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Valizadeh S, Valizadeh B, Khani Y, Jae J, Hyun Ko C, Park YK. Production of biodiesel via esterification of coffee waste-derived bio-oil using sulfonated catalysts. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 404:130908. [PMID: 38821422 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic esterification of acid-rich coffee waste-derived bio-oil was performed using sulfonated metal oxide catalysts (Al2O3, MgO, ZrO2, and TiO2) and ethanol to produce fatty acid alkyl esters. The potential of the sulfonated catalysts for esterification decreased in the following order: Ti-SO4 > Zr-SO4 > Al-SO4 > Mg-SO4. Particularly, Ti-SO4 and Zr-SO4 resulted in 91.2 % (peak area %) and 85.2 % esters, respectively. This is attributed to the contributions of well-dispersed Brønsted acid sites created by -SO3H functional groups, additional Lewis acid sites formed by Ti and Zr oxides, and their appropriate pore size. Compared with HCl and H3PO4, the use of H2SO4 for TiO2 treatment significantly enhanced ester formation. When using Ti-SO4, increasing the catalyst-to-feedstock ratio (1/2 ∼ 1/10) significantly increased the esters' selectivity (38.7 %∼94.7 %). Ethanol utilization caused a superior selectivity for esters than methanol, while the increasing temperature favored ester production. This study proposes an eco-friendly and practical method for biodiesel generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Valizadeh
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea
| | - Behzad Valizadeh
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea
| | - Yasin Khani
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea
| | - Jungho Jae
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Ko
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea.
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2
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Rizkianto F, Oshita K, Takaoka M. Valorization of fat balls and primary scum from wastewater treatment: a promising renewable lipid feedstock for biodiesel production. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 89:2073-2089. [PMID: 38678410 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2024.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the potential of waste materials from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to serve as an alternative lipid feedstock for biodiesel production. The average lipid recoveries from fat balls (46.4%) and primary scum (49.5-54.5%) were higher than the lipid recovery of primary sludge (15.8-16.4%). The yield of biodiesel produced from the extracted lipids ranged from 5.7 to 20.1%. There were considerable site- and season-dependent variations in the characteristics of the lipid waste materials. Radiocarbon analysis indicated the presence of fossil-derived carbon (26.0-42.0%) in the biodiesel obtained from wastewater lipids. Finally, we estimated the potential for biodiesel production from WWTP-derived lipids; about 333.0 metric tons of biodiesel per year could be produced from fat balls and primary scum in Japan. The results indicate that lipid-rich materials from WWTPs represent a valuable alternative feedstock for biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febrian Rizkianto
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, C-Cluster-1, Kyoto-Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Oshita
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, C-Cluster-1, Kyoto-Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan E-mail:
| | - Masaki Takaoka
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, C-Cluster-1, Kyoto-Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
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3
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Elgarahy AM, Eloffy MG, Alengebawy A, El-Sherif DM, Gaballah MS, Elwakeel KZ, El-Qelish M. Sustainable management of food waste; pre-treatment strategies, techno-economic assessment, bibliometric analysis, and potential utilizations: A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 225:115558. [PMID: 36842700 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Food waste (FW) contains many nutritional components such as proteins, lipids, fats, polysaccharides, carbohydrates, and metal ions, which can be reused in some processes to produce value-added products. Furthermore, FW can be converted into biogas, biohydrogen, and biodiesel, and this type of green energy can be used as an alternative to nonrenewable fuel and reduce reliance on fossil fuel sources. It has been demonstrated in many reports that at the laboratory scale production of biochemicals using FW is as good as pure carbon sources. The goal of this paper is to review approaches used globally to promote turning FW into useable products and green energy. In this context, the present review article highlights deeply in a transdisciplinary manner the sources, types, impacts, characteristics, pre-treatment strategies, and potential management of FW into value-added products. We find that FW could be upcycled into different valuable products such as eco-friendly green fuels, organic acids, bioplastics, enzymes, fertilizers, char, and single-cell protein, after the suitable pre-treatment method. The results confirmed the technical feasibility of all the reviewed transformation processes of FW. Furthermore, life cycle and techno-economic assessment studies regarding the socio-economic, environmental, and engineering aspects of FW management are discussed. The reviewed articles showed that energy recovery from FW in various forms is economically feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Elgarahy
- Environmental Chemistry Division, Environmental Science Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt; Egyptian Propylene and Polypropylene Company (EPPC), Port-Said, Egypt.
| | - M G Eloffy
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Alengebawy
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
| | - Dina M El-Sherif
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed S Gaballah
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo, Egypt; College of Engineering (Key Laboratory for Clean Renewable Energy Utilization Technology, Ministry of Agriculture), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Khalid Z Elwakeel
- Environmental Chemistry Division, Environmental Science Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed El-Qelish
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
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Pongraktham K, Somnuk K. Continuous double-step acid catalyzed esterification production of sludge palm oil using 3D-printed rotational hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 95:106374. [PMID: 37004412 PMCID: PMC10457588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sludge palm oil (SPO) with high free fatty acid (FFA) content was processed using a continuous and double-step esterification production process in a rotor-stator-type hydrodynamic cavitation reactor. Three-dimensional printed rotor was made of plastic filament and acted as a major element in minimizing the FFA content in SPO. To evaluate the reduced level of FFAs using both methods, five independent factors were varied: methanol content, sulphuric acid content (H2SO4), hole diameter, hole depth, and rotor speed. The first-step conditions for the esterification process included 60.8 vol% methanol content, 7.2 vol% H2SO4 content, 5.0 mm diameter of the hole, 6.1 mm depth of the hole, and 3000 rpm speed of the rotor. The initial free fatty acid content decreased from 89.16 wt% to 35.00 wt% by the predictive model, while 36.69 wt% FFA level and 94.4 vol% washed first-esterified oil yield were obtained from an actual experiment. In the second-step, 1.0 wt% FFA was achieved under the following conditions: 44.5 vol% methanol content, 3.0 vol% H2SO4 content, 4.6 mm hole diameter, 5.8 mm hole depth, and 3000 rpm rotor speed. The actual experiment produced 0.94 wt% FFA content and 93.9 vol% washed second-esterified oil yield. The entire process required an average electricity of 0.137 kWh/L to reduce the FFA level in the SPO below 1 wt%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritsakon Pongraktham
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Krit Somnuk
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; Energy Technology Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
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Abouelela AR, Mussa AA, Talhami M, Das P, Hawari AH. Industrial sludge valorization and decontamination via lipid extraction and heavy metals removal using low-cost protic ionic liquid. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155451. [PMID: 35469861 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sludge is a heterogenous organic-rich matter that comprise of highly valuable biopolymers along with various contaminants including heavy metals. Sludge valorization as a renewable resource and inexpensive feedstock is key for sludge realization in circular economy context. This study presents the use of low-cost protic ionic liquid (PIL) as an integrated process medium to decontaminate heavy metal contaminated industrial sludge while selectively extract the lipid content. The treatment process focused on the use of 1-methylimidazole chloride for its higher heavy metal extraction performance compared to other screened ionic liquids (ILs). The treatment was also able to selectively extract lipids from industrial sludge, leaving a protein/carbohydrate rich solid product. Process temperature was shown to have a key impact on the biopolymers' fractionation. Operating at temperatures above 120 °C resulted in higher recovery of proteins in the lipid-rich fraction, compromising the quality of the lipid stream. Variation of the PIL acid/base (a/b) ratio also had a significant impact on the deconstruction of the sludge biopolymers, with a/b ratio of 1 resulting in highest recovery of all biopolymers. Optimal water concentration as co-solvent was found at 30 wt%, with lipid recovery reaching 60% and heavy metals extraction ranging between 29 and 89%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Rafat Abouelela
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Afnan A Mussa
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Talhami
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Probir Das
- Algal Technologies Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Alaa H Hawari
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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Tran NN, Tišma M, Budžaki S, McMurchie EJ, Ngothai Y, Morales Gonzalez OM, Hessel V. Production of Biodiesel from Recycled Grease Trap Waste: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nam Nghiep Tran
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Can Tho University, Can Tho 90000, Vietnam
| | - Marina Tišma
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Sandra Budžaki
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Edward J. McMurchie
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Yung Ngothai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Olivia Maria Morales Gonzalez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Supraja KV, Behera B, Paramasivan B. Optimization of process variables on two-step microwave-assisted transesterification of waste cooking oil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:27244-27255. [PMID: 31154649 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Scale-up and commercialization of biodiesel is often delimited by costly feedstock that adds up to the process costs. These underlying issues demand the exploration of unconventional cheap feed to improve the process economics. Conversion of waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel could reduce the process costs by 60-70%. However, the continuous exposure to heat during frying leads to oxidation as well increase in the free fatty acid (FFA) content which intensifies the time and energy required for transesterification. The present study analyzes the effect of parameters over the conversion of WCO (with 8.17% FFA) into biodiesel via two-step acid-alkali-based microwave-assisted transesterification. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the oil:methanol volume ratio, microwave power, and reaction time during the acid-catalyzed esterification to bring down the FFA below 1%. Microwave irradiation of 250 W, with methanol:oil molar ratio of 19.57:1 [oil:methanol volume ratio of 1.31 (expressed as decimal)] and reaction time of 35 s, resulted in 0.082% of FFA. Alkali-catalyzed transesterification with methanol:oil molar ratio of 5:1 with 2% sodium hydroxide at 65 °C thereby produced fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) with the volumetric biodiesel yield of 94.6% in 30 min. Physiochemical properties of the transesterified WCO were well comparable with the biodiesel standards. The study highlights the essentiality of multivariate optimization for the esterification process that could aid in understanding the interactive effects of variables over FFA content. Such studies would benefit in scaling up of the transesterification process at industrial level by improving the economics of the overall bioprocess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolli Venkata Supraja
- Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, India
| | - Bunushree Behera
- Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, India
| | - Balasubramanian Paramasivan
- Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, India.
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8
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Covalent Immobilization of Candida rugosa Lipase on Epichlorohydrin-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles: Enantioselective Hydrolysis Studies of Some Racemic Esters and HPLC Analysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:1411-1431. [PMID: 32103473 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new biocatalyst was prepared by immobilizing Candida rugosa lipase epichlorohydrin-functionalized onto the surface of the nanoparticles. Magnetite nanoparticles were obtained by chemical co-precipitation method of Fe2+ and Fe3+, and then the prepared uncoated and coated nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, FT-IR and TGA. Lipase was covalently attached to activated nanoparticles. The catalytic properties of free and immobilized lipases were determined. It was found that the optimum temperature for free and immobilized lipases was 30 °C and 35 °C, respectively. The optimum pH values were found to be 7.0 and 8 for free and immobilized lipases, respectively. Immobilized lipase was found to retain significant activity even after the seventh use. In the final section of the study, optically pure compounds were obtained by carrying out the enantioselective hydrolysis studies of racemic esters by using immobilized lipase. Enantiomeric excesses of the products in the enantioselective hydrolysis of racemic ibuprofen and naproxen methyl ester and racemic butyl mandelate were determined to be 94.93, 77.30 and 68.15, respectively.
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9
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Single phase blend: An advanced microwave process for improved quality low-cost biodiesel production from kitchen food waste. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Rehan M, Gardy J, Demirbas A, Rashid U, Budzianowski WM, Pant D, Nizami AS. Waste to biodiesel: A preliminary assessment for Saudi Arabia. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 250:17-25. [PMID: 29153646 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a preliminary assessment of biodiesel production from waste sources available in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) for energy generation and solution for waste disposal issues. A case study was developed under three different scenarios: (S1) KSA population only in 2017, (S2) KSA population and pilgrims in 2017, and (S3) KSA population and pilgrims by 2030 using the fat fraction of the municipal solid waste. It was estimated that S1, S2, and S3 scenarios could produce around 1.08, 1.10 and 1.41 million tons of biodiesel with the energy potential of 43423, 43949 and 56493 TJ respectively. Furthermore, annual savings of US $55.89, 56.56 and 72.71 million can be generated from landfill diversion of food waste and added to the country's economy. However, there are challenges in commercialization of waste to biodiesel facilities in KSA, including waste collection and separation, impurities, reactor design and biodiesel quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rehan
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Gardy
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - A Demirbas
- Department of Industrial Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - U Rashid
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - W M Budzianowski
- Wojciech Budzianowski Consulting Services, Wrocław, Poland; Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development (RESD) Group, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Deepak Pant
- Separation & Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - A S Nizami
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Wu C, Xiao Y, Lin W, Zhu J, De la Hoz Siegler H, Zong M, Rong J. Surfactants assist in lipid extraction from wet Nannochloropsis sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 243:793-799. [PMID: 28715696 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An efficient approach involving surfactant treatment, or the modification and utilization of surfactants that naturally occur in algae (algal-based surfactants), was developed to assist in the extraction of lipids from wet algae. Surfactants were found to be able to completely replace polar organic solvents in the extraction process. The highest yield of algal lipids extracted by hexane and algal-based surfactants was 78.8%, followed by 78.2% for hexane and oligomeric surfactant extraction, whereas the lipid yield extracted by hexane and ethanol was only 60.5%. In addition, the saponifiable lipids extracted by exploiting algal-based surfactants and hexane, or adding oligomeric surfactant and hexane, accounted for 78.6% and 75.4% of total algal lipids, respectively, which was more than 10% higher than the lipids extracted by hexane and ethanol. This work presents a method to extract lipids from algae using only nonpolar organic solvents, while obtaining high lipid yields and high selectivity to saponifiables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongchong Wu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4 Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Sinopec, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ye Xiao
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4 Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Weiguo Lin
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Sinopec, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junying Zhu
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Sinopec, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hector De la Hoz Siegler
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, T2N 1N4 Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mingsheng Zong
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Sinopec, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junfeng Rong
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Sinopec, Beijing 100083, China.
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