. By optimizing catalytic conditions and further expressing pyrroloquinoline quinone in the recombinant strain, the titer of 2-KLG reached 72.4 g/L, with a conversion ratio from L-sorbose of 71.2% in a 5-L bioreactor. To achieve direct biosynthesis of 2-KLG from D-sorbitol, a co-culture system consisting of Gluconobacter oxydans and recombinant E. coli was designed. With this co-culture system, 16.8 g/L of 2-KLG was harvested, with a conversion ratio from D-sorbitol of 33.6%. The approaches developed here provide alternative routes for the efficient biosynthesis of 2-KLG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhu Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ning Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Enhanced 2-keto-L-gulonic acid production by a mixed culture of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare and Bacillus megaterium using three-stage temperature control strategy. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:257-265. [PMID: 33145708 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00396-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key precursor of vitamin C, 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2-KLG) was mainly produced from L-sorbose by mixed fermentation of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare and a helper strain (Bacillus spp.) with a low conversion rate for decades. The aim of this study was to enhance the 2-KLG production by co-culturing K. vulgare and Bacillus megaterium using three-stage temperature control (TSTC) strategy. By investigating the temperature effect on the 2-KLG fermentation, the optimum temperatures for the growths of K. vulgare and B. megaterium were 32 °C and 29 °C, respectively, while the optimum temperature for 2-KLG production was 35 °C. We developed a TSTC process: the temperature was kept at 32 °C during the first 16 h of fermentation, then decreased to 29 °C for the following 14 h, and maintained at 35 °C to the end of fermentation. By using this new process, the productivity and yield of 2-KLG from L-sorbose were obtained at 2.19 ± 0.19 g/L/h and 92.91 ± 1.02 g/L in 20-L fermentors for 5 batches, respectively, which were 22.35% and 6.02% higher than that of the control treatment (the single temperature of 29 °C). The increased cell density of K. vulgare during the exponential phase and the enhanced SDH activity (increased by 25.18% at 36 h, 17.14% at 44 h) in the production stage might be the reasons for enhanced 2-KLG conversion rate and yield. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of the TSTC strategy for 2-KLG production.
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Chen Y, Liu L, Shan X, Du G, Zhou J, Chen J. High-Throughput Screening of a 2-Keto-L-Gulonic Acid-Producing Gluconobacter oxydans Strain Based on Related Dehydrogenases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:385. [PMID: 31921801 PMCID: PMC6923176 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screening is a powerful tool for discovering strains in the natural environment that may be suitable for target production. Herein, a novel enzyme-based high-throughput screening method was developed for rapid screening of strains overproducing 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2-KLG). The screening method detects changes in the fluorescence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) at 340 nm using a microplate reader when 2-KLG is degraded by 2-KLG reductase. In this research, three different 2-KLG reductases were expressed, purified, and studied. The 2-KLG reductase from Aspergillus niger were selected as the best appropriate reductase to establishment the method for its high activity below pH 7. Using the established method, and coupled with fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we achieved a high 2-KLG-producing strain of Gluconobacter oxydans WSH-004 from soil. When cultured with D-sorbitol as the substrate, the 2-KLG yield was 2.5 g/L from 50 g/L D-sorbitol without any side products. Compared with other reported screening methods, our enzyme-based method is more efficient and accurate for obtaining high-producing 2-KLG strains, and it is also convenient and cost-effective. The method is broadly applicable for screening keto acids and other products that can be oxidized via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Shan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Wang EX, Liu Y, Ma Q, Dong XT, Ding MZ, Yuan YJ. Synthetic cell–cell communication in a three-species consortium for one-step vitamin C fermentation. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:951-961. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Mandlaa, Sun Z, Wang R, Han X, Xu H, Yang W. Enhanced 2-keto-L-gulonic acid production by applying L-sorbose-tolerant helper strain in the co-culture system. AMB Express 2018; 8:30. [PMID: 29492704 PMCID: PMC5833332 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Keto-L-gulonic acid (the precursor of vitamin C) is bio-converted from L-sorbose by mixed fermentation of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare and a helper strain. The helper strain promotes the conversion of 2-KLG by enhancing the growth of K. vulgare, but its growth is greatly inhibited by high concentration of L-sorbose, which consequently influence the 2-KLG production. The aim of this study is to obtain L-sorbose-tolerant helper strain (LHS) by experimental evolution for reduced L-sorbose-inhibition-effect and enhanced 2-KLG productivity in high concentration of L-sorbose. After three steps screening by using our devised screening strategy, three strains (i.e., Bc 21, Bc 47, Bc 50) with high resistance to high concentration of L-sorbose were obtained. The fermentation tests by co-culturing Bc 21 and K. vulgare 418 showed that the production of 2-KLG was increased by 17.9% in 11% L-sorbose medium than that in 8% after 55 h of fermentation and the conversion rate was 89.5%. The results suggested that Bc 21 could be an ideal helper strain for 2-KLG production under high concentration of L-sorbose and demonstrated the feasibility of using experimental evolution to breed LHS for vitamin C production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandlaa
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018 Hohhot, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Ziyu Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018 Hohhot, China
| | - Ruigang Wang
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018 Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018 Hohhot, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Weichao Yang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, China
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Comparative genomics and metabolomics analyses of the adaptation mechanism in Ketogulonicigenium vulgare-Bacillus thuringiensis consortium. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46759. [PMID: 28440340 PMCID: PMC5404267 DOI: 10.1038/srep46759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive evolution by serial subcultivation of co-cultured Bacillus thuringiensis and Ketogulonicigenium vulgare significantly enhanced the productivity of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid in two-step vitamin C production. The adaptation mechanism in K. vulgare-B. thuringiensis consortium was investigated in this study based on comparative genomics and metabolomics studies. It was found that the growth, anti-oxidation, transcription and regulation were significantly enhanced in the adapted consortium. The mutation of the genes, which encode amidohydrolase in adapted K. vulgare (K150) and amino acid permease in adapted B. thuringiensis (B150), resulted in the increase of some amino acids levels in each species, and further enhanced the metabolic exchange and growth ability of the two species. Besides, the mutation of the gene encoding spore germination protein enhanced the metabolic levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle, and decreased the sporulation in B150, which induced its growth. The mutation of the genes, which encode NADPH nitroreductase in K150 and NADPH-dependent FMN reductase in B150, may enhance the ability of anti-oxidation. Overall, the long-term adaptation of K. vulgare and B. thuringiensis influenced the global regulation and made them more inseparable in metabolite exchange. Our work will provide ideas for the molecular design and optimization in microbial consortium.
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Jia N, Ding MZ, Gao F, Yuan YJ. Comparative genomics analysis of the companion mechanisms of Bacillus thuringiensis Bc601 and Bacillus endophyticus Hbe603 in bacterial consortium. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28794. [PMID: 27353048 PMCID: PMC4926094 DOI: 10.1038/srep28794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus endophyticus both act as the companion bacteria, which cooperate with Ketogulonigenium vulgare in vitamin C two-step fermentation. Two Bacillus species have different morphologies, swarming motility and 2-keto-L-gulonic acid productivities when they co-culture with K. vulgare. Here, we report the complete genome sequencing of B. thuringiensis Bc601 and eight plasmids of B. endophyticus Hbe603, and carry out the comparative genomics analysis. Consequently, B. thuringiensis Bc601, with greater ability of response to the external environment, has been found more two-component system, sporulation coat and peptidoglycan biosynthesis related proteins than B. endophyticus Hbe603, and B. endophyticus Hbe603, with greater ability of nutrients biosynthesis, has been found more alpha-galactosidase, propanoate, glutathione and inositol phosphate metabolism, and amino acid degradation related proteins than B. thuringiensis Bc601. Different ability of swarming motility, response to the external environment and nutrients biosynthesis may reflect different companion mechanisms of two Bacillus species. Comparative genomic analysis of B. endophyticus and B. thuringiensis enables us to further understand the cooperative mechanism with K. vulgare, and facilitate the optimization of bacterial consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China
| | - Ming-Zhu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China.,Department of Physics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China
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12
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Mandlaa, Yang W, Liu C, Xu H. l-sorbose is not only a substrate for 2-keto-l-gulonic acid production in the artificial microbial ecosystem of two strains mixed fermentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 42:897-904. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The co-culture system of the fermentation process of vitamin C can be regarded as an artificial microbial ecosystem (AME). To extend our understanding of this AME, an investigation of the relationship between strains, substrate and product was carried out in this study. The results showed that both Ketogulonicigenium vulgare and 2-keto-l-gulonic acid (2-KLG, the precursor of vitamin C) can inhibit the growth of the helper strain, while the helper strain promoted the growth of K. vulgare and 2-KLG production. Moreover, l-sorbose is not only a substrate for 2-KLG production in the AME, but also a promoter of K. vulgare and an inhibitor of the helper strain. In the earlier stage of fermentation, the inhibition of l-sorbose on the helper strain’s growth is a key factor for ensuring an efficient fermentation. In the condition of adding the extra helper strain (OD: 0.57, ratio of inoculation: 2 %), the yields of 2-KLG is increased by 9 % in the 14 % l-sorbose medium. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the inhibition of substrate in the AME of 2-KLG production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandlaa
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences 72 Wenhua Road 110016 Shenyang China
| | - Weichao Yang
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences 72 Wenhua Road 110016 Shenyang China
| | - Chengbin Liu
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences 72 Wenhua Road 110016 Shenyang China
| | - Hui Xu
- grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences 72 Wenhua Road 110016 Shenyang China
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13
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Song H, Ding MZ, Jia XQ, Ma Q, Yuan YJ. Synthetic microbial consortia: from systematic analysis to construction and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:6954-81. [PMID: 25017039 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology is an emerging research field that focuses on using rational engineering strategies to program biological systems, conferring on them new functions and behaviours. By developing genetic parts and devices based on transcriptional, translational, post-translational modules, many genetic circuits and metabolic pathways had been programmed in single cells. Extending engineering capabilities from single-cell behaviours to multicellular microbial consortia represents a new frontier of synthetic biology. Herein, we first reviewed binary interaction modes of microorganisms in microbial consortia and their underlying molecular mechanisms, which lay the foundation of programming cell-cell interactions in synthetic microbial consortia. Systems biology studies on cellular systems enable systematic understanding of diverse physiological processes of cells and their interactions, which in turn offer insights into the optimal design of synthetic consortia. Based on such fundamental understanding, a comprehensive array of synthetic microbial consortia constructed in the last decade were reviewed, including isogenic microbial communities programmed by quorum sensing-based cell-cell communications, sender-receiver microbial communities with one-way communications, and microbial ecosystems wired by two-way (bi-directional) communications. Furthermore, many applications including using synthetic microbial consortia for distributed bio-computations, chemicals and bioenergy production, medicine and human health, and environments were reviewed. Synergistic development of systems and synthetic biology will provide both a thorough understanding of naturally occurring microbial consortia and rational engineering of these complicated consortia for novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Song
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
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14
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Ding MZ, Zou Y, Song H, Yuan YJ. Metabolomic analysis of cooperative adaptation between co-cultured Bacillus cereus and Ketogulonicigenium vulgare. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94889. [PMID: 24728527 PMCID: PMC3984275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cooperative adaptation of subcultivated Bacillus cereus and Ketogulonicigenium vulgare significantly increased the productivity of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid, the precursor of vitamin C. The mechanism of cooperative adaptation of the serial subcultivated B. cereus and K. vulgare was investigated in this study by culturing the two strains orthogonally on agar plates. It was found that the swarming distance of B. cereus along the trace of K. vulgare on the plate decreased after 150 days' subcultivation. Metabolomic analysis on these co-cultured B. cereus and K. vulgare strains showed that their cooperative adaptation was accomplished by three key events: (i) the ability of nutrients (e.g., amino acids and purines) searching and intaking, and proteins biosynthesis is increased in the evolved B. cereus; (ii) the capability of protein degradation and amino acids transportation is enhanced in evolved K. vulgare; (iii) the evolved B. cereus was found to provide more nutrients (mostly amino acids and purines) to K. vulgare, thus strengthening the oxidation and energy generation of K. vulgare. Our results provided novel insights into the systems-level understanding of the cooperative adaptation between strains in synergistic consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education (Tianjin University), Tianjin, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education (Tianjin University), Tianjin, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hao Song
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education (Tianjin University), Tianjin, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education (Tianjin University), Tianjin, PR China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, PR China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Comparative proteomic analysis of experimental evolution of the Bacillus cereus-Ketogulonicigenium vulgare co-culture. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91789. [PMID: 24619085 PMCID: PMC3950281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial co-culture system composing of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare and Bacillus cereus was widely adopted in industry for the production of 2-keto-gulonic acid (2-KGA), the precursor of vitamin C. We found serial subcultivation of the co-culture could enhance the yield of 2-KGA by 16% in comparison to that of the ancestral co-culture. To elucidate the evolutionary dynamics and interaction mechanisms of the two microbes, we performed iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analyses of the pure cultures of K. vulgare, B. cereus and their co-culture during serial subcultivation. Hierarchy cluster analyses of the proteomic data showed that the expression level of a number of crucial proteins associated with sorbose conversion and oligopeptide transport was significantly enhanced by the experimental evolution. In particular, the expression level of sorbose/sorbosone dehydrogenase was enhanced in the evolved K. vulgare, while the expression level of InhA and the transport efficiency of oligopeptides were increased in the evolved B. cereus. The decreased sporulating protein expression and increased peptide transporter expression observed in evolved B. cereus, together with the increased amino acids synthesis in evolved K. vulgare suggested that serial subcultivation result in enhanced synergistic cooperation between K. vulgare and B. cereus, enabling an increased production of 2-KGA.
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