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Salvador R, Eriksen ML, Kjaersgaard NC, Hedegaard M, Knudby T, Lund V, Larsen SB. From ocean to meadow: A circular bioeconomy by transforming seaweed, seagrass, grass, and straw waste into high-value products. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2025; 200:114753. [PMID: 40121888 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2025.114753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2025] [Accepted: 03/14/2025] [Indexed: 03/25/2025]
Abstract
Biomass waste, both aquatic (seagrass and seaweed) and terrestrial (grass and straw), represents a valuable resource with potential for high-value product creation. This paper reveals the potential across pharmaceuticals, food and feed, chemicals, performance materials, and energy. Notably, chemicals and performance materials offer the greatest value creation potential for both biomass types. Although aquatic and terrestrial biomasses can be used for similar final products, their journey from-waste-to-product differ, facing different facets of barriers such as low local technology readiness and high investment and operational costs. Conversely, the main enablers of this value recovery include increased sustainability and low feedstock costs. Here we also reflect that the value of biomass needs to be rethought, going beyond economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Salvador
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Engineering Technology and Didactics, Lautrupvang 15, Ballerup Campus, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark.
| | - M Lynn Eriksen
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Engineering Technology and Didactics, Lautrupvang 15, Ballerup Campus, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark.
| | - Niels C Kjaersgaard
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Engineering Technology and Didactics, Lautrupvang 15, Ballerup Campus, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark.
| | - Michael Hedegaard
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Engineering Technology and Didactics, Lautrupvang 15, Ballerup Campus, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark.
| | - Torben Knudby
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Engineering Technology and Didactics, Lautrupvang 15, Ballerup Campus, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark.
| | - Victor Lund
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Engineering Technology and Didactics, Lautrupvang 15, Ballerup Campus, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark.
| | - Samuel B Larsen
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Engineering Technology and Didactics, Lautrupvang 15, Ballerup Campus, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark.
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Yang L, Luo R, Tong Z, Song Y, Zhou G, Peng Z, Lu X, Peng B, Shao R, Xu W. Achieving efficient co-expression of endo- β-1,4-xylanase and α-arabinofuranosidase in Trichoderma reesei and application in the production of arabino-xylo-oligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 306:141599. [PMID: 40049469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2025] [Accepted: 02/27/2025] [Indexed: 03/09/2025]
Abstract
A feasible process for the degradation of psyllium arabinoxylan (AX) to arabino-xylo-oligosaccharides (AXOS) is proposed. A suspension of Trichoderma reesei mycelium suspension, acting on seed husks of psyllium as a carbon source, produced endo-β-1,4-xylanase (xynTR) and α-arabinofuranosidase (abfTR), with enzymatic activity levels of 11.09 ± 0.09 and 11.46 ± 0.16 IU/mL, respectively. AX derived from psyllium husk was hydrolyzed successfully through a fractional precipitation of 50 % (NH4)2SO4 with xynTR and abfTR at a dosage of 200 and 157.84 IU per gram of substrate, respectively. The yield of AXOS was 30.95 % ± 0.50 %. The process reported here addresses the problem of the refractory hydrolysis of AX with multi-branched chain structure. The addition of abfTR in the AX hydrolysis system resulted in the removal of the arabinose substituents from the xylan backbone of AX, thus alleviating the steric hindrance of xynTR hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Exploration and Utilization of Marine Wetland Biological Resources, Yancheng 224051, China.
| | - Rongrong Luo
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Ziye Tong
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Yongqin Song
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Gongyu Zhou
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Zimeng Peng
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Xinye Lu
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Bin Peng
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Exploration and Utilization of Marine Wetland Biological Resources, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Rong Shao
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Exploration and Utilization of Marine Wetland Biological Resources, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Exploration and Utilization of Marine Wetland Biological Resources, Yancheng 224051, China.
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Zhou X, Yang J, Sha A, Zhuang Z, Bai S, Sun H, Zhao X. Enhancing environmental and economic benefits of constructed wetlands through plant recovery: A life cycle perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175784. [PMID: 39187084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Plant recovery plays a vital role in reclaiming bioresources from constructed wetland wastewater treatment systems. A comprehensive understanding of the environmental impacts and economic benefits associated with various wetland plant resourcing methods is critical for advancing both plant resource recovery and the application of wetlands in wastewater treatment. In this study, life cycle assessment was employed to evaluate the environmental impacts and costs of seven wetland plant recovery methods. In addition, the potential benefits of extending plant resource recovery within system boundaries were explored to enhance the overall advantages of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. The use of wetland plants for biofertilizer production had the lowest environmental impact (-8.52E-03), whereas the use of wetland plants for biochar production was the most cost-effective approach (-0.80€/kg). The introduction of a plant resource recovery component could significantly reduce the environmental impacts of constructed wetland wastewater treatment systems. The environmental impacts and costs of constructed wetland wastewater treatment systems that incorporate plant resource recovery into the system boundary are better than activated sludge methods and highly efficient algal ponds, except for the global warming potential (GWP). The use of plants for biofertilizer production could cut the environmental impacts of constructed wetland wastewater treatment systems by up to 85 % and the costs by 65 %, making it the most suitable method of plant use. Additionally, prioritizing the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from constructed wetlands should be a primary optimization goal. The findings of this study provide valuable support for the implementation of wetland plant resourcing in constructed wetland wastewater treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150090 Harbin, China
| | - Jixian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150090 Harbin, China.
| | - Aiqi Sha
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhixuan Zhuang
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shunwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150090 Harbin, China
| | - Huihang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150090 Harbin, China
| | - Xinyue Zhao
- College of Resource and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Ma X, Li S, Tong X, Liu K. An overview on the current status and future prospects in Aspergillus cellulase production. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 244:117866. [PMID: 38061590 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellulase is a new research point besides glucoamylase, amylase, and protease in the enzyme industry. Cellulase can decompose lignocellulosic biomass into small-molecule sugars, which facilitates microbial utilization; thus, it has a vast market potential in the field of feed, food, energy, and chemistry. The Aspergillus was the first strain used in cellulase preparation because of its safety and non-toxicity, strong growth ability, and high enzyme yield. This review provides the latest research and advances on preparing cellulase from Aspergillus. The metabolic mechanisms of cellulase secretion by Aspergillus, the selection of fermentation substrates, the comparison of the fermentation modes, and the effect of fermentation conditions have been discussed in this review. Also, the subsequent separation and purification techniques of Aspergillus cellulase, including salting out, organic solvent precipitation, ultrafiltration, and chromatography, have been declared. Further, bottlenecks in Aspergillus cellulase preparation and corresponding feasible approaches, such as genetic engineering, mixed culture, and cellulase immobilization, have also been proposed in this review. This paper provides theoretical support for the efficient production and application of Aspergillus cellulase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ma
- China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shengpin Li
- China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoxia Tong
- China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kun Liu
- China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100081, China.
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Rani J, Dhoble AS. Effect of fungal pretreatment by Pycnoporus sanguineus and Trichoderma longibrachiatum on the anaerobic digestion of rice straw. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129503. [PMID: 37506938 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Rice straw is composed of complex lignocellulosic biomass, representing a major obstacle in its conversion to bioenergy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of less explored fungal strains Trichoderma longibrachiatum (TL) and Pycnoporus sanguineus (PS) in improving hydrolysis and bioavailability of rice straw in anaerobic digestion (AD). The fungal treatment of rice straw for 10 days by PS and TL increased biogas production by 20.79% and 17.85% and reduced soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) by 71.43% and 64.70%, respectively. The AD samples containing fungal-treated rice straw showed higher lignocellulolytic enzyme activities contributing to better process performance. The taxonomic profile of microbial communities in treated samples showed increased diversity that could sustain consistent system performance and exhibit enhanced resilience against pH fluctuations. Metagenomic analysis revealed 60.82% increase in Proteobacteria in PS and 11.58% increase in Bacteroidetes in TL-treated rice straw samples resulting in improved hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rani
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek S Dhoble
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Silva EM, Milagres AMF. Production of Extracellular Enzymes by Lentinula edodes Strains in Solid-State Fermentation on Lignocellulosic Biomass Sterilized by Physical and Chemical Methods. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:395. [PMID: 37907667 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Two methods of sterilization of lignocellulosic biomass were performed in this study. Eucalypt waste (EW) supplemented with rice bran (RB) was added in the proportions 80:20 and 90:10 in dry weight. The compositions were sterilized by physical method (autoclaving) and by chemical method (H2O2). The production of extracellular enzymes by Lentinula edodes strains was compared within the two methods. Inactivation of catalase present in RB was achieved with 250 mM H2O2. The use of H2O2, when compared by physical method, favored high production of hydrolytic enzymes such as endoglucanase (1,600 IU/kg), twofold higher, β-glucosidase (1,000 IU/kg), fivefold higher, xylanase (55,000 IU/kg), threefold higher and β-xylosidase (225 IU/kg), similar results. Oxidative enzymes, MnP and laccase, were produced within a different profile between strains, with shorter times for laccase (2,200 IU/kg) by SJC in 45 days and MnP (2,000 IU/kg) by CCB-514 in 30 days. High production of extracellular enzymes is achieved by the use of the chemical method of sterilization of lignocellulosic biomass; in addition to no energy consumption, this process is carried out in a shorter execution time when compared to the physical process. The use of H2O2 in sterilization does not produce toxic compounds from the degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose such as furfural and hydroxy-methyl-furfural that cause inhibition of microorganisms and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Marcelino Silva
- Department of Biotechnology, Fundação Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi, TO, CEP 77 402 970, Brazil.
| | - Adriane Maria Ferreira Milagres
- Department of Biotechnology, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena - University of São Paulo, CP 116, Lorena, SP, CEP 12 602 810, Brazil
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Bhattacharya R, Sachin S, Sivakumar R, Ghosh S. Solid-state fermentation-based enzyme-assisted extraction of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich oil from Nannochloropsis sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 374:128763. [PMID: 36813049 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic treatment of microalgal biomass is a promising approach for extraction of microalgal lipid, but high cost of commercially sourcing enzyme is a major drawback in industrial implementation. Present study involves extraction of eicosapentaenoic acid-rich oil from Nannochloropsis sp. biomass using low cost cellulolytic enzymes produced from Trichoderma reesei in a solid-state fermentation bioreactor. Maximum total fatty acid recovery of 369.4 ± 4.6 mg/g dry weight (total fatty acid yield of 77%) was achieved in 12 h from the enzymatically treated microalgal cells, of which the eicosapentaenoic acid content was 11%. Sugar release of 1.70 ± 0.05 g/L was obtained post enzymatic treatment at 50 °C. The enzyme was reused thrice for cell wall disruption without compromising on total fatty acid yield. Additionally, high protein content of 47% in the defatted biomass could be explored as a potential aquafeed, thus enhancing the overall economics and sustainability of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raikamal Bhattacharya
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Sharika Sachin
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Rohith Sivakumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Sanjoy Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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Singh G, Arora H, P H, Sharma S. Development of clove oil based nanoencapsulated biopesticide employing mesoporous nanosilica synthesized from paddy straw via bioinspired sol-gel route. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115208. [PMID: 36603658 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Paddy straw (PS) burning is a concerning issue in South Asian countries, clamoring for exploring alternative management strategies. Being a rich source of silica, PS can be a potential nanosilica (SiNPs) source. The current study reports a pioneering approach for green synthesis of high-purity mesoporous SiNPs by sol-gel method using the aqueous extract of Sapindus mukorossi seed pericarp as a stabilizer. The mesoporous nature of SiNPs was harnessed as a carrier for the essential oil to develop the carrier-based formulation. SiNPs were characterized using XRD, EDX, FTIR, FE-SEM, TEM, AFM, DLS, water contact angle, and BET analysis. The synthesized SiNPs possessed a spheroid morphology with an average particle size of 20.34 ± 2.64 nm. XRD results confirmed its amorphous nature. The mesoporous nature of SiNPs was confirmed using BET analysis which showed a cumulative pore volume of 2.059 cm3/g and a high surface area of 746.32 m2/g. The SiNPs were further loaded with clove essential oil (CEO), and the encapsulation of CEO was assessed using UV-Vis, FTIR, and BET analysis. The in-vitro antifungal activity of CEO and CEO-loaded SiNPs (CEO-SiNPs) was evaluated using the agar plate assay. UV-Vis results depicted 62.64% encapsulation of CEO in SiNPs. The antifungal efficacy of CEO-SiNPs against F. oxysporum exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), i.e., 125 mg/L, while the MIC of CEO was found to be 250 mg/L. The study delivers new insights into the holistic utilization of PS and propitious contribution toward the circular economy and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Singh
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Himanshu Arora
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Hariprasad P
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Satyawati Sharma
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi, 110016, India.
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