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Zarina R, Mezule L. Opportunities for resource recovery from Latvian municipal sewage sludge. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20435. [PMID: 37810806 PMCID: PMC10556758 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sewage sludge is a type of waste that has high health and environmental risks associated with its reuse. Moreover, sludge has been neglected in global circular economy targets because it is generated in considerably lower quantities than municipal solid waste. At the same time, European Union's transition towards circular economy has set the need to reduce the amount of waste and to promote the production of secondary raw materials. Many countries have developed national strategies for sludge management to reach their sustainability goals. In Latvia, the current sludge management approaches include land application, composting and anaerobic digestion which all utilize sludge as an organic fertilizer. As an alternative to current management practices, resource recovery is put forward as a solution that is in agreement with EU policy. Carbohydrates (including cellulose), proteins and lipids were selected as candidates for energy and materials recovery from sludge. For the first time, this study demonstrates a comprehensive assessment of Latvian municipal sewage sludge composition and offers the theoretical yields of secondary resources on a yearly basis. Primary, secondary, and anaerobically digested sludge from 13 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Latvia was characterized in this study. The most abundant sludge type - secondary sludge - contained 18.5% proteins, 9.8% lipids and 2.6% cellulose per TS. On a yearly basis, secondary sludge from all Latvian WWTPs could provide 2530 t proteins, corresponding to 750 t protein-based fertilizer. Primary sludge contained 23.9% proteins, 9.1% lipids and 7.1% cellulose per TS. Primary sludge could provide 763 t/a carbohydrates, including 545 t/a cellulose. The currently available secondary and digested sludge would yield 727 t bioethanol, corresponding to 4.0% of the national biofuel consumption. This work applies the concept of resource recovery to the Latvian wastewater sector and shows the potential of simultaneously addressing waste and wastewater management issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruta Zarina
- Water Research and Environmental Biotechnology laboratory, Riga Technical University, Kipsalas 6A-263, Riga, Latvia
| | - Linda Mezule
- Water Research and Environmental Biotechnology laboratory, Riga Technical University, Kipsalas 6A-263, Riga, Latvia
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Wang W, Chang JS, Lee DJ. Anaerobic digestate valorization beyond agricultural application: Current status and prospects. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 373:128742. [PMID: 36791977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The flourishment of anaerobic digestion emphasizes the importance of digestate valorization, which is essential in determining the benefits of the anaerobic digestion process. Recently the perception of digestate gradually shifted from waste to products to realize the concept of circular economy and maximize the benefits of digestate valorization. Land application of digestate should be the simplest way for digestate valorization, while legislation restriction and environmental issues emphasize the necessity of novel valorization methods. This review then outlined the current methods for solid/liquid digestate valorization, nutrient recovery, microalgae cultivation, and integration with biological and thermochemical processes. The novel valorization routes proposed were summarized, with their challenges and prospects being discussed. Integrating anaerobic digestion with thermochemical methods such as hydrothermal carbonization should be a promising strategy due to the potential market value of hydrochar/biochar-derived products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
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Lamolinara B, Pérez-Martínez A, Guardado-Yordi E, Guillén Fiallos C, Diéguez-Santana K, Ruiz-Mercado GJ. Anaerobic digestate management, environmental impacts, and techno-economic challenges. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 140:14-30. [PMID: 35032793 PMCID: PMC10466263 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Digestate is a nutrient-rich by-product from organic waste anaerobic digestion but can contribute to nutrient pollution without comprehensive management strategies. Some nutrient pollution impacts include harmful algal blooms, hypoxia, and eutrophication. This contribution explores current productive uses of digestate by analyzing its feedstocks, processing technologies, economics, product quality, impurities, incentive policies, and regulations. The analyzed studies found that feedstock, processing technology, and process operating conditions highly influence the digestate product characteristics. Also, incentive policies and regulations for managing organic waste by anaerobic digestion and producing digestate as a valuable product promote economic benefits. However, there are not many governmental and industry-led quality assurance certification systems for supporting commercializing digestate products. The sustainable and safe use of digestate in different applications needs further development of technologies and processes. Also, incentives for digestate use, quality regulation, and social awareness are essential to promote digestate product commercialization as part of the organic waste circular economy paradigm. Therefore, future studies about circular business models and standardized international regulations for digestate products are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lamolinara
- Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria, Rua de Portugal - Zona Industrial, Marinha Grande 2430-028, Portugal
| | - Amaury Pérez-Martínez
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica, km. 2. 1/2 vía Puyo a Tena (Paso Lateral), Puyo, Pastaza 160150, Ecuador
| | - Estela Guardado-Yordi
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica, km. 2. 1/2 vía Puyo a Tena (Paso Lateral), Puyo, Pastaza 160150, Ecuador
| | - Christian Guillén Fiallos
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica, km. 2. 1/2 vía Puyo a Tena (Paso Lateral), Puyo, Pastaza 160150, Ecuador
| | - Karel Diéguez-Santana
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica, km. 2. 1/2 vía Puyo a Tena (Paso Lateral), Puyo, Pastaza 160150, Ecuador
| | - Gerardo J Ruiz-Mercado
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 W. Martin L. King Dr. Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA; Chemical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Atlántico, Puerto Colombia 080007, Colombia.
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Awasthi MK, Ferreira JA, Sirohi R, Sarsaiya S, Khoshnevisan B, Baladi S, Sindhu R, Binod P, Pandey A, Juneja A, Kumar D, Zhang Z, Taherzadeh MJ. A critical review on the development stage of biorefinery systems towards the management of apple processing-derived waste. RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS 2021; 143:110972. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.110972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
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Valorization of Cellulose Recovered from WWTP Sludge to Added Value Levulinic Acid with a Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquid. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10091004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive decline of using fossil sources in the industry means that alternative resources must be found to produce chemicals. Waste biomass (sewage sludge) and waste lignocellulosic resources (food, forestry, or paper industries) are ideal candidates to take over from fossil sources. Municipal sewage sludge, and especially primary sludge, has a significant proportion of cellulose in its composition. Proper treatment of this cellulose allows the production of interesting chemicals like levulinic acid that are precursors (bio-blocks or building blocks) for other organic chemical processes. Cellulose was extracted from municipal wet primary sludge and paper industry dried sludge with a commercial ionic liquid. More than 99% of the cellulose has been recovered in both cases. Extraction was followed by the bleaching of the cellulose for its purification. In the bleaching, a large part of the ash was removed (up to 70% with municipal sludge). Finally, the purified cellulose was converted in levulinic acid by catalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction. The reaction, done at 170 °C and 7 bar, catalyzed by a tailored Brønsted acidic ionic liquid produced levulinic acid and other by-products in smaller quantities. The process had a conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid of 0.25 with municipal sludge and of 0.31 with industrial sludge. These results fully justify the process but, require further study to increase the conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid.
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Monlau F, Sambusiti C, Barakat A. Comparison of Dry Versus Wet Milling to Improve Bioethanol or Methane Recovery from Solid Anaerobic Digestate. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6030080. [PMID: 31500163 PMCID: PMC6783974 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biogas plants for waste treatment valorization are presently experiencing rapid development, especially in the agricultural sector, where large amounts of digestate are being generated. In this study, we investigated the effect of vibro-ball milling (VBM) for 5 and 30 min at a frequency of 20 s−1 on the physicochemical composition and enzymatic hydrolysis (30 U g−1 total solids (TS) of cellulase and endo-1,4-xylanase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum) of dry and wet solid separated digestates from an agricultural biogas plant. We found that VBM of dry solid digestate improved the physical parameters as both the particle size and the crystallinity index (from 27% to 75%) were reduced. By contrast, VBM of wet solid digestate had a minimal effect on the physicochemical parameters. The best results in terms of cellulose and hemicelluloses hydrolysis were noted for 30 min of VBM of dry solid digestate, with hydrolysis yields of 64% and 85% for hemicelluloses and cellulose, respectively. At the condition of 30 min of VBM, bioethanol and methane production on the dry solid separated digestate was investigated. Bioethanol fermentation by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation resulted in an ethanol yield of 98 geth kg−1 TS (corresponding to 90% of the theoretical value) versus 19 geth kg−1 TS for raw solid digestate. Finally, in terms of methane potential, VBM for 30 min lead to an increase of the methane potential of 31% compared to untreated solid digestate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Monlau
- APESA, Pôle Valorisation, Cap Ecologia, Avenue Fréderic Joliot Curie, 64230 Lescar, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33688491845
| | - Cecilia Sambusiti
- UMR, IATE, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, Université de Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (C.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Abdellatif Barakat
- UMR, IATE, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, Université de Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (C.S.); (A.B.)
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Musatti A, Ficara E, Mapelli C, Sambusiti C, Rollini M. Use of solid digestate for lignocellulolytic enzymes production through submerged fungal fermentation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 199:1-6. [PMID: 28521209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies were performed on the use of the solid fraction of digestate (D) for the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes (endo- and exo-glucanase, xylanase, β-glucosidase and laccase) by fungi, in comparison with wheat straw (benchmark) (W). To date, this is the first report on the use of such an inexpensive substrate in a liquid environment. Submerged instead of solid state fermentation was applied to overcome pH inhibition and increase surface accessibility. A total of 21 fungal strains were tested: the most performing ones were Irpex lacteus DSM1183 for both β-glucosidase (52 IU/g with D, + 400% compared to W) and endo-glucanase (236 IU/g with D, + 470% compared to W), Schizophyllum commune CBS30132 for xylanase (715 IU/g with W, + 145% compared to D) and Pleurotus ostreatus ATCC96997 for laccase (124 IU/g with D, +230% compared to D). Cultures from S. commune and P. ostreatus were analyzed at the beginning and at the end of the growth test to determine soluble COD, total (TS) and volatile (VS) solids. COD was always lower at the end of the test suggesting a faster uptake than hydrolysis. P. ostreatus evidenced a higher VS reduction (-11% rather than -32%), suggesting a more effective growth of this strain on D. Results may open up new avenues for the utilization of solid digestate, an inexpensive agricultural by-product, for the production of value-added products as well as to increase biodegradation of lignocellulosic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida Musatti
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DEFENS, Section of Food Microbiology and Bioprocessing, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Ficara
- Politecnico di Milano, DICA, Environmental Section, Piazza L. da Vinci, 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Mapelli
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DEFENS, Section of Food Microbiology and Bioprocessing, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Sambusiti
- IATE, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Manuela Rollini
- Università degli Studi di Milano, DEFENS, Section of Food Microbiology and Bioprocessing, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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Li X, Zhang W, Ma L, Lai S, Zhao S, Chen Y, Liu Y. Improved production of propionic acid driven by hydrolyzed liquid containing high concentration of l-lactic acid from co-fermentation of food waste and sludge. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 220:523-529. [PMID: 27614154 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the feasibility of improved production propionic acid-enriched volatile fatty acid (VFA) from high concentration (Cs) of food waste and waste activated sludge (WAS) via lactic acid pathway by using of Propionibacterium acidipropionici. It was observed that production of l-lactate overwhelmed to d-lactate at first stage, which improved from 3.21 to 35.45gCOD/L with increase of substrate Cs. However, kinetic model analysis indicated that P. acidipropionici growth rate μmax was decreased with increase of l-lactate concentration, which explained second stage free cell fermentation of propionic acid was inhibited when fed by first stage liquid from R-40, R-55 and R-70. Then, the fibrous bed bioreactor was employed to eliminate the feed inhibition. The maximal percentage of propionic acid (68.3%) and production (16.31gCOD/L) was obtained by feeding liquid of R-55, which was improved by 3.33 folds compared to the free cell fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China; Jiangsu Tongyan Environm Prod Sci & Technol Co Lt, Yancheng 224000, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Li Ma
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Sizhou Lai
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shu Zhao
- AgroParis Tech, Paris Institute of Technology For Life, Food & Environmental Science, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Yinguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- State Environmental Protection Engineering Centre for Pollution Treatment and Control in Textile Industry, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China.
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