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Zhang W, Tan M, Chen D, Sun B, Cheng Y, Xun L, Hu J, Hou C, Liu Y, Fang Y, Hu P, Han W, Dong S, Du S, Han J, Miao S, Yang Q, Zhou Y, Zhang X. Sugar-Derived Nanocrystalline Graphite Matrix C/C Composites with Excellent Ablative Resistance at 3000 °C. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309899. [PMID: 37884393 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Sugars are renewable resources essential to human life, but they are rarely used as raw materials for the industrial production of carbon-based materials, especially for the preparation of carbon fiber-reinforced carbon-matrix (C/C) composites, which are extremely useful for the semiconductor and aerospace sectors. Herein, a method utilizing sugar-derived carbon to replace petrochemicals as dense matrix to preparing C/C composites is reported. The matrix from sugar-derived C/C (S-C/C) composites has a nanocrystalline graphite structure that is highly thermally stable and effectively bonded to the carbon fibers. The mechanical properties of the S-C/C composite are comparable to those prepared from petrochemical sources; significantly, it exhibits a linear ablation rate of 0.03 mm s-1 after 200 s of ablation at 3000 °C in 10 MW m-2 heat flux. This new class of S-C/C is promising for use in a broad range of fields, ranging from semiconductor to aerospace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, 150000, P. R. China
| | - Mingyi Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, 150000, P. R. China
| | - Daming Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, 150000, P. R. China
| | - Boqian Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, 150000, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, 150000, P. R. China
| | - Liancai Xun
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, 150000, P. R. China
| | - Jingsheng Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, 150000, P. R. China
| | - Chenlin Hou
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, 150000, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, 150000, P. R. China
| | - Yuhao Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, 150000, P. R. China
| | - Ping Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, 150000, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Han
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, 150000, P. R. China
| | - Shun Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, 150000, P. R. China
| | - Shanyi Du
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, 150000, P. R. China
| | - Jiecai Han
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, 150000, P. R. China
| | - Shuxi Miao
- Science and Technology on Space Physical Laboratory, Beijing, 100076, China
| | - Qidong Yang
- Science and Technology on Space Physical Laboratory, Beijing, 100076, China
| | - Yanchun Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, 150000, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xinghong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 Yikuang Street, Harbin, 150000, P. R. China
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Land-Use Change Depletes Quantity and Quality of Soil Organic Matter Fractions in Ethiopian Highlands. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The depletion of soil organic matter (SOM) reserve after deforestation and subsequent management practices are well documented, but the impacts of land-use change on the persistence and vulnerability of storage C and N remain uncertain. We investigated soil organic C (SOC) and N stocks in a landscape of chrono-sequence natural forest, grazing/crop lands and plantation forest in the highlands of North-West Ethiopia. We hypothesized that in addition to depleting total C and N pools, multiple conversions of natural forest significantly change the relative proportion of labile and recalcitrant C and N fractions in soils, and thus affect SOM quality. To examine this hypothesis, we estimated depletion of SOC and N stocks and labile (1 & 2) and recalcitrant (fraction 3) C and N pools in soil organic matter following the acid hydrolysis technique. Our studies showed the highest loss of C stock was in grazing land (58%) followed by cropland (50%) and eucalyptus plantation (47%), while on average ca. 57% N stock was depleted. Eucalyptus plantation exhibited potential for soil C recovery, although not for N, after 30 years. The fractionation of SOM revealed that depletions of labile 1 C stocks were similar in grazing and crop lands (36%), and loss of recalcitrant C was highest in grazing soil (56%). However, increases in relative concentrations of labile fraction 1 in grazing land and recalcitrant C and N in cropland suggest the quality of these pools might be influenced by management activities. Also, the C:N ratio of C fractions and recalcitrant indices (RIC and RIN) clearly demonstrated that land conversion from natural forest to managed systems changes the inherent quality of the fractions, which was obscured in whole soil analysis. These findings underscore the importance of considering the quality of SOM when evaluating disturbance impacts on SOC and N stocks.
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Takada M, Chandra R, Wu J, Saddler JN. The influence of lignin on the effectiveness of using a chemithermomechanical pulping based process to pretreat softwood chips and pellets prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 302:122895. [PMID: 32019706 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the last century the pulp and paper sector has assessed various technologies to fractionate woody biomass to produce strong, bright fibers. Several of these processes have also been assessed for their potential to pretreat and fractionate biomass to enhance the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulosic component. Although many of these pretreatments are effective on agricultural residues, softwoods have proven more recalcitrant, primarily due to their high lignin content and structure. As delignification is too expensive to be used routinely a more economically attractive approach might be to alter the lignin. Recent work has shown that, using a modified chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP) "front end", lignin can be modified and relocated. This significantly enhanced hemicellulose recovery and enzyme-mediated cellulose hydrolysis of woody biomass. As well as being effective on wood chips, the modified CTMP pretreatment process also enhanced the bioconversion of densified feedstocks such as pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatsugu Takada
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Richard Chandra
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jie Wu
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - John N Saddler
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Tobin T, Gustafson R, Bura R, Gough HL. Integration of wastewater treatment into process design of lignocellulosic biorefineries for improved economic viability. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:24. [PMID: 32025241 PMCID: PMC6998191 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-1657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Production and use of bio-based products offer advantages over conventional petrochemicals, yet the relatively high cost of production has restricted their mainstream adoption. Optimization of wastewater treatment processes could reduce capital expenditures, lowering the barrier to market entry for lignocellulosic biorefineries. This paper characterizes wastewater associated with lignocellulosic ethanol production and evaluates potential wastewater treatment operations. RESULTS It is found that organic material is intrinsic to bioconversion wastewater, representing up to 260 kg of biological oxygen demand per tonne of feedstock processed. Inorganics in the wastewater largely originate from additions during pretreatment and pH adjustments, which increase the inorganic loading by 44 kg per tonne of feedstock processed. Adjusting the ethanol production process to decrease addition of inorganic material could reduce the demands and therefore cost of waste treatment. Various waste treatment technologies-including those that take advantage of ecosystem services provided by feedstock production-were compared in terms of capital and operating costs, as well as technical feasibility. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that wastewater treatment technologies should be better integrated with conversion process design and feedstock production. Efforts to recycle resources throughout the biofuel supply chain through application of ecosystem services provided by adjacent feedstock plantations and recovery of resources from the waste stream to reduce overall capital and operating costs of bioconversion facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Tobin
- The School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, 4000 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Rick Gustafson
- The School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, 4000 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Renata Bura
- The School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, 4000 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Heidi L. Gough
- The School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, 4000 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
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Corbett DB, Venditti R, Jameel H, Park S. Effect of Mechanical Refining Energy on the Enzymatic Digestibility of Lignocellulosic Biomass. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek B. Corbett
- North Carolina State University, Department of Forest Biomaterials, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Richard Venditti
- North Carolina State University, Department of Forest Biomaterials, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Hasan Jameel
- North Carolina State University, Department of Forest Biomaterials, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Sunkyu Park
- North Carolina State University, Department of Forest Biomaterials, 2820 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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Hörhammer H, Dou C, Gustafson R, Suko A, Bura R. Removal of non-structural components from poplar whole-tree chips to enhance hydrolysis and fermentation performance. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:222. [PMID: 30127852 PMCID: PMC6086995 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-tree chips will be a likely feedstock for future biorefineries because of their low cost. Non-structural components (NSC), however, represent a significant part of whole-tree chips. The NSC can account for more than 10% of whole-tree poplar mass when the trees are grown in short rotation cycles. The influence of NSC, however, on the production of fuels and chemicals is not well known. In this study, we assessed the impact of NSC removal from poplar whole-tree chips on pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis yields, overall sugar recovery, and fermentation yield. In addition, we evaluated the economics of preprocessing as a new unit operation in the biorefinery. RESULTS Poplar whole-tree chips were preprocessed by neutral or acidic washing before steam pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. Preprocessing of poplar reduced ash and extractives content as much as 70 and 50%, respectively. The overall sugar yield after pretreatment and hydrolysis was 18-22% higher when the biomass had been preprocessed, which was explained by higher sugar yields in liquid fraction and more efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of the solid fraction. The liquid fraction ethanol fermentation yield was 36-50% higher for the preprocessed biomass. CONCLUSIONS It appears that preprocessing reduced the buffering capacity of the biomass due to ash removal, and thereby improved the enzymatic hydrolysis. Removal of extractives during preprocessing improved the fermentation yield. The economic modeling shows that a preprocessing unit could have significant economic benefits in a biorefinery, where poplar whole-tree chips are used as bioconversion feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Hörhammer
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Chang Dou
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Rick Gustafson
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Azra Suko
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Renata Bura
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
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Dou C, Gustafson R, Bura R. Bridging the gap between feedstock growers and users: the study of a coppice poplar-based biorefinery. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:77. [PMID: 29588662 PMCID: PMC5863363 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the biofuel industry, land productivity is important to feedstock growers and conversion process product yield is important to the biorefinery. The crop productivity, however, may not positively correlate with bioconversion yield. Therefore, it is important to evaluate sugar yield and biomass productivity. In this study, 2-year-old poplar trees harvested in the first coppice cycle, including one low-productivity hybrid and one high-productivity hybrid, were collected from two poplar tree farms. Through steam pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, the bioconversion yields of low- and high-productivity poplar hybrids were compared for both sites. RESULTS The low-productivity hybrids had 9-19% higher sugar yields than the high-productivity hybrids, although they have the similar chemical composition. Economic calculations show the impact on the plantation and biorefinery of using the two feedstocks. Growing a high-productivity hybrid means the land owner would use 11-26% less land (which could be used for other crops) or collect $2.53-$3.46 MM/year extra revenue from the surplus feedstock. On the other side, the biorefinery would receive 5-10% additional revenue using the low-productivity hybrid. CONCLUSION We propose a business model based on the integration of the plantation and the biorefinery. In this model, different feedstocks are assessed using a metric of product tonnage per unit land per year. Use of this new economic metric bridges the gap between feedstock growers and users to maximize the overall production efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Dou
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Rick Gustafson
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Renata Bura
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
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Dou C, Marcondes WF, Djaja JE, Bura R, Gustafson R. Can we use short rotation coppice poplar for sugar based biorefinery feedstock? Bioconversion of 2-year-old poplar grown as short rotation coppice. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:144. [PMID: 28592993 PMCID: PMC5460468 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feedstock cost is a substantial barrier to the commercialization of lignocellulosic biorefineries. Poplar grown using a short rotation coppice (SRC) system has the potential to provide a low-cost feedstock and economically viable sugar yields for fuels and chemicals production. In the coppice management regime, poplars are harvested after 2 years' growth to develop the root system and establish the trees. The biomass from these 2-year-old trees is very heterogeneous, and includes components of leaf, bark, branch, and wood chip. This material is quite different than the samples that have been used in most poplar bioconversion research, which come from mature trees of short rotation forestry (SRF) plantations. If the coppice management regime is to be used, it is important that feedstock growers maximize their revenue from this initial harvest, but the heterogeneous nature of the biomass may be challenging for bioconversion. This work evaluates bioconversion of 2-year-old poplar coppice and compares its performance to whitewood chips from 12-year-old poplar. RESULTS The 2-year-old whole tree coppice (WTC) is comprised of 37% leaf, 9% bark, 12% branch, and 42% wood chip. As expected, the chemical compositions of each component were markedly different. The leaf has a low sugar content but is high in phenolics, ash, and extractives. By removing the leaves, the sugar content of the biomass increased significantly, while the phenolic, ash, and extractives contents decreased. Leaf removal improved monomeric sugar yield by 147 kg/tonne of biomass following steam pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioconversion of the no-leaf coppice (NLC) achieved a 67% overall sugar recovery, showing no significant difference to mature whitewood from forestry plantation (WWF, 71%). The overall sugar yield of NLC was 135 kg/tonne less than that of WWF, due to the low inherent sugar content in original biomass. An economic analysis shows the minimum ethanol selling price required to cover the operating cost of NLC bioconversion was $1.69/gallon. CONCLUSIONS Leaf removal resulted in significant improvement in overall monomeric sugar production from SRC biomass. Leaf removal is essential to achieve good yields in bioconversion of poplar. Economic analysis suggests the NLC could be a reasonable feedstock provided it can be obtained at a discounted price.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Dou
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115 USA
| | - Wilian F. Marcondes
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115 USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, Brazil
| | - Jessica E. Djaja
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115 USA
| | - Renata Bura
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115 USA
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195-2100 USA
| | - Rick Gustafson
- Biofuels and Bioproducts Laboratory, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115 USA
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