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Garavito-Duarte YR, Levesque CL, Herrick K, Perez-Palencia JY. Nutritional value of high protein ingredients fed to growing pigs in comparison to commonly used protein sources in swine diets. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad135. [PMID: 37119202 PMCID: PMC10195198 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that two high protein dried distillers with solubles and yeast mass added (GDDY) products fed to growing pigs had comparable amino acid (AA) digestibility and metabolizable energy (ME) to feeds commonly used in swine diets. In experiment 1, seven barrows with an initial body weight (BW) of 25 ± 0.8 kg were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the distal ileum to allow for digesta collection. Experimental diets were N-free diets and six cornstarch-based diets containing six ingredients as the sole source of AA: spray dried GDDY, ring dried GDDY, corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), soybean meal (SBM), enzymatically treated soybean meal (ESBM), and fish meal (FM) provided at 4% of BW. The experiment was conducted as a 7 × 7 Latin square design with seven collection periods of 7 d (5 d adaptation and 2 d ileal digesta collection). In experiment 2, a total of 28 barrows (28.8 ± 1.4 kg BW) were used in a two-period switch-back design with seven diets and four replicate pigs in each period (n = 8 reps per diet). Experimental diets were a corn-based basal diet and six corn-based diets containing spray dried GDDY, ring dried GDDY, DDGS, SBM, ESBM, and FM. Fecal and urine samples were collected using the marker-to-marker approach for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation to determine ME concentration. Overall, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) values were within the mean ± SD of NRC (2012) values for all ingredients evaluated. The SID of AA was greater (P < 0.05) in ESBM than the other protein feedstuffs (90.09% vs. 78.71%-81.51%). There were no significant differences in SID of AA (P > 0.05) in SBM, FM, spray dried GDDY, and ring dried GDDY (81.49%, 78.71%, 81.52%, and 79.20%). With respect to the most common first limiting AA for swine, the SID of Lys was greater (P < 0.05) in spray dried GDDY than ring dried GDDY and DDGS (83.56% vs. 77.33% and 68.53%, respectively). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) for ME in corn (3,313 kcal/kg), ESBM (3,323 kcal/kg), and FM (3,454 kcal/kg) when compared with spray dried GDDY and ring dried GDDY (3,995 and 3,442 kcal/kg respectively). However, spray dried GDDY had greater DE and ME when compared to SBM. Collectively, this study demonstrates that GDDY products have an AA profile and digestibility comparable to SBM; ME in GDDY products is not different from corn. Therefore, GDDY has the potential as a feed ingredient for pigs, which could provide an alternative source of protein and energy in swine diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Crystal L Levesque
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Kevin Herrick
- Technical Services Department, POET Nutrition, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
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Rodríguez-Martínez B, Coelho E, Gullón B, Yáñez R, Domingues L. Potato peels waste as a sustainable source for biotechnological production of biofuels: Process optimization. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 155:320-328. [PMID: 36413884 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Potato peel waste (PPW) is a starchy by-product generated in great amounts during the industrial processing of potatoes. It can be used as a low cost alternative, and renewable feedstock for the production of second generation bioethanol. In order to intensify this process, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ethanol Red®, a robust and thermotolerant yeast strain, was selected and two experimental designs and response surfaces assessment were conducted to enable very high gravity fermentations (VHGF) using PPW as feedstock. The first one focused on the optimization of the liquefaction and enzymatic hydrolysis stages, enabling a maximum ethanol concentration of 116.5 g/L and a yield of 80.4 % at 72 h of fermentation; whereas, the second one, focus on the optimization of the pre-saccharification and fermentation stages, which further increased process productivity, leading to a maximum ethanol concentration of 108.8 g/L and a yield of 75.1 % after 54 h of fermentation. These results allowed the definition of an intensified pre-saccharification and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF) process for ethanol production from PPW, resorting to short liquefaction and pre-saccharification times, 2 h and 10 h respectively, at an enzyme loading of 80 U/g PPW of Viscozyme and 5 UE/g PPW of SAN Super and a higher fermentation temperature of 34 °C due to the use of a thermotolerant yeast. Overall, with these conditions and solely from PPW without any supplementation, the outlined PSSF process allowed reaching a high ethanol concentration and yield (104.1 g/L and 71.9 %, respectively) standing at high productivities with only 54 h of fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rodríguez-Martínez
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Enxeñaría Química, Facultade de Ciencias, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Eduardo Coelho
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Gullón
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Enxeñaría Química, Facultade de Ciencias, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Remedios Yáñez
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Enxeñaría Química, Escola de Enxeñaría Industrial, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende 9, Vigo 36310, Spain; CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Lucília Domingues
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Abstract
Sorghum has been proposed as a complement or replacement for corn in ethanol production. One difference between sorghum and corn is the presence of tannins, which may affect enzymatic activity. High-tannin sorghum hybrid XM217 was used to analyze the effect of tannin removal by the alkaline pretreatment of sorghum for ethanol production. A laboratory-scale dry-milling process was used on treated sorghum/corn blends to generate mash that was fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then compared to a 100% untreated sorghum control. Cellulase was added to a similar set of mash to determine the feasibility of the tannin-removal treatment as a pretreatment method for cellulosic ethanol production. Theoretical ethanol yield increased from 68.2 ± 1.5% to 78.5 ± 2.5% for alkaline-pretreated sorghum vs. untreated sorghum, with a corresponding increase in mean ethanol concentrations from 8.02 ± 0.15 to 9.39 ± 0.26% w/v. The average theoretical ethanol yield increased from 69.8 ± 1.7% to 94.6 ± 1.9% when using cellulase with untreated and treated sorghum. The use of alkaline tannin removal resulted in a significant increase in the theoretical ethanol yield obtained when using 100% sorghum, when compared to the theoretical ethanol yield obtained when using 100% corn. The combination of cellulase and alkaline tannin removal improved the yield of ethanol in all cases compared to the experiments without cellulase.
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Comparison of sorghum and maize raw distillates: Factors affecting ethanol efficiency and volatile by-product profile. J Cereal Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hums ME, Moreau RA. A Simplified Method for Fractionation and Analysis of Waxes and Oils from Sorghum (
Sorghum bicolor
(L.) Moench) Bran. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Hums
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research ServiceUS Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane Wyndmoor PA 19038 USA
| | - Robert A. Moreau
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research ServiceUS Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane Wyndmoor PA 19038 USA
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Johnston DB. Grain sorghum fractionation in a modified dry grind ethanol process that includes production of an enriched protein fraction. Cereal Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David B. Johnston
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Wyndmoor Pennsylvania
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Cripwell RA, Rose SH, Favaro L, van Zyl WH. Construction of industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for the efficient consolidated bioprocessing of raw starch. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:201. [PMID: 31452682 PMCID: PMC6701143 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) combines enzyme production, saccharification and fermentation into a one-step process. This strategy represents a promising alternative for economic ethanol production from starchy biomass with the use of amylolytic industrial yeast strains. RESULTS Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y294 laboratory strains simultaneously expressing an α-amylase and glucoamylase gene were screened to identify the best enzyme combination for raw starch hydrolysis. The codon optimised Talaromyces emersonii glucoamylase encoding gene (temG_Opt) and the native T. emersonii α-amylase encoding gene (temA) were selected for expression in two industrial S. cerevisiae yeast strains, namely Ethanol Red™ (hereafter referred to as the ER) and M2n. Two δ-integration gene cassettes were constructed to allow for the simultaneous multiple integrations of the temG_Opt and temA genes into the yeasts' genomes. During the fermentation of 200 g l-1 raw corn starch, the amylolytic industrial strains were able to ferment raw corn starch to ethanol in a single step with high ethanol yields. After 192 h at 30 °C, the S. cerevisiae ER T12 and M2n T1 strains (containing integrated temA and temG_Opt gene cassettes) produced 89.35 and 98.13 g l-1 ethanol, respectively, corresponding to estimated carbon conversions of 87 and 94%, respectively. The addition of a commercial granular starch enzyme cocktail in combination with the amylolytic yeast allowed for a 90% reduction in exogenous enzyme dosage, compared to the conventional simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) control experiment with the parental industrial host strains. CONCLUSIONS A novel amylolytic enzyme combination has been produced by two industrial S. cerevisiae strains. These recombinant strains represent potential drop-in CBP yeast substitutes for the existing conventional and raw starch fermentation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary A. Cripwell
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa
| | - Shaunita H. Rose
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa
| | - Lorenzo Favaro
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), Università di Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova Italy
| | - Willem H. van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa
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Hums ME, Moreau RA, Yadav MP, Powell MJ, Simon S. Comparison of bench-scale decortication devices to fractionate bran from sorghum. Cereal Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Hums
- Eastern Regional Research Center; Agricultural Research Service; US Department of Agriculture; Wyndmoor Pennsylvania
| | - Robert A. Moreau
- Eastern Regional Research Center; Agricultural Research Service; US Department of Agriculture; Wyndmoor Pennsylvania
| | - Madhav P. Yadav
- Eastern Regional Research Center; Agricultural Research Service; US Department of Agriculture; Wyndmoor Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J. Powell
- Eastern Regional Research Center; Agricultural Research Service; US Department of Agriculture; Wyndmoor Pennsylvania
| | - Stefanie Simon
- Eastern Regional Research Center; Agricultural Research Service; US Department of Agriculture; Wyndmoor Pennsylvania
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Szambelan K, Nowak J, Frankowski J, Szwengiel A, Jeleń H, Burczyk H. The comprehensive analysis of sorghum cultivated in Poland for energy purposes: Separate hydrolysis and fermentation and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation methods and their impact on bioethanol effectiveness and volatile by-products from the grain and the energy potential of sorghum straw. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 250:750-757. [PMID: 29223867 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the potential of sorghum crop cultivated in European climate as an energy material. The investigation showed strong interaction between the fermentation method and the sorghum cultivar. It was also noted that the cultivar with the highest grain yield showed the highest yield of ethanol per hectare, achieving 1269 L/ha in SHF (separate hydrolysis and fermentation) and 1248 L/ha in SSF (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation). Chromatographic analysis of raw spirits showed that smaller amounts of impurities are formed in the SSF process than in the SHF process. The calorific value of sorghum straw was also measured, and amounted to 16,050-16,840 kJ/kg. The results have demonstrated the high value of sorghum as grain for bioethanol production and as straw as a valuable feedstock for forming pellets or briquettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szambelan
- Department of Fermentation and Biosynthesis, Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Jacek Nowak
- Department of Fermentation and Biosynthesis, Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jakub Frankowski
- Department of Breeding and Agricultural Technology for Fibrous and Energy Plants, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland
| | - Artur Szwengiel
- Department of Fermentation and Biosynthesis, Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznan, Poland
| | - Henryk Jeleń
- Department of Fermentation and Biosynthesis, Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznan, Poland
| | - Henryk Burczyk
- Department of Breeding and Agricultural Technology for Fibrous and Energy Plants, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznan, Poland
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