1
|
Seejandee P, Osakoo N, Sereerattanakorn P, Krukkratoke P, Keawkumay C, Pansakdanon C, Wittayakun J, Chanlek N, Deekamwong K, Prayoonpokarach S. Comparison of potassium catalysts on zeolite sodium A and X in transesterification of palm oil and active species specification. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35975. [PMID: 39229521 PMCID: PMC11369422 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysts consisting of potassium supported on zeolites are active for transesterification, but the effect of zeolite properties is not clearly understood. This work compares catalysts containing 12 wt.% potassium on zeolite sodium A and X (12K/NaA and 12K/NaX) in terms of performance and physicochemical properties. Both catalysts were prepared by ultrasound-assisted impregnation with potassium acetate buffer. 12K/NaA is a better catalyst in transesterification of palm oil, giving a higher biodiesel yield than 12K/NaX in the first run (99.1 ± 0.3 % and 77.9 ± 2.2 %, respectively). From characterization by CO2-TPD, XRD, FTIR, XPS, and SEM-EDS, both catalysts have similar basicity but different dispersion of carbonates and interaction on the zeolites. The 12K/NaA has those species on external surfaces and more monodentate carbonate than 12K/NaX. Ion exchange occurs between potassium ions from the precursor and sodium ions from the zeolite. Moreover, 12K/NaA is more stable, providing higher biodiesel yields in the second and third catalytic cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piyanat Seejandee
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Nattawut Osakoo
- Institute of Research and Development, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Pakawan Sereerattanakorn
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Panot Krukkratoke
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Chalermpan Keawkumay
- Institute of Research and Development, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Chaianun Pansakdanon
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Wittayakun
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Narong Chanlek
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Krittanun Deekamwong
- Institute of Research and Development, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Sanchai Prayoonpokarach
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sitepu EK, Sinaga RPA, Sitepu BEN, Santoso A, Susilo B, Ginting B, Perangin-angin S, Tarigan JB. Calcined Biowaste Durian Peel as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Room-Temperature Biodiesel Production Using a Homogenizer Device. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:15232-15238. [PMID: 38585132 PMCID: PMC10993264 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Calcined biowaste durian peel (BDP) contains 86% potassium element as the main compound and has successfully catalyzed the transesterification of palm oil to biodiesel at room temperature. The effect of catalyst weight, molar ratio of palm oil to methanol, reaction time, and rotational speed of the homogenizer device was investigated on biodiesel conversion and yield. The highest biodiesel conversion of 97.4 ± 0.3% was achieved using the following reaction conditions: a catalyst weight of 5 wt %, a molar ratio of palm oil to methanol of 1:15, a reaction time of 10 min, and a rotational speed of 6000 rpm. Unfortunately, calcined BDP could not hold its catalytic activity in the reusability study. The biodiesel conversion was decreased in the second cycle due to the decrease of both catalyst weight and concentration of potassium ions after the first cycle. However, the calcined BDP paired with a homogenizer device could produce biodiesel in a short reaction time and at room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eko. K. Sitepu
- Department
of Chemistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Reni P. A. Sinaga
- Department
of Chemistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Bryan E. N. Sitepu
- Department
of Chemistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Aman Santoso
- Department
of Chemistry, Universitas Negeri Malang, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Susilo
- Department
of Agricultural Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia
| | - Binawati Ginting
- Department
of Chemistry, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Szkudlarek Ł, Chałupka-Śpiewak K, Maniukiewicz W, Nowosielska M, Szynkowska-Jóźwik MI, Mierczyński P. Biodiesel Production by Methanolysis of Rapeseed Oil-Influence of SiO 2/Al 2O 3 Ratio in BEA Zeolite Structure on Physicochemical and Catalytic Properties of Zeolite Systems with Alkaline Earth Oxides (MgO, CaO, SrO). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3570. [PMID: 38612389 PMCID: PMC11011398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alkaline earth metal oxide (MgO, CaO, SrO) catalysts supported on BEA zeolite were prepared by a wet impregnation method and tested in the transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil with methanol towards the formation of biodiesel (FAMEs-fatty acid methyl esters). To assess the influence of the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio on the catalytic activity in the tested reaction, a BEA zeolite carrier material with different Si/Al ratios was used. The prepared catalysts were tested in the transesterification reaction at temperatures of 180 °C and 220 °C using a molar ratio of methanol/oil reagents of 9:1. The transesterification process was carried out for 2 h with the catalyst mass of 0.5 g. The oil conversion value and efficiency towards FAME formation were determined using the HPLC technique. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were determined using the following research techniques: CO2-TPD, XRD, BET, FTIR, and SEM-EDS. The results of the catalytic activity showed that higher activity in the tested process was confirmed for the catalysts supported on the BEA zeolite characterized by the highest silica/alumina ratio for the reaction carried out at a temperature of 220 °C. The most active zeolite catalyst was the 10% CaO/BEA system (Si/Al = 300), which showed the highest triglyceride (TG) conversion of 90.5% and the second highest FAME yield of 94.6% in the transesterification reaction carried out at 220 °C. The high activity of this system is associated with its alkalinity, high value of the specific surface area, the size of the active phase crystallites, and its characteristic sorption properties in relation to methanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paweł Mierczyński
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (Ł.S.); (K.C.-Ś.); (W.M.); (M.N.); (M.I.S.-J.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Balraj S, Gnana Prakash D, Iyyappan J, Bharathiraja B. Modelling and optimization of biodiesel production from waste fish oil using nano immobilized rPichiapastoris whole cell biocatalyst with response surface methodology and hybrid artificial neural network based approach. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:130012. [PMID: 37979885 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nano particle immobilized recombinant whole cell biocatalyst (rWCB) was used for bioconversion of waste fish oil in to biodiesel in a lab scale packed bed reactor (PBR). Central composite design and hybrid artificial neural network (ANN) models were explored to optimize the production of biodiesel. Developed rWCB exhibited maximum lipase activity at 15 % (v/v) of glutaraldehyde concentration and 6 % (w/v) of ZnO nanoparticles at pH of 7. Maximum biodiesel yield reached about 91.54 ± 1.86 % after 43 h in PBR using hybrid ANN model predicted process conditions of 13.2 % (w/v) of nano immobilized rWCB concentration and 4.7:1 of methanol to oil ratio at 33 °C. Importantly, developed nano immobilized rWCB was adequately stable for commercialization. Thus, production of biodiesel from waste fish oil using ZnO nano immobilized rWCB could become potential candidate for commercialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Balraj
- Deparment of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Gnana Prakash
- Deparment of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai 603110, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - J Iyyappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Science and Technology (SIMATS), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Bharathiraja
- Deparment of Chemical Engineering, Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Avadi, Chennai 600062, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Faiz I, Ahmad M, Ramadan MF, Zia U, Rozina, Bokhari A, Asif S, Pieroni A, Zahmatkesh S, Ni BJ. Hazardous waste management (Buxus papillosa) investment for the prosperity of environment and circular economy: Response surface methodology-based simulation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 350:119567. [PMID: 38007927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Dealing with the current defaults of environmental toxicity, heating, waste management, and economic crises, exploration of novel non-edible, toxic, and waste feedstock for renewable biodiesel synthesis is the need of the hour. The present study is concerned with Buxus papillosa with seeds oil concentration (45% w/w), a promising biodiesel feedstock encountering environmental defaults and waste management; in addition, this research performed simulation based-response surface methodology (RSM) for Buxus papillosa bio-diesel. Synthesis and application of novel Phyto-nanocatalyst bimetallic oxide with Buxus papillosa fruit capsule aqueous extract was advantageous during transesterification. Characterization of sodium/potassium oxide Phyto-nanocatalyst confirmed 23.5 nm nano-size and enhanced catalytic activity. Other characterizing tools are FTIR, DRS, XRD, Zeta potential, SEM, and EDX. Methyl ester formation was authenticated by FTIR, GC-MS, and NMR. A maximum 97% yield was obtained at optimized conditions i.e., methanol ratio to oil (8:1), catalyst amount (0.37 wt%), reaction duration (180 min), and temperature of 80 °C. The reusability of novel sodium/potassium oxide was checked for six reactions. Buxus papillosa fuel properties were within the international restrictions of fuel. The sulphur content of 0.00090% signified the environmental remedial nature of Buxus papillosa methyl esters and it is a highly recommendable species for biodiesel production at large scale due to a t huge number of seeds production and vast distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Faiz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ulfat Zia
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Rozina
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, 54000, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory, SPIL, NETME Centra, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, Brno, 616 00, Czech Republic
| | - Saira Asif
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Andrea Pieroni
- University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II 9, 12042, Pollenzo, Italy; Department of Medical Analysis, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Kurdistan, Iraq
| | - Sasan Zahmatkesh
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieríay Ciencias, Puebla, Mexico; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zamri MFMA, Shamsuddin AH, Ali S, Bahru R, Milano J, Tiong SK, Fattah IMR, Raja Shahruzzaman RMH. Recent Advances of Triglyceride Catalytic Pyrolysis via Heterogenous Dolomite Catalyst for Upgrading Biofuel Quality: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1947. [PMID: 37446463 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
This review provides the recent advances in triglyceride catalytic pyrolysis using heterogeneous dolomite catalysts for upgrading biofuel quality. The production of high-quality renewable biofuels through catalytic cracking pyrolysis has gained significant attention due to their high hydrocarbon and volatile matter content. Unlike conventional applications that require high operational costs, long process times, hazardous material pollution, and enormous energy demand, catalytic cracking pyrolysis has overcome these challenges. The use of CaO, MgO, and activated dolomite catalysts has greatly improved the yield and quality of biofuel, reducing the acid value of bio-oil. Modifications of the activated dolomite surface through bifunctional acid-base properties also positively influenced bio-oil production and quality. Dolomite catalysts have been found to be effective in catalyzing the pyrolysis of triglycerides, which are a major component of vegetable oils and animal fats, to produce biofuels. Recent advances in the field include the use of modified dolomite catalysts to improve the activity and selectivity of the catalytic pyrolysis process. Moreover, there is also research enhancement of the synthesis and modification of dolomite catalysts in improving the performance of biofuel yield conversion. Interestingly, this synergy contribution has significantly improved the physicochemical properties of the catalysts such as the structure, surface area, porosity, stability, and bifunctional acid-base properties, which contribute to the catalytic reaction's performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Faiz Muaz Ahmad Zamri
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abd Halim Shamsuddin
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Salmiaton Ali
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raihana Bahru
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jassinnee Milano
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sieh Kiong Tiong
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Islam Md Rizwanul Fattah
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sukpancharoen S, Katongtung T, Rattanachoung N, Tippayawong N. Unlocking the potential of transesterification catalysts for biodiesel production through machine learning approach. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 378:128961. [PMID: 36972805 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for fossil fuels has motivated the search for a renewable energy source, and biodiesel has emerged as a promising and environmentally friendly alternative. In this study, machine learning techniques were employed to predict the biodiesel yield from transesterification processes using three different catalysts: homogeneous, heterogeneous, and enzyme. Extreme gradient boosting algorithms showed the highest accuracy in predictions, with a coefficient of determination accuracy of nearly 0.98, as determined through a 10-fold cross-validation of the input data. The results indicated that linoleic acid, behenic acid, and reaction time were the most crucial factors affecting biodiesel yield predictions for homogeneous, heterogeneous, and enzyme catalysts, respectively. This research provides insights into the individual and combined effects of key factors on transesterification catalysts, contributing to a deeper understanding of the system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somboon Sukpancharoen
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Tossapon Katongtung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nopporn Rattanachoung
- Department of Physical and Material Sciences, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Nakorn Tippayawong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Efficient conversion of vinyltrimethoxysilane to vinyltris(β-methoxyethoxy)silane through economic γ-Al2O3 loaded with K2CO3. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-023-02382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
|
9
|
Synthesis of a magnetic polystyrene-supported Cu(II)-containing heterocyclic complex as a magnetically separable and reusable catalyst for the preparation of N-sulfonyl-N-aryl tetrazoles. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3214. [PMID: 36828906 PMCID: PMC9958043 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and convenient method for synthesizing a novel heterogeneous catalyst via modification of polystyrene using tetrazole-copper magnetic complex [Ps@Tet-Cu(II)@Fe3O4] has been successfully developed. The synthesized complex was analyzed using TEM (transmission electron microscopy), HRTEM (high resolution-transmission electron microscopy), STEM (scanning transmission electron microscopy), FFT (Fast Fourier transform), XRD (X-ray diffraction), FT-IR (Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy), TG/DTG (Thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry), ICP-OES (Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), EDS (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), and elemental mapping. N-Sulfonyl-N-aryl tetrazoles were synthesized in high yields from N-sulfonyl-N-aryl cyanamides and sodium azide using Ps@Tet-Cu(II)@Fe3O4 nanocatalyst. The Ps@Tet-Cu(II)@Fe3O4 complex can be recycled and reused easily multiple times using an external magnet without significant loss of catalytic activity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Tarigan JB, Perangin-angin S, Simanungkalit SR, Zega NP, Sitepu EK. Utilization of waste banana peels as heterogeneous catalysts in room-temperature biodiesel production using a homogenizer. RSC Adv 2023; 13:6217-6224. [PMID: 36825289 PMCID: PMC9941840 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00016h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Banana peels as agro-waste residues contain potassium oxide as the main component after calcination. The calcined waste banana peels (WBPs) successfully transesterified palm oil to biodiesel at room temperature using a homogenizer. The catalyst was characterized by TGA, SEM, XRD and XRF. The catalytic activity of calcined WBPs was determined using parameters of the molar ratio of palm oil to methanol, catalyst weight, reaction time and rotational speed of the homogenizer. The highest biodiesel conversion of 97.7 ± 0.6% was achieved with a molar ratio of 1 : 15, catalyst weight of 7 wt%, reaction time of 30 min and rotational speed of 6000 rpm. Unfortunately, the calcined WBP cannot be reused unless some fresh catalyst is added to defend its catalytic activity, as the concentration of K2O decreases after the reaction. However, the catalyst showed better performance as the transesterification reaction could be carried out at room temperature in a short reaction time using a homogenizer compared with other methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Neli P. Zega
- Department of Chemistry, Universitas Sumatera UtaraMedan 20155Indonesia
| | - Eko K. Sitepu
- Department of Chemistry, Universitas Sumatera UtaraMedan 20155Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang N, Sheng X, Ti L, Jia H, Ping Q, Li N. Ball-milling as effective and economical process for biodiesel production under Kraft lignin activated carbon stabilized potassium carbonate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128379. [PMID: 36423766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is a typical renewable energy and the previous transesterification processes for biodiesel production mainly focus on thermocatalytic methods. In this paper, the ball-milling process was investigated into the biodiesel production under Kraft lignin activated carbon stabilized K2CO3. Biodiesel yield increased to 66 % after only 5 min and reached 100 % within 25 min under optimal ball-milling conditions (0.5 g of the catalyst; methanol/oil molar ratio 18:1; 195 g of ball-mill beads; 1400 rpm; 25 °C). The power demand between the thermocatalytic method and the ball-milling method was also compared. Based on the computation, the ball-milling method has lower power demand than the traditional method (38 vs 201 kWh·mol-1). Therefore, the ball-milling method is an effective and economical process for biodiesel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xueru Sheng
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Liting Ti
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Haiyuan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Qingwei Ping
- Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gumbytė M, Makareviciene V, Sendzikiene E. Enzymatic Transesterification of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Oil with Isoamyl Alcohol. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1185. [PMID: 36770192 PMCID: PMC9919346 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this experimental study, biodiesel was synthesized from the salmon oil using the Lipozyme®RM IM (Bagsværd, Denmark) as a biocatalyst. Isoamyl alcohol was used as an acyl acceptor in the transesterification process. The aim of this study is to select the best process conditions, aiming to obtain the highest transesterification degree that meets the requirements of the EN 14214 standard. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for statistical analysis and optimization of process parameters. A four-factor experimental design was modelled by central compositional design (CCD) to investigate the effects of biocatalyst concentration, isoamyl alcohol-to-oil molar ratio, temperature, and duration on transesterification degree. It was determined that the optimal parameters for biodiesel synthesis were the following: an enzyme concentration of 11% (wt. of oil mass); a process temperature of 45 °C; a process duration of 4 h; and an alcohol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1. The transesterification degree of biodiesel reached 87.23%. The stepwise addition of isoamyl alcohol during the transesterification process further increased the degree of transesterification to 96.5%.
Collapse
|
13
|
Synthesis of Mn-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Application in the Transesterification of Castor Oil. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alarming environmental changes and the threat of natural fuel resource extinction are concerning issues in human development. This has increased scientists’ efforts to phase out traditional energy resources and move on to environmentally friendly biofuels. In this study, non-edible castor oil was transesterified with methanol using a manganese-doped zinc oxide (Mn-doped ZnO) nanocatalyst. A heterogeneous nanocatalyst was prepared by means of the the sonochemical method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize these nanocatalysts. The transesterification reaction was studied under different temperature conditions, different ratios of methyl alcohol to castor oil, and different amounts of the catalyst to identify optimum conditions in which the maximum yield of biodiesel was produced. The maximum biodiesel yield (90.3%) was observed at 55 °C with an oil-to-methanol ratio of 1:12, and with 1.2 g of nanocatalyst. The first-order kinetic model was found to be the most suitable. Several thermodynamic parameters were also determined, such as activation energy, enthalpy, and entropy. We found that this transesterification was an endergonic and entropy-driven reaction. The results showed that the Mn-doped ZnO nanocatalyst could be a suitable catalyst for the heterogeneous catalytic transesterification process, which is essential for biodiesel production.
Collapse
|
14
|
Chozhavendhan S, Karthigadevi G, Bharathiraja B, Praveen Kumar R, Abo LD, Venkatesa Prabhu S, Balachandar R, Jayakumar M. Current and prognostic overview on the strategic exploitation of anaerobic digestion and digestate: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114526. [PMID: 36252837 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The depletion of fossil fuels and increasing demand for energy are encountered by generating renewable biogas. Anaerobic digestion (AD) produces not only biogas, also other value-added products from the digestate using various organic, municipal and industrial wastes which have several benefits like remediating waste, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy generation and securing socio-economic status of bio-based industries. This review work critically analyzes the biorefinery approaches on AD process for the production of biogas and digestate, and their direct and indirect utilization. The left-out residue obtained from AD is called 'digestate' which enriched with organic matter, nitrogen, heavy metals and other valuable micronutrients. However, the direct disposal of digestate to the land as fertilizer/landfills creates various environmental issues. Keeping this view, the digestate should be upgraded or transformed into high valued products such as biofertilizer, pyrochar, biodiesel, syngas and soil conditioner that can aid to enrich the soil nutrients and ensures the safe environment as well. In this context, the present review focused to illustrate the current techniques and different strategic exploitations on AD proper management of digestate products for storage and further applications. Such a technology transfer provides a proven strategic mechanism towards the enhancement of the sustainability of bio-based industries, attaining the energy demand, safest waste management, protection of environment and reduces the socio-economic issues of the industrial sector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Chozhavendhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Karthigadevi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, India
| | - B Bharathiraja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Lata Deso Abo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - S Venkatesa Prabhu
- Center of Excellence for Bioprocess and Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Ethiopia
| | - Ramalingam Balachandar
- Department of Biotechnology, Prathyusha Engineering College, Tiruvallur, 602 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mani Jayakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Luo Q, Wang K, Yang Y, Tian X, Wang R, He B. Continuous biodiesel production from acidic oil using a combination of acidic and alkaline composite catalytic membranes in flow-through membrane reactors. NEW J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03412c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive process of esterification for online separation transesterification for biodiesel production, with a yield of up to 97.52%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Kangkang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Rongwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Benqiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen Y, Long F, Huang Q, Wang K, Jiang J, Chen J, Xu J, Nie X. Biodiesel production from Rhodosporidium toruloides by acidic ionic liquids catalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128038. [PMID: 36174895 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has been proved to be an efficient method to disrupt cell walls and extract lipids from oleaginous yeast. However, many steps are needed for converting bio-oil into fatty acid methyl esters after HTL. Herein, acidic ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([Bmim][HSO4]) was introduced as the catalyst in HTL to convert oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides to biodiesel in one step. [Bmim][HSO4] has dual effects on cell wall disruption and transesterification in reactions. As a result, the biodiesel yield achieved as high as 15.1 ± 3.2 % in optimal condition. The biodiesel was composed of long chain fatty acid methyl esters, and the higher heating value was 40.62 ± 0.05 MJ·kg-1. After the catalyst recycled 4 times, the catalytic efficiency still kept at 62.8 ± 2.1 %. The results indicated catalytic HTL was a direct and efficient method for biodiesel production from Rhodosporidium toruloides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Chen
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China; Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, China
| | - Feng Long
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Qitian Huang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Kui Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jianchun Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Junming Xu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xiaoan Nie
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China; Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sun C, Wu W, Chang H, Wang R, Wang K, Zhong N, Zhang T, He X, Sun F, Zhang E, Ho SH. A tailored bifunctional carbon catalyst for efficient glycosidic bond fracture and selective hemicellulose fractionation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 362:127861. [PMID: 36041679 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study proposed a mild chlorination-sulfonation approach to synthesize magnetic carbon acid bearing with catalytic SO3H and adsorption Cl bifunctional sites on polydopamine coating. The catalysts exerted good textural structure and surface chemical properties (i.e., porosity, high specific surface area of >70 m2/g, high catalytic activity with 0.86-1.1 mmol/g of SO3H sites and 0.8%-1.9% of Cl sites, and abundant hydrophilic functional groups), rendering a maximum cellobiose adsorption efficiency of ∼40% within 6 h. Moreover, the catalysts had strong fracture characteristics on different α-/β-glycosidic bonds with 85.4%-93.9% of disaccharide conversion, while selectively fractionating hemicellulose from wheat straw with 64.3% of xylose yield and 93.4% of cellulose retention. Due to the stable interaction between parent polydopamine support with Fe core and functional groups, the catalysts efficiently recovered by simple magnetic separation had good reusability with minimal losses in catalytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chihe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of MOE, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wenbo Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Haixing Chang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China.
| | - Rupeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Nianbing Zhong
- Intelligent Fiber Sensing Technology of Chongqing Municipal Engineering Research Center of Institutions of Higher Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Fiber Optic Sensor and Photodetector, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Xuefeng He
- Intelligent Fiber Sensing Technology of Chongqing Municipal Engineering Research Center of Institutions of Higher Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Fiber Optic Sensor and Photodetector, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Fubao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of MOE, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ezhen Zhang
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007,China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Varghese S, Dhanraj ND, Rebello S, Sindhu R, Binod P, Pandey A, Jisha MS, Awasthi MK. Leads and hurdles to sustainable microbial bioplastic production. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135390. [PMID: 35728665 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Indiscriminate usage, disposal and recalcitrance of petroleum-based plastics have led to its accumulation leaving a negative impact on the environment. Bioplastics, particularly microbial bioplastics serve as an ecologically sustainable solution to nullify the negative impacts of plastics. Microbial production of biopolymers like Polyhydroxyalkanoates, Polyhydroxybutyrates and Polylactic acid using renewable feedstocks as well as industrial wastes have gained momentum in the recent years. The current study outlays types of bioplastics, their microbial sources and applications in various fields. Scientific evidence on bioplastics has suggested a unique range of applications such as industrial, agricultural and medical applications. Though diverse microorganisms such as Alcaligenes latus, Burkholderia sacchari, Micrococcus species, Lactobacillus pentosus, Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Rhizobium sp., Enterobacter sp., Escherichia sp., Azototobacter sp., Protomonas sp., Cupriavidus sp., Halomonas sp., Saccharomyces sp., Kluyveromyces sp., and Ralstonia sp. are known to produce bioplastics, the industrial production of bioplastics is still challenging. Thus this paper also provides deep insights on the advancements made to maximise production of bioplastics using different approaches such as metabolic engineering, rDNA technologies and multitude of cultivation strategies. Finally, the constraints to microbial bioplastic production and the future directions of research are briefed. Hence the present review emphasizes on the importance of using bioplastics as a sustainable alternative to petroleum based plastic products to diminish environmental pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherin Varghese
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - N D Dhanraj
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Sharrel Rebello
- School of Food Science & Technology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, T K M Institute of Technology, Kollam, 691505, Kerala, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR- Indian Institute for Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 31 MG Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, 248 007, Uttarakhand, India; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M S Jisha
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India.
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712 100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Duan Y, Tarafdar A, Kumar V, Ganeshan P, Rajendran K, Shekhar Giri B, Gómez-García R, Li H, Zhang Z, Sindhu R, Binod P, Pandey A, Taherzadeh MJ, Sarsaiya S, Jain A, Kumar Awasthi M. Sustainable biorefinery approaches towards circular economy for conversion of biowaste to value added materials and future perspectives. FUEL 2022; 325:124846. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
|
20
|
The Novel Approach of Catalytic Interesterification, Hydrolysis and Transesterification of Pongamia pinnata Oil. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12080896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of biodiesel are completely dependent on the fatty acid profile of feedstock oils. Several feedstocks are not in use for biodiesel production because of the presence of unsuitable fatty acids in their oils. The present study was conducted to overcome this problem by the utilization of interesterification and hydrolysis processes. The present study reports biodiesel with much better cold flow properties than previous studies. Fatty acids present in Pongamia pinnata oil were optimized via interesterification and hydrolysis treatment of feedstock prior to alkali-catalyzed transesterification. The physiochemical properties of fuel were evaluated by standard test methods and the results were compared with EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. Biodiesel composition was analyzed by a gas chromatographic analysis. The density, saponification and iodine values of the biodiesel derived from treated and non-treated oil were found to be within the range recommended by the international fuel standards. The acid values of biodiesel produced from non-treated and treated fractions were high (0.7–0.8 mg of KOH/g of oil), as compared to the biodiesel produced from non-treated and treated pure oil. The cloud points and pour points of biodiesel produced from hydrolyzed and interesterified oil were in the range of (8.1 to −9.6 °C) and (2.03 to −12.5 °C), respectively, while those of non-treated oil were in the range of (13.37 to −1.53 °C). These results indicate that treatments of oil specifically improved the low-temperature properties of biodiesel.
Collapse
|
21
|
Mohd Johari SA, Ayoub M, Inayat A, Ullah S, Uroos M, Naqvi SR, Farukkh S. Utilization of Dairy Scum Waste as a Feedstock for Biodiesel Production via Different Heating Sources for Catalytic Transesterification. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siti Aminah Mohd Johari
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS HiCoE, Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR) Institute of Sustainable Living (ISB) 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Chemical Engineering Department 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ayoub
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS HiCoE, Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research (CBBR) Institute of Sustainable Living (ISB) 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
- Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Chemical Engineering Department 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak Malaysia
| | - Abrar Inayat
- University of Sharjah Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering 27272 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Sami Ullah
- King Khalid University Department of Chemistry, College of Science POB: 9004 61413 Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Maliha Uroos
- University of the Punjab Centre for Research in Ionic Liquids Institute of Chemistry 54000 Lahore Pakistan
| | - Salman Raza Naqvi
- National University of Science and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Sarah Farukkh
- National University of Science and Technology School of Chemical & Materials Engineering Islamabad Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ketzer F, Wancura JHC, Tres MV, de Oliveira JV. Kinetic and thermodynamic study of enzymatic hydroesterification mechanism to fatty acid methyl esters synthesis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 356:127335. [PMID: 35589043 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Eversa® Transform 2.0 lipase used as biocatalyst to biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters - FAME) synthesis has been the target of interesting studies due to its thermostability and cost-effectiveness. In these researches, data about reaction conditions that result in satisfactory yields were investigated. Nevertheless, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters considering this enzyme are scarce. This paper presents an estimation of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for the Eversa® Transform 2.0-mediated hydroesterification to FAME synthesis. Kinetic studies were performed for different methanol, water and lipase loads in distinct temperatures. Parameters adjusted by the thermodynamic model indicate that the hydrolysis is decisive in the overall hydroesterification reaction rate and the esterification reaction is endothermic (ΔHe = 38.98 kJ/mol). Formation of enzymatic complexes is favored by increasing the temperature, especially the enzyme-methanol inhibition complex. Statistical analysis showed that the model was not overparameterized, and the small confidence interval indicated good reliability of the estimated parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ketzer
- Industrial Process Group - Technology and Control (IPG - TC), Farroupilha Federal Institute, Panambi, RS, Brazil.
| | - João H C Wancura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Marcus V Tres
- Laboratory of Agroindustrial Processes Engineering (LAPE), Federal University of Santa Maria, Cachoeira do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - J Vladimir de Oliveira
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu J, Chen G, Yan B, Yi W, Yao J. Biodiesel production in a magnetically fluidized bed reactor using whole-cell biocatalysts immobilized within ferroferric oxide-polyvinyl alcohol composite beads. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 355:127253. [PMID: 35513239 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic whole-cell biocatalysts (MWCBs) constructed by immobilizing Bacillus subtiliscells within ferroferric oxide-polyvinyl alcohol composite beads were developed and employed to transesterify waste frying oil to biodiesel in a magnetically fluidized bed reactor (MFBR). Effective variables including biocatalysts concentration, reactant flow rate, magnetic field intensity and temperature were evaluated to enhance the transesterification. By coupling MFBR with MWCBs, continuous biodiesel production was achieved. Response surface methodology and Box-Behnken design were employed to predict the optimal conditions and the maximum biodiesel yield reached 89.0 ± 0.6% after 48 h under the optimized conditions. Furthermore, MWCBs displayed satisfactory stability and reusability in MFBR and still maintained a biodiesel yield of more than 82.5% after 10 cycles. Lastly, the fuel properties of the obtained biodiesel met the ASTM and EN standards. The present study revealed that the route of producing biodiesel over MWCBs in the MFBR system showed great potential for industrialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Clean Energy, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guanyi Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Beibei Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Weiming Yi
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Clean Energy, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Jingang Yao
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong Research Center of Engineering & Technology for Clean Energy, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pi Y, Liu W, Wang J, Peng G, Jiang D, Guo R, Yin D. Preparation of Activated Carbon-Based Solid Sulfonic Acid and Its Catalytic Performance in Biodiesel Preparation. Front Chem 2022; 10:944398. [PMID: 35800030 PMCID: PMC9253271 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.944398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With activated carbon as raw material, AC-Ph-SO3H was prepared after oxidation with nitric acid, modification with halogenated benzene and sulfonation with concentrated sulfuric acid. After modified by 10% bromobenzene with toluene as a solvent for 5 h, followed sulfonation with concentrated sulfuric acid at 150°C, the -SO3H content of prepared AC-Ph-SO3H was 0.64 mmol/g. Acid content test, infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy detection proved that the surface of AC-Ph-SO3H was successfully grafted with -SO3H group. When used as a catalyst for the methylation of palmitate acid, the catalytic performance of AC-Ph-SO3H was explored. When the reaction time was 6 h, the amount of catalyst acid accounted for 2.5 wt% of palmitic acid, and the molar ratio of methanol/palmitic acid was 40, the esterification rate of palmitic acid was 95.2% and the yield of methyl palmitate was 94.2%, which was much better than those of its precursors AC, AC-O, and AC-Ph (both about 4.5%). AC-Ph-SO3H exhibited certain stability in the esterification reaction system and the conversion rate of palmitic acid was still above 80% after three reuses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzheng Pi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, China
| | - Wenzhu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Wenzhu Liu, ; Ruike Guo,
| | - Jiani Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, China
| | - Guanmin Peng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, China
| | - Dabo Jiang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruike Guo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, China
- *Correspondence: Wenzhu Liu, ; Ruike Guo,
| | - Dulin Yin
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-Chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Unruean P, Nomura K, Kitiyanan B. High Conversion of CaO-Catalyzed Transesterification of Vegetable Oils with Ethanol. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:1051-1062. [PMID: 35691836 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) derived from vegetable oils and ethanol are promising bio-based chemicals for various applications such as biofuel, monomers for polyesters, and fine chemicals. However, the limited conversion and yield are obtained in the conventional methods due to low boiling point of ethanol that thus requires conducting the reaction at low temperature. This work demonstrates high yield of FAEEs from soybean, rice bran and palm oil with ethanol by performing the transesterification at high temperatures of 150-200°C by using CaO catalyst in a high pressure reactor. The results demonstrate the complete reaction for all vegetable oils with low ethanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1 and 1 wt.% CaO catalyst. Higher reaction temperature results in faster reaction while keeping high conversion of ≥ 99.0%. The unsaturated components in FAEE products are consistent with their original fatty acid chain. Moreover, the high conversion can be achieved even in the reaction conducted with low ethanol to oil molar ratio of 4.5:1 and 0.5 wt.% CaO catalyst at 180 °C in the palm oil transesterification. The catalyst can be reused for at least 3 times with the conversion higher than 94.0%. In addition, the activation energy (Ea), enthalpy of activation (ΔH‡), entropy of activation (ΔS‡) and Gibbs free energy of activation (ΔG‡) are also obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palawat Unruean
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University
| | - Boonyarach Kitiyanan
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University.,Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology, Chulalongkorn University
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wang Y, Akbarzadeh A, Chong L, Du J, Tahir N, Awasthi MK. Catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for bio-oil production: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134181. [PMID: 35248592 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic pyrolysis has been widely explored for bio-oil production from lignocellulosic biomass owing to its high feasibility and large-scale production potential. The aim of this review was to summarize recent findings on bio-oil production through catalytic pyrolysis using lignocellulosic biomass as feedstock. Lignocellulosic biomass, structural components and fundamentals of biomass catalytic pyrolysis were explored and summarized. The current status of bio-oil yield and quality from catalytic fast pyrolysis was reviewed and presented in the current review. The potential effects of pyrolysis process parameters, including catalysts, pyrolysis conditions, reactor types and reaction modes on bio-oil production are also presented. Techno-economic analysis of full-scale commercialization of bio-oil production through the catalytic pyrolysis pathway was reviewed. Further, limitations associated with current practices and future prospects of catalytic pyrolysis for production of high-quality bio-oils were summarized. This review summarizes the process of bio-oil production from catalytic pyrolysis and provides a general scientific reference for further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Abdolhamid Akbarzadeh
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Li Chong
- Biomass Energy Engineering Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinyu Du
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450011, China
| | - Nadeem Tahir
- MOA Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Nanomaterials, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Preparation of Ca- and Na-Modified Activated Clay as a Promising Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production via Transesterification. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
For efficient biodiesel production, an acid-activated clay (AC) modified by calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide (CaNa/AC) was prepared as a catalyst. CaNa/AC and Na/AC were characterized by Hammett indicators, CO2-TPD, FT-IR, XRD, and N2 adsorption techniques. The influence of catalyst dose, reaction temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio, and reaction time on the transesterification of Jatropha oil was studied. Due to the introduction of calcium, CaNa/AC displayed a higher activity and stability, thereby achieving an oil conversion of 97% under the optimal reaction conditions and maintaining over 80% activity after five successive reuses. The reaction was accelerated as the temperature rose, and the apparent activation energy of CaNa/AC was 75.6 kJ·mol−1. The enhanced biodiesel production by CaNa/AC was ascribed to the increase in active sites and higher basic strength. This study presents a facile and practical method for producing biodiesel on large-scale operation.
Collapse
|
28
|
Biodiesel Is Dead: Long Life to Advanced Biofuels—A Comprehensive Critical Review. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15093173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Many countries are immersed in several strategies to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of internal combustion engines. One option is the substitution of these engines by electric and/or hydrogen engines. However, apart from the strategic and logistical difficulties associated with this change, the application of electric or hydrogen engines in heavy transport, e.g., trucks, shipping, and aircrafts, also presents technological difficulties in the short-medium term. In addition, the replacement of the current car fleet will take decades. This is why the use of biofuels is presented as the only viable alternative to diminishing CO2 emissions in the very near future. Nowadays, it is assumed that vegetable oils will be the main raw material for replacing fossil fuels in diesel engines. In this context, it has also been assumed that the reduction in the viscosity of straight vegetable oils (SVO) must be performed through a transesterification reaction with methanol in order to obtain the mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) that constitute biodiesel. Nevertheless, the complexity in the industrial production of this biofuel, mainly due to the costs of eliminating the glycerol produced, has caused a significant delay in the energy transition. For this reason, several advanced biofuels that avoid the glycerol production and exhibit similar properties to fossil diesel have been developed. In this way, “green diesels” have emerged as products of different processes, such as the cracking or pyrolysis of vegetable oil, as well as catalytic (hydro)cracking. In addition, some biodiesel-like biofuels, such as Gliperol (DMC-Biod) or Ecodiesel, as well as straight vegetable oils, in blends with plant-based sources with low viscosity have been described as renewable biofuels capable of performing in combustion ignition engines. After evaluating the research carried out in the last decades, it can be concluded that green diesel and biodiesel-like biofuels could constitute the main alternative to addressing the energy transition, although green diesel will be the principal option in aviation fuel.
Collapse
|
29
|
Awasthi MK, Sindhu R, Sirohi R, Kumar V, Ahluwalia V, Binod P, Juneja A, Kumar D, Yan B, Sarsaiya S, Zhang Z, Pandey A, Taherzadeh MJ. Agricultural waste biorefinery development towards circular bioeconomy. RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS 2022; 158:112122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
|
30
|
Rendering of Beef Tallow for Biodiesel Production: Microwave versus Boiling Water and Acetone Fat Extraction. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel can substitute for conventional diesel fuel and contribute to the decarbonization of the transportation sector. To improve biodiesel sustainability and decrease production costs, low-grade fats such as non-edible animal fats must be used. Animal fats are mixed with tissues which must be removed before alcoholysis to avoid biodiesel contamination with nitrogen and phosphorus-containing compounds. Biodiesel was produced by the methanolysis of beef tallow and beef tallow/soybean oil mixtures over calcium heterogeneous catalysts obtained by the calcination of scallop shells. The tallow from fatty bovine tissues was extracted using boiling water, dry microwave treatment, and acetone extraction. The thermal stability and the moisture content of the extracted fats were evaluated by thermogravimetry. The thermograms of fats revealed that microwave treatment, which was faster (3 min instead of 40 min for boiling water and 240 min for acetone extraction) and had the lowest energy consumption, led to a dry fat with a thermal stability analogous to that of fats extracted with boiling water and acetone. All the extracted fats behaved similarly in the methanolysis reaction over calcium catalyst, with biodiesel yield (61–62%) being 30% lower than the analogous obtained from soybean oil (88%). Co-processing the extracted tallow with soybean oil overcomes the drawback related to the low-grade fats.
Collapse
|
31
|
Awasthi MK, Singh E, Binod P, Sindhu R, Sarsaiya S, Kumar A, Chen H, Duan Y, Pandey A, Kumar S, Taherzadeh MJ, Li J, Zhang Z. Biotechnological strategies for bio-transforming biosolid into resources toward circular bio-economy: A review. RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS 2022; 156:111987. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
|
32
|
Awasthi MK, Kumar V, Yadav V, Sarsaiya S, Awasthi SK, Sindhu R, Binod P, Kumar V, Pandey A, Zhang Z. Current state of the art biotechnological strategies for conversion of watermelon wastes residues to biopolymers production: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133310. [PMID: 34919909 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are biodegradable and compostable polyesters. This review is aimed to provide a unique approach that can help think tanks to frame strategies aiming for clean technology by utilizing cutting edge biotechnological advances to convert fruit and vegetable waste to biopolymer. A PHA manufacturing method based on watermelon waste residue that does not require extensive pretreatment provides a more environmentally friendly and sustainable approach that utilizes an agricultural waste stream. Incorporating fruit processing industry by-products and water, and other resource conservation methods would not only make the manufacturing of microbial bio-plastics like PHA more eco-friendly, but will also help our sector transition to a bioeconomy with circular product streams. The final and most critical element of this review is an in-depth examination of the several hazards inherent in PHA manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vivek Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Surendra Sarsaiya
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jayakumar M, Gebeyehu KB, Selvakumar KV, Parvathy S, Kim W, Karmegam N. Waste Ox bone based heterogeneous catalyst synthesis, characterization, utilization and reaction kinetics of biodiesel generation from Jatropha curcas oil. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132534. [PMID: 34648786 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation has been carried out to utilize waste animal (Ox) bone for the progress of an innovative, low-budget, pollution free, and extremely resourceful heterogeneous catalyst synthesis for Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) conversion into biodiesel. The heterogeneous catalyst synthesized was characterized by its basic strength and subjected to spectroscopic (Fourier TransformInfrared and X-Ray Diffraction) and thermogravimetric analyses. Also, the physical properties of produced biodiesel were studied. The calcined Ox bone catalyst characterization distinctly showed that there was a tremendous catalytic activity for biodiesel synthesis. The kinetic study was accomplished employing a tri-necked RB flask furnished with a condenser and agitator. At the agitation speed of 500 rpm, 5% catalyst loading rate (w/w) of oil and 12:1 methanol-oil ratio (molar), biodiesel yields were tracked based on reaction time (1-4 h) and temperature (313-338 K). The temperature at 338 K was found to be optimal to obtain maximum (96.82%) biodiesel yield. Pseudo-first order kinetics was followed in the reaction. The energy required for the activation (Ea) was 38.55 kJ mol-1 with a frequency factor (ko) of 7.03 × 106 h-1. The reusability studies demonstrated that the calcined animal bone catalyst was much stable up to three cycles with >90% FAME yield, which was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) to 61% in the fourth cycle. The outcome of this investigation brought to light the possibilities of utilizing calcined Ox bone catalyst and JCO as low-cost and frequently obtainable discarded waste materials that can be used as feedstock for the commercial-scale generation of biodiesel to fulfill the prospective community demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mani Jayakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Kaleab Bizuneh Gebeyehu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Subramanian Parvathy
- Department of Chemistry, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Barbosa SL, Rocha ACP, Nelson DL, de Freitas MS, Mestre AAPF, Klein SI, Clososki GC, Caires FJ, Flumignan DL, dos Santos LK, Wentz AP, Pasa VMD, Rios RDF. Catalytic Transformation of Triglycerides to Biodiesel with SiO2-SO3H and Quaternary Ammonium Salts in Toluene or DMSO. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030953. [PMID: 35164218 PMCID: PMC8840453 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
SiO2-SO3H, with a surface area of 115 m2·g−1, pore volumes of 0.38 cm3·g−1 and 1.32 mmol H+/g, was used as a transesterification catalyst. Triglycerides of waste cooking oil reacted with methanol in refluxing toluene to yield mixtures of diglycerides, monoglycerides and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in the presence of 20% (w/w) catalyst/oil using the hydrophilic sulfonated silica (SiO2-SO3H) catalyst alone or with the addition of 10% (w/w) co-catalyst/oil [(Bun4N)(BF4) or Aliquat 336]. The addition of the ammonium salts to the catalyst lead to a decrease in the amounts of diglycerides in the products, but the concentrations of monoglycerides increased. Mixtures of (Bun4N)(BF4)/catalyst were superior to catalyst alone or Aliquat 336/catalyst for promoting the production of mixtures with high concentrations of FAMEs. The same experiments were repeated using DMSO as the solvent. The use of the more polar solvent resulted in excellent conversion of the triglycerides to FAME esters with all three-catalyst media. A simplified mechanism is presented to account for the experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro L. Barbosa
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri—UFVJM, R. da Glória, 187, Diamantina 39100-000, Brazil; (A.C.P.R.); (D.L.N.); (M.S.d.F.); (A.A.P.F.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +55-38-35321234
| | - Adeline C. Pereira Rocha
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri—UFVJM, R. da Glória, 187, Diamantina 39100-000, Brazil; (A.C.P.R.); (D.L.N.); (M.S.d.F.); (A.A.P.F.M.)
| | - David Lee Nelson
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri—UFVJM, R. da Glória, 187, Diamantina 39100-000, Brazil; (A.C.P.R.); (D.L.N.); (M.S.d.F.); (A.A.P.F.M.)
| | - Milton S. de Freitas
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri—UFVJM, R. da Glória, 187, Diamantina 39100-000, Brazil; (A.C.P.R.); (D.L.N.); (M.S.d.F.); (A.A.P.F.M.)
| | - Antônio A. P. Fulgêncio Mestre
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri—UFVJM, R. da Glória, 187, Diamantina 39100-000, Brazil; (A.C.P.R.); (D.L.N.); (M.S.d.F.); (A.A.P.F.M.)
| | - Stanlei I. Klein
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University—UNESP, R. Prof. Francisco Degni 55, Quitandinha, Araraquara 14800-900, Brazil;
| | - Giuliano C. Clososki
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University—USP, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, Brazil; (G.C.C.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Franco J. Caires
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University—USP, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, Brazil; (G.C.C.); (F.J.C.)
| | - Danilo L. Flumignan
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso—IFMT—Campus Cuiabá, Departamento das Áreas de Base Comum (DABC), Rua Profa. Zulmira Canavarros, 95, Centro, Cuiabá 78005-200, Brazil;
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Monitoring and Research of the Quality of Fuels, Biofuels, Crude Oil and Derivatives—CEMPEQC, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-900, Brazil;
| | - Letícia Karen dos Santos
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Monitoring and Research of the Quality of Fuels, Biofuels, Crude Oil and Derivatives—CEMPEQC, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-900, Brazil;
| | - Alexandre P. Wentz
- Centro Universitário SENAI-CIMATEC, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845, Piatã, Salvador 41650-010, Brazil;
| | - Vânya M. Duarte Pasa
- Laboratório de Ensaios de Combustíveis, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627-Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (V.M.D.P.); (R.D.F.R.)
| | - Regiane D. Fernandes Rios
- Laboratório de Ensaios de Combustíveis, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627-Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (V.M.D.P.); (R.D.F.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fasanya OO, Gbadamasi S, Osigbesan AA, Ahmed OU, Isa AR, Ozogu AN, Hayatudeen A, Yusuf AI, Gano ZS. Effect of Hydrothermal Treatment on the Properties of Calcium Oxide from Eggshells Used as a Biodiesel Catalyst. Chem Eng Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202100377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Opeoluwa O. Fasanya
- National Research Institute for Chemical Technology Industrial and Environmental Pollution Department Zaria Nigeria
| | - Sharafadeen Gbadamasi
- National Research Institute for Chemical Technology Petrochemical and Allied Department Zaria Nigeria
| | - Aishat A. Osigbesan
- National Research Institute for Chemical Technology Petrochemical and Allied Department Zaria Nigeria
| | - Omar Umar Ahmed
- Bayero University Department of Chemical Engineering Kano Nigeria
| | - Abdulazeez R. Isa
- National Research Institute for Chemical Technology Pilot Plant and Fabrication Department Zaria Nigeria
| | - Agbe N. Ozogu
- National Research Institute for Chemical Technology Petrochemical and Allied Department Zaria Nigeria
| | - Aminu Hayatudeen
- National Research Institute for Chemical Technology Petrochemical and Allied Department Zaria Nigeria
| | - Abubakar I. Yusuf
- National Research Institute for Chemical Technology Petrochemical and Allied Department Zaria Nigeria
| | - Zaharaddeen Sani Gano
- National Research Institute for Chemical Technology Petrochemical and Allied Department Zaria Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Neto BAD, Rocha RO, Rodrigues MO. Catalytic Approaches to Multicomponent Reactions: A Critical Review and Perspectives on the Roles of Catalysis. Molecules 2021; 27:132. [PMID: 35011363 PMCID: PMC8746711 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we comprehensively describe catalyzed multicomponent reactions (MCRs) and the multiple roles of catalysis combined with key parameters to perform these transformations. Besides improving yields and shortening reaction times, catalysis is vital to achieving greener protocols and to furthering the MCR field of research. Considering that MCRs typically have two or more possible reaction pathways to explain the transformation, catalysis is essential for selecting a reaction route and avoiding byproduct formation. Key parameters, such as temperature, catalyst amounts and reagent quantities, were analyzed. Solvent effects, which are likely the most neglected topic in MCRs, as well as their combined roles with catalysis, are critically discussed. Stereocontrolled MCRs, rarely observed without the presence of a catalytic system, are also presented and discussed in this review. Perspectives on the use of catalytic systems for improved and greener MCRs are finally presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenno A. D. Neto
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (R.O.R.); (M.O.R.)
| | - Rafael O. Rocha
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (R.O.R.); (M.O.R.)
| | - Marcelo O. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (R.O.R.); (M.O.R.)
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG72RD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kumar Awasthi M, Wainaina S, Mahboubi A, Zhang Z, Taherzadeh MJ. Methanogen and nitrifying genes dynamics in immersed membrane bioreactors during anaerobic co-digestion of different organic loading rates food waste. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:125920. [PMID: 34534942 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work was aimed to evaluate the distinctive food waste (FW) organic loading rates (OLR) on methanogen and nitrifying genes dynamics and its correlation with identified relative abundance of bacterial dynamics during the anaerobic digestion. This experiment were carried out in the digesters at high OLR of food wastes at (4 to 8 g volatile solids/liter/day reactor R1) and (6 to 10 g volatile solids/liter/day reactor R2). The results shown that the relative abundance of mcrA, mcrB and mcrG genes were richest in the first day of both R1 and R2. In addition, the most of nitrifying genes were greater in after 34 days digestion in R2, while these genes did not show the specific regularity in R1. Finally, the correlation figure shows that Clostridium and Lactobacillus genera were significantly correlated with the different organic acids and methanogen and nitrifying genes dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China; Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden.
| | - Steven Wainaina
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden
| | - Amir Mahboubi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sijinamanoj V, Muthukumar T, Muthuraja R, Rayappan K, Karmegam N, Saminathan K, Govarthanan M, Kathireswari P. Ligninolytic valorization of agricultural residues by Aspergillus nomius and Trichoderma harzianum isolated from gut and comb of Odontotermes obesus (Termitidae). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131384. [PMID: 34323800 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fungi produce enzymes that degrade the complex lignin thereby enabling the efficient utilization of plant lignocellulosic biomass in the production of biofuel and cellulose-based products. In the present study, the agricultural residues such as paddy straw, sugarcane bagasse, and coconut husk were used as substrates for the biodegradation by Aspergillus nomius (MN700028) and Trichoderma harzianum (MN700029) isolated from gut of the termite, Odontotermes obesus and fungus comb in the termite mound, respectively. The influence of varying concentrations of different carbon sources, pH, and temperature on ligninolytic enzyme production was examined under laboratory conditions. The highest activities of manganese peroxidase (0.24 U/mL), lignin peroxidase (10.38 U/mL) and laccase (0.05 U/mL) were observed under studied conditions. Fungal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for 45 days showed that A. nomius and T. harzianum degraded 84.4% and 81.66% of hemicelluloses, 8.16% and 93.75% of cellulose, and 52.59% and 65% of lignin, respectively. The interaction of pH, temperature, and different carbon sources with fungal biomass and enzyme production was found significant (p ≤ 0.05). SEM analysis indicated alterations in the microstructures of degraded lignocellulosic substrates. A. nomius and T. harzianum were highly efficient in ligninolytic enzymes production and in vitro digestibility of agricultural residues. The study reports the production of laccase by A. nomius isolated from termite gut for the first time. The fungal isolates A. nomius and T. harzianum posses potential for ligninocellulosic waste degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Velayuthan Sijinamanoj
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thangavelu Muthukumar
- Root and Soil Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raji Muthuraja
- Root and Soil Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kathirvel Rayappan
- Department of Zoology, Sri Vidya Mandir Arts and Science College, Krishnagiri, 636 902, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kulandaivel Saminathan
- Department of Chemistry, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Palanisamy Kathireswari
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
The Catalysed Transformation of Vegetable Oils or Animal Fats to Biofuels and Bio-Lubricants: A Review. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11091118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review paper summarizes the current state-of-the-art of the chemical transformation of oils/fats (i.e., triacylglycerols) to the use of biofuels or bio-lubricants in the means of transport, which is a novelty. The chemical transformation is necessary to obtain products that are more usable with properties corresponding to fuels synthesized from crude oil. Two types of fuels are described—biodiesel (the mixture of methyl esters produced by transesterification) and green diesel (paraffins produced by hydrogenation of oils). Moreover, three bio-lubricant synthesis methods are described. The transformation, which is usually catalysed, depends on: (i) the type and composition of the raw material, including alcohols for biodiesel production and hydrogen for green diesel; (ii) the type of the catalyst in the case of catalysed reactions; (iii) the reaction conditions; and (iv) types of final products. The most important catalysts, especially heterogeneous and including reaction conditions, for each product are described. The properties of biodiesel and green diesel and a comparison with diesel from crude oil are also discussed.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
The effective transesterification process to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) requires the use of low-cost, less corrosive, environmentally friendly and effective catalysts. Currently, worldwide biodiesel production revolves around the use of alkaline and acidic catalysts employed in heterogeneous and homogeneous phases. Homogeneous catalysts (soluble catalysts) for FAME production have been widespread for a while, but solid catalysts (heterogeneous catalysts) are a newer development for FAME production. The rate of reaction is much increased when homogeneous basic catalysts are used, but the main drawback is the cost of the process which arises due to the separation of catalysts from the reaction media after product formation. A promising field for catalytic biodiesel production is the use of heteropoly acids (HPAs) and polyoxometalate compounds. The flexibility of their structures and super acidic properties can be enhanced by incorporation of polyoxometalate anions into the complex proton acids. This pseudo liquid phase makes it possible for nearly all mobile protons to take part in the catalysis process. Carbonaceous materials which are obtained after sulfonation show promising catalytic activity towards the transesterification process. Another promising heterogeneous acid catalyst used for FAME production is vanadium phosphate. Furthermore, biocatalysts are receiving attention for large-scale FAME production in which lipase is the most common one used successfully This review critically describes the most important homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts used in the current FAME production, with future directions for their use.
Collapse
|