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Marangon BB, Castro JDS, Calijuri ML. Aviation fuel based on wastewater-grown microalgae: Challenges and opportunities of hydrothermal liquefaction and hydrotreatment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120418. [PMID: 38382440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The current technical issues related to the conversion of algal biomass into aviation biofuel through hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and the upgrading of bio-oil through hydrotreatment have been reviewed and consolidated. HTL is a promising route for converting microalgae into sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). However, HTL must be followed by the hydrotreatment of bio-oil to ensure that its composition and properties are compatible with SAF standards. The fact that microalgae offer the possibility of recovering wastewater treatment resources not only makes them more attractive but also serves as an incentive for wastewater treatment, especially in countries where this service has not been universalized. The combination of SAF and wastewater treatment aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, representing an advantageous opportunity for both aviation and sanitation. In this context, the utilization of HTL by-products in the concept of a biorefinery is essential for the sustainability of aviation biofuel production through this route. Another important aspect is the recovery and reuse of catalysts, which are generally heterogeneous, allowing for recycling. Additionally, discussions have focused on biomass pretreatment methods, the use of solvents and catalysts in HTL and hydrotreatment reactions, and the operational parameters of both processes. All these issues present opportunities to enhance the quantity and quality of bio-oil and aviation biofuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Barros Marangon
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitario, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Jackeline de Siqueira Castro
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitario, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Lúcia Calijuri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitario, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Pleissner D, Schönfelder S, Händel N, Dalichow J, Ettinger J, Kvangarsnes K, Dauksas E, Rustad T, Cropotova J. Heterotrophic growth of Galdieria sulphuraria on residues from aquaculture and fish processing industries. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023:129281. [PMID: 37295476 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed at zero-waste utilization of fish processing streams for cultivation of microalgae Galdieria sulphuraria. Wastewater from a fish processing facility, slam (mix of used fish feed and faeces), and dried pellet (sediments after enzymatic hydrolysis of rainbow trout) were investigated as potential sources of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate for cultivation of G. sulphuraria. The pellet extract was found to support the growth of G. sulphuraria when appropriate diluted, at concentrations below 40 % (v/v). It was revealed that wastewater does not impact the growth negatively, however free amino nitrogen and carbon sources need to be supplied from another source. Therefore, only proteolyzed pellet extract (20 %, v/v) was selected for upscaling and a biomass concentration of 80 g L-1 (growth rate was 0.72 day-1) was achieved in a non-sterile fed-batch culture. Even though biomass was produced under non-sterile conditions no pathogens such as Salmonella sp. could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pleissner
- Institute for Food and Environmental Research e. V., Papendorfer Weg 3, 14806 Bad Belzig, Germany; Sustainable Chemistry (Resource Efficiency), Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Schönfelder
- Institute for Food and Environmental Research e. V., Papendorfer Weg 3, 14806 Bad Belzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Händel
- Institute for Food and Environmental Research e. V., Papendorfer Weg 3, 14806 Bad Belzig, Germany
| | - Julia Dalichow
- Institute for Food and Environmental Research e. V., Papendorfer Weg 3, 14806 Bad Belzig, Germany
| | - Judith Ettinger
- Institute for Food and Environmental Research e. V., Papendorfer Weg 3, 14806 Bad Belzig, Germany
| | - Kristine Kvangarsnes
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biological Sciences Ålesund, Larsgårdsvegen 4, 6025 Ålesund, Norway
| | - Egidijus Dauksas
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biological Sciences Ålesund, Larsgårdsvegen 4, 6025 Ålesund, Norway
| | - Turid Rustad
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Sem Sælandsvei 6/8, Kjemiblokk 3, 163, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Janna Cropotova
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biological Sciences Ålesund, Larsgårdsvegen 4, 6025 Ålesund, Norway.
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Sánchez-Laso J, Espada JJ, Rodríguez R, Vicente G, Bautista LF. Novel Biorefinery Approach for Phycocyanin Extraction and Purification and Biocrude Production from Arthrospira platensis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:5190-5198. [PMID: 37014358 PMCID: PMC10064637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
A new biorefinery from Arthrospira platensis was proposed to obtain phycocyanin (PC) and a biocrude by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). PC is a high-added-value phycobiliprotein widely used as a food colorant and in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. However, the use of conventional solvents in the extraction process and the purity grade of the extract are shortcomings in bioproduct production. PC was extracted using a reusable ionic liquid [EMIM][EtSO4], achieving a PC purity of the lowest commercial grade. Therefore, two downstream processes were applied: (1) dialysis + precipitation and (2) aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) + dialysis + precipitation. After the second purification process, the PC purity increased remarkably to reach the analytical grade for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. The waste biomass (WB) obtained in the PC extraction was valorized by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) to produce a biocrude. The biocrude yield and composition remarkably enhanced using isopropanol at 350 °C as a cosolvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Sánchez-Laso
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Espada
- Department of Chemical, Energy and Mechanical Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos,
Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosalía Rodríguez
- Department of Chemical, Energy and Mechanical Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos,
Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Vicente
- Department of Chemical, Energy and Mechanical Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos,
Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Fernando Bautista
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
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Prestigiacomo C, Scialdone O, Galia A. Hydrothermal liquefaction of wet biomass in batch reactors: critical assessment of the role of operating parameters as a function of the nature of the feedstock. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ethanol-Assisted Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Poplar Using Fe-Co/Al2O3 as Catalyst. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15093057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into bio-oil with high yield/quality through hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is promising, it still faces many challenges. In this study, a Fex-Co(1-x)/Al2O3 catalyst was prepared with the coprecipitation method and low-content ethanol was used as the cosolvent for the HTL of poplar. The results showed that the Fex-Co(1-x)/Al2O3 catalyst significantly promoted the yield and energy recovery rate (ERR) of bio-oil compared with the control (10% ethanol content). At 260 °C for 30 min, 60Fe-40Co/Al2O3 had the best catalytic effect, achieving the highest bio-oil yield (67.35%) and ERR (93.07%). As a multifunctional bimetallic catalyst, Fex-Co(1-x)/Al2O3 could not only increase the degree of hydrogenation deoxidization of the product but also promote the diversity of phenolic compounds gained from lignin. The bio-oil obtained from HTL with Fex-Co(1-x)/Al2O3 as catalyst contained lower heterocyclic nitrogen, promoting the transfer of more bio-oil components to substances with lower boiling point.
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Biological-Based Produced Water Treatment Using Microalgae: Challenges and Efficiency. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14010499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Produced water (PW) is the most significant waste stream generated in the oil and gas industries. The generated PW has the potential to be a useful water source rather than waste. While a variety of technologies can be used for the treatment of PW for reuse, biological-based technologies are an effective and sustainable remediation method. Specifically, microalgae, which are a cost-effective and sustainable process that use nutrients to eliminate organic pollutants from PW during the bioremediation process. In these treatment processes, microalgae grow in PW free of charge, eliminate pollutants, and generate clean water that can be recycled and reused. This helps to reduce CO2 levels in the atmosphere while simultaneously producing biofuels, other useful chemicals, and added-value products. As such, this review focuses on PW generation in the oil and gas industry, PW characteristics, and examines the available technologies that can be used for PW remediation, with specific attention to algal-based technologies. In addition, the various aspects of algae growth and cultivation in PW, the effect of growth conditions, water quality parameters, and the corresponding treatment performance are presented. Lastly, this review emphasizes the bioremediation of PW using algae and highlights how to harvest algae that can be processed to generate biofuels for added-value products as a sustainable approach.
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Zhou Y, Liu L, Li M, Hu C. Algal biomass valorisation to high-value chemicals and bioproducts: Recent advances, opportunities and challenges. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126371. [PMID: 34838628 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Algae are considered promising biomass resources for biofuel production. However, some arguments doubt the economical and energetical feasibility of algal cultivation, harvesting, and conversion processes. Beyond biofuel, value-added bioproducts can be generated via algae conversion, which would enhance the economic feasibility of algal biorefineries. This review primarily focuses on valuable chemical and bioproduct production from algae. The methods for effective recovery of valuable algae components, and their applications are summarized. The potential routes for the conversion of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins to valuable chemicals and bioproducts are assessed from recent studies. In addition, this review proposes the following challenges for future algal biorefineries: (1) utilization of naturally grown algae instead of cultivated algae; (2) fractionation of algae to individual components towards high-selectivity products; (3) avoidance of humin formation from algal carbohydrate conversion; (4) development of strategies for algal protein utilisation; and (5) development of efficient processes for commercialization and industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Mingyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China.
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Ayub HMU, Ahmed A, Lam SS, Lee J, Show PL, Park YK. Sustainable valorization of algae biomass via thermochemical processing route: An overview. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126399. [PMID: 34822981 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biofuels have become an attractive energy source because of the growing energy demand and environmental issues faced by fossil fuel consumption. Algal biomass, particularly microalgae, has excellent potential as feedstock to be converted to bio-oil, biochar, and combustible syngas via thermochemical conversion processes. Third-generation biofuels from microalgal feedstock are the promising option, followed by the first-generation and second-generation biofuels. This paper provides a review of the applications of thermochemical conversion techniques for biofuel production from algal biomass, comprising pyrolysis, gasification, liquefaction, and combustion processes. The progress in the thermochemical conversion of algal biomass is summarized, emphasizing the application of pyrolysis for its benefits over other processes. The review also encompasses the challenges and perspectives associated with the valorization of microalgae to biofuels ascertaining the potential opportunities and possibilities of extending the research into this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashfaq Ahmed
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea; Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Jechan Lee
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering & Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, 206 World Cup-ro, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
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di Cicco MR, Iovinella M, Palmieri M, Lubritto C, Ciniglia C. Extremophilic Microalgae Galdieria Gen. for Urban Wastewater Treatment: Current State, the Case of “POWER” System, and Future Prospects. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112343. [PMID: 34834705 PMCID: PMC8622319 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, wastewater research has increasingly focused on the use of microalgae as a tool to remove contaminants, entrapping nutrients, and whose biomass could provide both material and energy resources. This review covers the advances in the emerging research on the use in wastewater sector of thermoacidophilic, low-lipid microalgae of the genus Galdieria, which exhibit high content of protein, reserve carbohydrates, and other potentially extractable high-value compounds. The natural tolerance of Galdieria for high toxic environments and hot climates recently made it a key player in a single-step process for municipal wastewater treatment, biomass cultivation and production of energetic compounds using hydrothermal liquefaction. In this system developed in New Mexico, Galdieria proved to be a highly performing organism, able to restore the composition of the effluent to the standards required by the current legislation for the discharge of treated wastewater. Future research efforts should focus on the implementation, in the context of wastewater treatment, of more energetically efficient cultivation systems, potentially capable of generating water with increasingly higher purity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa di Cicco
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.R.d.C.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Manuela Iovinella
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Palmieri
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.R.d.C.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Carmine Lubritto
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.R.d.C.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (C.C.)
- INFN—Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, ed. 6, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia Ciniglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (M.R.d.C.); (M.P.); (C.L.); (C.C.)
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10
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Biocrude Oil Production by Integrating Microalgae Polyculture and Wastewater Treatment: Novel Proposal on the Use of Deep Water-Depth Polyculture of Mixotrophic Microalgae. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14216992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have attracted significant attention worldwide as one of the most promising feedstock fossil fuel alternatives. However, there are a few challenges for algal fuels to compete with fossil fuels that need to be addressed. Therefore, this study reviews the R&D status of microalgae-based polyculture and biocrude oil production, along with wastewater treatment. Mixotrophic algae are free to some extent from light restrictions using organic matter and have the ability to grow well even in deep water-depth cultivation. It is proposed that integrating the mixotrophic microalgae polyculture and wastewater treatment process is the most promising and harmonizing means to simultaneously increase capacities of microalgae biomass production and wastewater treatment with a low land footprint and high robustness to perturbations. A large amount of mixotrophic algae biomass is harvested, concentrated, and dewatered by combining highly efficient sedimentation through flocculation and energy efficient filtration, which reduce the carbon footprint for algae fuel production and coincide with the subsequent hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) conversion. HTL products are obtained with a relatively low carbon footprint and separated into biocrude oil, solid, aqueous, and gas fractions. Algae biomass feedstock-based HTL conversion has a high biocrude oil yield and quality available for existing oil refineries; it also has a bioavailability of the recycled nitrogen and phosphorus from the aqueous phase of algae community HTL. The HTL biocrude oil represents higher sustainability than conventional liquid fuels and other biofuels for the combination of greenhouse gas (GHG) and energy return on investment (EROI). Deep water-depth polyculture of mixotrophic microalgae using sewage has a high potential to produce sustainable biocrude oil within the land area of existing sewage treatment plants in Japan to fulfill imported crude oil.
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Marzbali MH, Kundu S, Halder P, Patel S, Hakeem IG, Paz-Ferreiro J, Madapusi S, Surapaneni A, Shah K. Wet organic waste treatment via hydrothermal processing: A critical review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130557. [PMID: 33894517 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There are several recent reviews published in the literature on hydrothermal carbonization, liquefaction and supercritical water gasification of lignocellulosic biomass and algae. The potential of hydrochar, bio-oil or synthesis gas production and applications have also been reviewed individually. The comprehensive review on the hydrothermal treatment of wet wastes (such as municipal solid waste, food waste, sewage sludge, algae) covering carbonization, liquefaction and supercritical water gasification, however, is missing in the literature which formed the basis of the current review paper. The current paper critically reviews the literature around the full spectrum of hydrothermal treatment for wet wastes and establishes a good comparison of the different hydrothermal treatment options for managing wet waste streams. Also, the role of catalysts as well as synthesis of catalysts using hydrothermal treatment of biomass has been critically reviewed. For the first time, efforts have also been made to summarize findings on modelling works as well as techno-economic assessments in the area of hydrothermal treatments of wet wastes. The study concludes with key findings, knowledge gaps and future recommendations to improve the productivity of hydrothermal treatment of wet wastes, helping improve the commercial viability and environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Hedayati Marzbali
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Sazal Kundu
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Pobitra Halder
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Savankumar Patel
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Ibrahim Gbolahan Hakeem
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Jorge Paz-Ferreiro
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Srinivasan Madapusi
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Aravind Surapaneni
- South East Water, Frankston, Victoria, 3199, Australia; ARC Training Centre on Advance Transformation of Australia's Biosolids Resources, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Australia
| | - Kalpit Shah
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; ARC Training Centre on Advance Transformation of Australia's Biosolids Resources, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083, Australia.
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12
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Hong C, Wang Z, Si Y, Li Z, Xing Y, Hu J, Li Y. Effects of aqueous phase circulation and catalysts on hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of penicillin residue (PR): Characteristics of the aqueous phase, solid residue and bio oil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 776:145596. [PMID: 33652310 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising thermochemical technology for the treatment of hazardous wastes such as penicillin residue (PR). For the treatment of aqueous waste produced by PR in the HTL process, aqueous phase circulation is an attractive solution, both environmentally and economically. The present study shows that aqueous phase circulation can promote the transfer of organic matter from the aqueous phase to bio-oil. The content of organic acids and alcohols in the aqueous phase decreased significantly, and the bio-oil yield and energy recovery efficiency also increased. Under non-catalytic conditions, the bio-oil yield increased from 26.09 wt% to 33.72 wt%. The use of Na2CO3 as a catalyst further improved the bio-oil yield. After a single aqueous phase circulation, the bio-oil yield increased to 34.63 wt%, and the energy recovery efficiency increased to 66.94%. Under catalytic hydrothermal conditions, the content of organic acids in the bio-oil was reduced using aqueous phase circulations, which improved the quality of the bio-oil. At the same time, the Na2CO3 catalyst promoted the hydrolysis of PR to form small molecule organic matter, inhibited the formation of coke, and reduced the content of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the solid residue. An increase of cycle times led to excessive accumulation of Na2CO3, which had a negative impact on the yield of bio-oil. Nitrogen-containing compounds in the bio-oil increased to a certain extent, which renders it necessary to consider denitrification treatments in the future. The work provides a useful reference for further research on the preparation of high quality bio-oil by PR hydrothermal liquefaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hong
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Coal and Syngas Conversion, Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanxiao Si
- Institute of Ground engineering, Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zaixing Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Yi Xing
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jiashuo Hu
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yifei Li
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Hong C, Wang Z, Si Y, Li Z, Xing Y, Hu J, Li Y. Preparation of bio-oils by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of penicillin fermentation residue (PR): Optimization of conditions and mechanistic studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143216. [PMID: 33213924 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate factors influencing the yield of bio-oil from the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process of penicillin fermentation residue (PR). The reaction mechanism of the HTL was also studied. The hydrolysis of organic compounds in PR was enhanced, and the bio-oil yield increased with an increase of temperature. When the temperature rose from 280 °C to 320 °C, the yield of bio-oil decreased due to condensation and pyrolysis. Both the residence time and total solid content had effects on the bio-oil yield. The predicted values from the RSM model was in good agreement with the experimental values. Optimized conditions showed that the predicted value of the highest bio-oil yield was 25.91 wt%. The optimized reaction conditions were as follows: reaction temperature was 300 °C, residence time was 174 min, and total solid content was 18 wt%. The bio-oil was analyzed by GC-MS, and showed that it consisted mainly of hydrocarbons, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, and oxygen-containing compounds. Finally, the formation mechanism of these components and their possible reaction paths are presented and discussed. The results will provide useful guidance for regulating the characteristics of antibiotic residues, and realizing their further utilization as a chemical feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hong
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Coal and Syngas Conversion, Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanxiao Si
- Institute of Ground engineering, Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zaixing Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Yi Xing
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jiashuo Hu
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yifei Li
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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Wang S, Zhao S, Cheng X, Qian L, Barati B, Gong X, Cao B, Yuan C. Study on two-step hydrothermal liquefaction of macroalgae for improving bio-oil. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 319:124176. [PMID: 33017778 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the conversion of Enteromorpha clathrata into bio-oil through hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) was investigated under different preparation conditions. A two-step reaction method was compared with single-step reaction. At a high temperature, bio-oil produced through the two-step hydrothermal reaction displayed slight changes in yield, but solid residue rate was low. The liquid-to-material ratio of the optimal preparation condition was 40/4 (mL/g). Bio-oil produced in each experiment at this ratio was further analyzed using GC/MS. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) quantitative calculation was used in analyzing and proving the possible reaction path of the conversion of furan compounds to aromatic compounds during a direct high-temperature liquefaction process. Results revealed that the two-step method can ensure a high bio-oil yield, while preventing the occurrence of side reactions caused by long-term high-temperature reactions, and improve the bio-oil quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xiaoxue Cheng
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Lili Qian
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Bahram Barati
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430074, China.
| | - Bin Cao
- Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Chuan Yuan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu 212013, China
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15
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Biochar as an Eco-Friendly and Economical Adsorbent for the Removal of Colorants (Dyes) from Aqueous Environment: A Review. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12123561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dyes (colorants) are used in many industrial applications, and effluents of several industries contain toxic dyes. Dyes exhibit toxicity to humans, aquatic organisms, and the environment. Therefore, dyes containing wastewater must be properly treated before discharging to the surrounding water bodies. Among several water treatment technologies, adsorption is the most preferred technique to sequester dyes from water bodies. Many studies have reported the removal of dyes from wastewater using biochar produced from different biomass, e.g., algae and plant biomass, forest, and domestic residues, animal waste, sewage sludge, etc. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the application of biochar as an eco-friendly and economical adsorbent to remove toxic colorants (dyes) from the aqueous environment. This review highlights the routes of biochar production, such as hydrothermal carbonization, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal liquefaction. Biochar as an adsorbent possesses numerous advantages, such as being eco-friendly, low-cost, and easy to use; various precursors are available in abundance to be converted into biochar, it also has recyclability potential and higher adsorption capacity than other conventional adsorbents. From the literature review, it is clear that biochar is a vital candidate for removal of dyes from wastewater with adsorption capacity of above 80%.
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16
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Leng S, Leng L, Chen L, Chen J, Chen J, Zhou W. The effect of aqueous phase recirculation on hydrothermal liquefaction/carbonization of biomass: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 318:124081. [PMID: 32927317 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous phase (AP) recirculation is attracting increasing interest in hydrothermal process field as it has the potential to increase the yield of bio-crude and/or hydrochar and decrease the cost of hydrothermal wastewater disposal. This work summarizes the effect of AP recirculation on hydrothermal processing biomass, including the discussions on the mechanisms account for the increased yield and the changing properties of the hydrochar and bio-crude. However, the application of AP recirculation in hydrothermal process is limited by the enrichment of nitrogen in bio-crude and the applicability of only specific biomass type. To alleviate these limitations, the feasibility of combining AP recirculation with other strategies (e.g., co-solvent and co-feed) has been discussed. The possibility of using AP as a resource (e.g., nutrient source, and material mediator) can be increased by AP recirculation due to the accumulation of substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songqi Leng
- School of Resources, Environmental & Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Lijian Leng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- School of Resources, Environmental & Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Jiefeng Chen
- School of Resources, Environmental & Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Resources, Environmental & Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Wenguang Zhou
- School of Resources, Environmental & Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China.
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17
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Chen X, Ma X, Chen L, Lu X, Tian Y. Hydrothermal liquefaction of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and effect of emulsification on upgrading the bio-oil. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 316:123914. [PMID: 32768997 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work studied the hydrothermal liquefaction of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and effect of emulsification on upgrading the bio-oil. The fuel properties and storage stability characteristics of emulsion fuels were explored. The combustion characteristic analysis showed that the ignition temperatures of emulsion fuels (139.6-151.3 °C) were lower than that of bio-oil (176.9 °C). Besides, emulsion fuels had higher comprehensive combustion indexes (7.24-14.08 × 10-6 × min-2 × C-3) than bio-oil (1.51 × 10-6 × min-2 × C-3), indicating that emulsion fuels had better combustion performance. The kinetic analysis showed that emulsification could effectively reduce the activation energy, resulting in less energy input for combustion. Based on chemical composition evolution during the storage process, a possible stability mechanism was proposed. The storage stability analysis indicated that the diesel-solvable fractions in bio-oil had better stability. Overall, this work provides a feasible way for bio-oil upgrading through emulsification. In addition, a better understanding of the stability property of emulsion fuel was provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfei Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Liyao Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaoluan Lu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yunlong Tian
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Co-hydrothermal liquefaction of wastewater-grown algae and crude glycerol: A novel strategy of bio-crude oil-aqueous separation and techno-economic analysis for bio-crude oil recovery and upgrading. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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