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Zhang L, Wang Q, Xu F, Wang Z. Insights into the evolution of chemical structure and pyrolysis reactivity of PVC-derived hydrochar during hydrothermal carbonization. RSC Adv 2023; 13:27212-27224. [PMID: 37701272 PMCID: PMC10494789 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04986h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is emerging as an effective technology to convert PVC into highly valuable materials via the removal of chlorine. This means that an in-depth understanding of HTC requires the hydrochar structure, thermal degradation behavior, and relationship between structure and thermal reactivity to be understood. In this work, two typical PVC waste materials were selected for HTC experiments at different temperatures. The structure of the hydrochar was characterized in detail by compositional analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, and 13C NMR analysis. Furthermore, the thermal degradation behavior of the hydrochar was analyzed. The changes after thermal degradation were used to establish a correlation with pyrolysis reactivity. The results showed that the C content and chemical structure of the hydrochar approached that of bituminous coal with increasing HTC temperature. Compared with the untreated PVC feedstock, the hydrochar exhibited higher levels of oxygen-containing functional groups on its surface, and its carbon skeleton structure changed from polymeric straight chains to short-chain paraffins, cycloalkanes, and aromatics. A negative correlation was observed between the CPI value of the hydrochar derived from SPVC and the HTC temperature. The structural evolution path of the hydrochar was altered by additives, which improved its thermal reactivity. These findings are expected to play a significant role in bridging the gap from the creation of a theoretical potential energy source to the development of a sustainable alternative renewable fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University Jilin City Jilin 132012 PR China
- Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology Jilin City Jilin 132022 PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Oil Shale Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Northeast Electric Power University Jilin City Jilin 132012 PR China
| | - Faxing Xu
- Jilin Feite Environmental Protection Co. Ltd, Jilin Key Laboratory of Subcritical Hydrolysis Technology Jilin 132200 PR China
| | - Zhenye Wang
- Jilin Feite Environmental Protection Co. Ltd, Jilin Key Laboratory of Subcritical Hydrolysis Technology Jilin 132200 PR China
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Osorio Velasco J, van der Linden I, Deuss PJ, Heeres HJ. Efficient depolymerization of lignins to alkylphenols using phosphided NiMo catalysts. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00588j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of phosphided NiMo catalysts on different supports was tested for the catalytic hydrotreatment of lignins to biobased building blocks like alkylphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessi Osorio Velasco
- Chemical Engineering Department
- ENTEG, University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Ilse van der Linden
- Chemical Engineering Department
- ENTEG, University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Deuss
- Chemical Engineering Department
- ENTEG, University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Hero J. Heeres
- Chemical Engineering Department
- ENTEG, University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
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Wang S, Li WX, Yang YQ, Chen X, Ma J, Chen C, Xiao LP, Sun RC. Unlocking Structure-Reactivity Relationships for Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Lignin into Phenolic Monomers. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4548-4556. [PMID: 32419330 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lignin depolymerization into aromatic monomers with high yields and selectivity is essential for the economic feasibility of biorefinery. However, the relationship between lignin structure and its reactivity for upgradeability is still poorly understood, in large part owing to the difficulty in quantitative characterization of lignin structural properties. To overcome these shortcomings, advanced NMR technologies [2D HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum coherence) and 31 P] were used to accurately quantify lignin functionalities. Diverse lignin samples prepared from Eucalyptus grandis with varying β-O-4 linkages were subjected to Pd/C-catalyzed hydrogenolysis for efficient C-O bond cleavage to achieve theoretical monomer yields. Strong correlations were observed between the yield of monomeric aromatic compounds and the structural features of lignin, including the contents of β-O-4 linkages and phenolic hydroxyl groups. Notably, a combined yield of up to 44.1 wt % was obtained from β-aryl ether rich in native lignin, whereas much lower yields were obtained from technical lignins low in β-aryl ether content. This work quantitatively demonstrates that the lignin reactivity for acquiring aromatic monomer yields varies depending on the lignin fractionation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuizhong Wang
- Center for Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Xin Li
- Center for Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Qin Yang
- Center for Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Center for Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, P. R. China
| | - Jiliang Ma
- Center for Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, P. R. China
| | - Changzhou Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Ping Xiao
- Center for Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, P. R. China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Papermaking and Pollution Control, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Run-Cang Sun
- Center for Lignocellulose Chemistry and Biomaterials, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, P. R. China
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Ghoreishi S, Barth T, Hermundsgård DH. Effect of Reaction Conditions on Catalytic and Noncatalytic Lignin Solvolysis in Water Media Investigated for a 5 L Reactor. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:19265-19278. [PMID: 31763550 PMCID: PMC6868905 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The high content of oxygen in the lignin polymer and the prevalence of phenolic functional groups make the conversion of lignin to fuels and value-added products with well-defined chemical properties challenging. The lignin-to-liquid process using a water/formic acid reaction medium has been shown to convert the lignin polymer to monomers with a molecular weight range of 300-600 Da. The bio-oil comprises a complex mixture of monomeric phenols, aromatics, and aliphatic hydrocarbons with a high H/C and low O/C ratio. This study investigates the effect of the stirring rate, level of loading, and catalyst at 305 and 350 °C in a 5 L pilot scale reactor. The oil yields are found to be highest for experiments conducted using the maximum stirring rate, maximum level of loading, and Ru/Al2O3 catalyst with yields of more than 69 wt % on lignin intake. Goethite as a catalyst does not show good conversion efficiency at either reaction temperatures. The carbon recovery is highest for products produced at 305 °C. Furthermore, results from solid phase extraction on a DSC-CN solid phase show that 65-92 wt % the bio-oils can be recovered as fractions separated based on polarity.
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Mishra PK, Ekielski A. The Self-Assembly of Lignin and Its Application in Nanoparticle Synthesis: A Short Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E243. [PMID: 30754724 PMCID: PMC6410071 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lignin serves as a significant contributor to the natural stock of non-fossilized carbon, second only to cellulose in the biosphere. In this review article, we focus on the self-assembly properties of lignin and their contribution to its effective utilization and valorization. Traditionally, investigations on self-assembly properties of lignin have aimed at understanding the lignification process of the cell wall and using it for efficient delignification for commercial purposes. In recent years (mainly the last three years), an increased number of attempts and reports of technical-lignin nanostructure synthesis with controlled particle size and morphology have been published. This has renewed the interests in the self-assembly properties of technical lignins and their possible applications. Based on the sources and processing methods of lignin, there are significant differences between its structure and properties, which is the primary obstacle in the generalized understanding of the lignin structure and the lignification process occurring within cell walls. The reported studies are also specific to source and processing methods. This work has been divided into two parts. In the first part, the aggregation propensity of lignin based on type, source and extraction method, temperature, and pH of solution is discussed. This is followed by a critical overview of non-covalent interactions and their contribution to the self-associative properties of lignin. The role of self-assembly towards the understanding of xylogenesis and nanoparticle synthesis is also discussed. A particular emphasis is placed on the interaction and forces involved that are used to explain the self-association of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Mishra
- Department of Wood Processing Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Adam Ekielski
- Department of Production Management and Engineering, Warsaw University Of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
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