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Chen X, Chen S, Chen X, Tang Y, Nie WB, Yang L, Liu Y, Ni BJ. Impact of hydrogen sulfide on anammox and nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation coupled technologies. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 257:121739. [PMID: 38728778 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The coupling between anammox and nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-DAMO) has been considered a sustainable technology for nitrogen removal from sidestream wastewater and can be implemented in both membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) and granular bioreactor. However, the potential influence of the accompanying hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the anaerobic digestion (AD)-related methane-containing mixture on anammox/n-DAMO remains unknown. To fill this gap, this work first constructed a model incorporating the C/N/S-related bioprocesses and evaluated/calibrated/validated the model using experimental data. The model was then used to explore the impact of H2S on the MBfR and granular bioreactor designed to perform anammox/n-DAMO at practical levels (i.e., 0∼5% (v/v) and 0∼40 g/S m3, respectively). The simulation results indicated that H2S in inflow gas did not significantly affect the total nitrogen (TN) removal of the MBfR under all operational conditions studied in this work, thus lifting the concern about applying AD-produced biogas to power up anammox/n-DAMO in the MBfR. However, the presence of H2S in the influent would either compromise the treatment performance of the granular bioreactor at a relatively high influent NH4+-N/NO2--N ratio (e.g., >1.0) or lead to increased energy demand associated with TN removal at a relatively low influent NH4+-N/NO2--N ratio (e.g., <0.7). Such a negative effect of the influent H2S could not be attenuated by regulating the hydraulic residence time and should therefore be avoided when applying the granular bioreactor to perform anammox/n-DAMO in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Siying Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Xinyan Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, PR China
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, PR China
| | - Wen-Bo Nie
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China.
| | - Linyan Yang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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2
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Zhou N, Xiao Z, Chen D. Formation/characterization of humin-mediated anaerobic granular sludge and enhanced methanogenic performance. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 399:130603. [PMID: 38499204 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a novel method for accelerating the granulation of methanogenic anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS) in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor using solid-phase humin (HM). The results demonstrated that HM-mediated AnGS (HM-AnGS) formed rapidly within 50 days. The increase in particle size, settling velocity and mechanical strength was attributed to the rapid granulation of the HM-AnGS. The maximum methane yield of the HM-AnGS was 5-fold higher than that of the control group. This is consistent with the findings, which showed that HM-AnGS had 3.2-3.4 times more methyl-coenzyme M reductase (Mcr) activity and 2.4-2.9 times more adenosine triphosphate (ATP) than control groups. Molecular analyses indicate that HM most likely accelerated interspecies electron transfer (IET) in HM-AnGS (e.g., from Enterococcus to Methanosaeta). Furthermore, the HM-AnGS was effective in recovering energy from actual slaughterhouse wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningli Zhou
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Zhixing Xiao
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Dan Chen
- College of Urban Construction, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China.
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Gao Z, Quan X, Zheng Y, Yin R, Lv K. Comparative investigations on the incorporation of biogenic Fe products into anaerobic granular sludge of different sources: Fe loading capacity, physicochemical properties, microbial community and long-term methanogenesis performance. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 356:120546. [PMID: 38471321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) has been regarded as the core of lots of advanced anaerobic reactors. Formation of biogenic Fe products and their incorporation into AGS could influence interspecies electron transfer and methanogenesis performance. In this study, with anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) from different sources (brewery, chemical plant, paper mill, citric acid factory, and food factory) as the research targets, the formation of biogenic iron products in AGS through the biologically induced mineralization process was studied. Furthermore, the influences of physicochemical properties and microbial community on methanogenesis were investigated. Results showed that all the AGS of different sources possessed the capacity to form biogenic Fe products through dissimilatory iron-reduction process, and diverse Fe minerals including magnetite (Fe3O4), hematite (Fe2O3), goethite (FeOOH), siderite (FeCO3) and wustite (FeO) were incorporated into AGS. The AGS loaded with Fe minerals (Fe-AGS) showed increased conductivity, magnetism and zeta-potential comparing to the control. Those Fe-AGS of different sources demonstrated different methanogenesis performance during the long-term operation (50 days). Methane production was increased for the Fe-AGS of citric acid (6.99-32.50%), food (8.33-37.46%), chemical (2.81-7.22%) and brewery plants (2.27-2.81%), but decreased for the Fe-AGS of paper mill (54.81-72.2%). The changes of microbial community and microbial correlations in AGS as a response to Fe minerals incorporation were investigated. For the Fe-AGS samples with enhanced methane production capability, it was widely to find the enriched populations of fermentative and dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria Clostridium_sensu_stricto_6, Bacteroidetes_vadinHA17 and acetoclastic methanogens Methanosaeta, and positive correlations between them. This study provides comprehensive understanding on the effects of incorporation biogenic Fe products on AGS from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiangchun Quan
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruoyu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Kai Lv
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Ma K, Wang W, Guo N, Wang X, Zhang J, Jiao Y, Cui Y, Cao Z. Unravelling the resilience of magnetite assisted granules to starvation and oxytetracycline stress. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132285. [PMID: 37591174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Starvation and antibiotics pollution are two frequent perturbations during breeding wastewater treatment process. Supplying magnetite into anaerobic system has been proved efficient to accelerate microbial aggregates and alleviate the adverse effect caused by process disturbance. Nevertheless, whether these magnetite-based granules are still superior over normal granules after a long-term starvation period remains unknown, the responsiveness of these granules to antibiotics stress is also ambiguous. In current study, we investigated the resilience of magnetite-based anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS) to starvation and oxytetracycline (OTC) stress, by unravelling the variations of reactor performance, sludge properties, ARGs dissemination and microbial community. Compared with the AnGS formed without magnetite, the magnetite assisted AnGS appeared more robust defense to starvation and OTC stress. With magnetite supplement, the average methane yield after starvation recovery, 50 mg/L and 200 mg/L OTC stress was enhanced by 48.95%, 115.87% and 488.41%, respectively, accompanied with less VFAs accumulation, improved tetracycline removal rate (76.3-86.6% vs. 51.0-53.5%) and higher ARGs reduction. Meanwhile, magnetite supplement effectively ameliorated the potential sludge breakage by triggering more large granules formation. Trichococcus was considered an important impetus in maintaining the stability of magnetite-based AnGS process. By inducing more syntrophic methanogenesis partnerships, especially for hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, magnetite ensured the improved reactor performance and stronger resilience at stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Ma
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China; Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China; Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Guo
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China; Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China; Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China; Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqi Jiao
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China; Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanrui Cui
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China; Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China; Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang 453000, Henan, People's Republic of China
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5
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Zhou R, Li H, Liu C, Liu Y, Lee JF, Lin YJ, Yan Z, Xu Z, Yi X, Feng C. Magnetic anaerobic granular sludge for sequestration and immobilization of Pb. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 239:120022. [PMID: 37172375 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of magnetic adsorbents with high capacity to capture heavy metals has been the subject of intense research, but the process usually involves costive synthesis steps. Here, we propose a green approach to obtaining a magnetic biohybrid through in situ grown anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) with the help of magnetite, constituting a promising adsorbent for sequestration and immobilization of Pb in aqueous solutions and soils. The resultant magnetite-embedded AGS (M-AGS) was not only capable of promoting methane production but also conducive to Pb adsorption because of the large surface area and abundant function groups. The uptake of Pb on M-AGS followed the pseudo-second order, having a maximum adsorption capacity of 197.8 mg gDS-1 at pH 5.0, larger than 159.7, 170.3, and 178.1 mg gDS-1 in relation to AGS, F-AGS (ferrihydrite-mediated), and H-AGS (hematite-mediated), respectively. Mechanistic investigations showed that Pb binding to M-AGS proceeds via surface complexation, mineral precipitation, and lattice replacement, which promotes heavy metal capture and stabilization. This was evident from the increased proportion of structural Pb sequestrated from the aqueous solution and the enhanced percentage of the residual fraction of Pb extracted from the contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Han Li
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chengshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Yizhang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Jyh-Fu Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Jung Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhang Yan
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhangyi Xu
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Yi
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chunhua Feng
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Kim J, Choi H, Park J, Lee C. Effects of submicron magnetite particles on granulation of flocculent sludge and process stability in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 366:128205. [PMID: 36341859 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Promoting direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) with conductive additives is considered a promising approach to enhance methanogenesis. This study investigated the effects of adding submicron magnetite particles on sludge granulation and methanogenic performance in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors inoculated with flocculent sludge. The reactor supplemented with magnetite was more stable and resilient than the no-magnetite control, with higher degree of granulation (up to 26.6-fold) and biomass retention. Magnetite addition to unstable reactors improved the methane yield in both reactors (1.2-1.3-fold). Electroactive Deltaproteobacteria bacteria, including Geobacter and Syntrophobacter, were enriched in the presence of magnetite. Methanogenic functional genes involved in DIET-based syntrophy were more abundant under magnetite-supplemented conditions. However, the improvement of methanogenic performance and granulation was limited, and inducing the self-embedment of magnetite into mature sludge granules rather than granulating flocculent sludge with magnetite appears to be a better strategy for engineering DIET in anaerobic granular sludge systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Kim
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungmin Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Park
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsoo Lee
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Wan J, Zhang L, Jia B, Yang B, Luo Z, Yang J, Boguta P, Su X. Effects of enzymes on organic matter conversion in anaerobic fermentation of sludge to produce volatile fatty acids. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 366:128227. [PMID: 36332860 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sludge hydrolysis is a vital step in anaerobic digestion of sludge. This study compared the efficacy of free versus immobilized enzymes at different concentrations in promoting sludge disintegration. Pretreatment with 1,000 mg/L immobilized enzymes was more efficient in promoting sludge disintegration than free enzymes at the same concentration. Under the optimized conditions, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were produced at 10.6 g/L, accounting for 85 % of total soluble chemical oxygen demand. Improved VFA production was attributed to the release of large amounts of polysaccharides and proteins from the enzymatically pretreated sludge. Released organic matter are the substrates for VFAs generated by the determined microbial community of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi. In this study, anaerobic fermentation was used to successfully convert organic matter in sludge into high-value-added VFAs. Therefore, this process can be selected as a strategy to reduce carbon emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Wan
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Boyu Jia
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Zeliang Luo
- College of Electro-mechanical Engineering, Zhuhai City Polytechnic, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519090, China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Patrycja Boguta
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Xintai Su
- School of Environment and Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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Xu XJ, Yan J, Yuan QK, Wang XT, Yuan Y, Ren NQ, Lee DJ, Chen C. Enhanced methane production in anaerobic digestion: A critical review on regulation based on electron transfer. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128003. [PMID: 36155810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a potential bioprocess for waste biomass utilization and energy conservation. Various iron/carbon-based CMs (e.g., magnetite, biochar, granular activated carbon (GAC), graphite and zero valent iron (ZVI)) have been supplemented in anaerobic digestors to improve AD performance. Generally, the supplementation of CMs has shown to improve methane production, shorten lag phase and alleviate environmental stress because they could serve as electron conduits and promote direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET). However, the CMs dosage varied greatly in previous studies and CMs wash out remains a challenge for its application in full-scale plants. Future work is recommended to standardize the CMs dosage and recover/reuse the CMs. Moreover, additional evidence is required to verify the electrotrophs involved in DIET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150090, China
| | - Jin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150090, China
| | - Qing-Kang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150090, China
| | - Xue-Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150090, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Biological Engineering, Beijing Polytechnic, Beijing 10076, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150090, China
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Yuan-Ze University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
| | - Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150090, China.
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