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Xu RZ, Cao JS, Cheng S, Luo JY, Ni BJ, Fang F, Liu W, Wang P. Heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification strains: An overlooked microbial interaction nexus in the anaerobic-swing-anoxic-oxic (ASAO) plug-flow system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2025; 380:125030. [PMID: 40112476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2025] [Revised: 02/25/2025] [Accepted: 03/14/2025] [Indexed: 03/22/2025]
Abstract
This study aims to clarify the overlooked functions of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HNAD) bacteria in a novel anaerobic-swing-anoxic-oxic (ASAO) continuous plug-flow system. The dissolved oxygen (DO) levels and aerated hydraulic retention time (HRT) varied in the swing zones, providing a more diverse redox environment. High nitrogen (85.0 %) and phosphorus (80.0 %) removal were achieved by enriched HNAD bacteria (e.g., Thauera and Malikia) and phosphate accumulating organisms (PAO, e.g., Rhodocyclus and Azonexus) under middle DO level (1.0-2.0 mg/L) and longer aerated HRT (5.0 h). More importantly, microbial network revealed that HNAD bacteria became a connection point for other functional microorganisms associated with pollutant metabolism, and promoted the cooperation and functional evolution of microbial communities. The microbial ecology analysis captured the high importance of homogeneous selection, diffusion restriction, and drift for microbial community assembly in the ASAO system. Among them, HNAD bacteria contributed to both deterministic and stochastic processes, whereas the community assembly of PAO was mainly affected by the deterministic processes. The upregulation of denitrification genes (i.e., napA, napB, nirS, norB and norC) further confirmed the nitrogen removal contribution of aerobic denitrification by HNAD bacteria. Through this study, a comprehensive analysis of microbial interactions in the ASAO system was achieved, providing valuable insights into the targeted regulation of functional microorganisms in wastewater biological treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Ze Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jia-Shun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Song Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jing-Yang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Weijing Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Engineering, Jiangsu, Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
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2
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Xiang Y, Song X, Yang Y, Deng S, Fu L, Yang C, Chen M, Pu J, Zhang H, Chai H. Comammox rather than AOB dominated the efficient autotrophic nitrification-denitrification process in an extremely oxygen-limited environment. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 268:122572. [PMID: 39383803 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 09/29/2024] [Accepted: 10/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/11/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of complete ammonia oxidizer (comammox) has challenged the traditional understanding of the two-step nitrification process. However, their functions in the oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrification-denitrification (OLAND) process remain unclear. In this study, OLAND was achieved using comammox-dominated nitrifying bacteria in an extremely oxygen-limited environment with a dissolved oxygen concentrations of 0.05 mg/L. The ammonia removal efficiency exceeded 97 %, and the total nitrogen removal efficiency reached 71 % when sodium bicarbonate was used as the carbon source. The pseudo-first- and second-order models were found to best fit the ammonia removal processes under low and high loads, respectively, suggesting distinct ammonia removal pathways. Full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomic results revealed that comammox-dominated under different oxygen levels, in conjunction with anammox and heterotrophic denitrifiers. The abundance of enzymes involved in energy metabolism indicates the coexistence of anammox and autotrophic nitrification-heterotrophic denitrification pathways. The binning results showed that comammox bacteria engaged in horizontal gene transfer with nitrifiers, anammox bacteria, and denitrifiers to adapt to an obligate environments. Therefore, this study demonstrated that comammox, anammox, and heterotrophic denitrifiers play important roles in the OLAND process and provide a reference for further reducing aeration energy in the autotrophic nitrogen removal process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, PR China; School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Song
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, PR China
| | - Yilin Yang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, PR China
| | - Shuai Deng
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, PR China
| | - Liwei Fu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, PR China
| | - Cheng Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, PR China
| | - Mengli Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, PR China
| | - Jia Pu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, PR China
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, PR China.
| | - Hongxiang Chai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China.
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Bello-López E, Escobedo-Muñoz AS, Guerrero G, Cruz-Córdova A, Garza-González E, Hernández-Castro R, Zarain PL, Morfín-Otero R, Volkow P, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, Cevallos MA. Acinetobacter pittii: the emergence of a hospital-acquired pathogen analyzed from the genomic perspective. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1412775. [PMID: 38989032 PMCID: PMC11233732 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1412775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter pittii has increasingly been associated with several types of hospital-acquired severe infections. Genes implicated in carbapenem resistance, tigecycline resistance, or genes encoding extended spectrum cephalosporinases, such as blaADC, are commonly found in isolates implicated in these infections. A. pittii strains that are pandrug resistant have occasionally been identified. Food for human consumption, animals and plants are environmental sources of this pathogen. An alarming situation is that A. pitti has been identified as responsible for outbreaks in different regions worldwide. In this study, 384 genomes of A. pittii were analyzed, comprising sequences from clinical and non-clinical origins from 32 countries. The objective was to investigate if clinical strains possess genetic traits facilitating hospital adaptation. Results indicate significant genomic variability in terms of size and gene content among A. pittii isolates. The core genome represents a small portion (25-36%) of each isolate's genome, while genes associated with antibiotic resistance and virulence predominantly belong to the accessory genome. Notably, antibiotic resistance genes are encoded by a diverse array of plasmids. As the core genome between environmental and hospital isolates is the same, we can assume that hospital isolates acquired ARGs due to a high selective pressure in these settings. The strain's phylogeographic distribution indicates that there is no geographical bias in the isolate distribution; isolates from different geographic regions are dispersed throughout a core genome phylogenetic tree. A single clade may include isolates from extremely distant geographical areas. Furthermore, strains isolated from the environment or animal, or plant sources frequently share the same clade as hospital isolates. Our analysis showed that the clinical isolates do not already possess specific genes, other than antibiotic-resistant genes, to thrive in the hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bello-López
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Programa de Genómica Evolutiva, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ana Sofía Escobedo-Muñoz
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Programa de Genómica Evolutiva, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Guerrero
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Unidad de Análisis Bioinformáticos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ariadnna Cruz-Córdova
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elvira Garza-González
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Medicina/Hospital Universitario Dr. José Eleuterio González, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto Hernández-Castro
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Patricia Lozano Zarain
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Instituto de Ciencias, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Laboratorio de Microbiología Hospitalaria y de la Comunidad, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Rayo Morfín-Otero
- Instituto de Patología Infecciosa y Experimental, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Patricia Volkow
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Xicohtencatl-Cortes
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Investigación en Bacteriología Intestinal, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Cevallos
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Programa de Genómica Evolutiva, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Zhang X, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Qian H, Xing J, Joseph A, Rene ER, Li J, Zhu N. The interplay of hematite and photic biofilm triggers the acceleration of biotic nitrate removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142136. [PMID: 38692363 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The soil-water interface is replete with photic biofilm and iron minerals; however, the potential of how iron minerals promote biotic nitrate removal is still unknown. This study investigates the physiological and ecological responses of photic biofilm to hematite (Fe2O3), in order to explore a practically feasible approach for in-situ nitrate removal. The nitrate removal by photic biofilm was significantly higher in the presence of Fe2O3 (92.5%) compared to the control (82.8%). Results show that the presence of Fe2O3 changed the microbial community composition of the photic biofilm, facilitates the thriving of Magnetospirillum and Pseudomonas, and promotes the growth of photic biofilm represented by the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and the content of chlorophyll. The presence of Fe2O3 also induces oxidative stress (•O2-) in the photic biofilm, which was demonstrated by electron spin resonance spectrometry. However, the photic biofilm could improve the EPS productivity to prevent the entrance of Fe2O3 to cells in the biofilm matrix and mitigate oxidative stress. The Fe2O3 then promoted the relative abundance of Magnetospirillum and Pseudomonas and the activity of nitrate reductase, which accelerates nitrate reduction by the photic biofilm. This study provides an insight into the interaction between iron minerals and photic biofilm and demonstrates the possibility of combining biotic and abiotic methods to improve the in-situ nitrate removal rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Yanhui Zhao
- Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Changjiang Basin Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Yimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Haoliang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Jun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Akaninyene Joseph
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jizhou Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Ningyuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71 East Beijing Road, 210008, China.
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5
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Li J, Wan X, Wang H, Zhang Y, Ma Z, Yang W, Hu Y. Electrospun nanofibers electrostatically adsorb heterotrophic nitrifying and aerobic denitrifying bacteria to degrade nitrogen in wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 353:120199. [PMID: 38316072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning a mixture of polycaprolactone and silica, and modified to improve the hydrophilicity and stability of the material and to degrade nitrogenous wastewater by adsorbing heterotrophic nitrifying aerobic denitrifying (Ochrobactrum anthropic). The immobilized bacteria showed highly efficient simultaneous nitrification-denitrification ability, which could convert nearly 90 % of the initial nitrogen into gaseous nitrogen under aerobic conditions, and the average TN removal rate reached 5.59 mg/L/h. The average ammonia oxidation rate of bacteria immobilized by modified nanofibers was 7.36 mg/L/h, compared with 6.3 mg/L/h for free bacteria and only 4.23 mg/L/h for unmodified nanofiber-immobilized bacteria. Kinetic studies showed that modified nanofiber-immobilized bacteria complied with first-order degradation kinetics, and the effects of extreme pH, temperature, and salinity on immobilized bacteria were significantly reduced, while the degradation rate of free bacteria produced larger fluctuations. In addition, the immobilized bacterial nanofibers were reused five times, and the degradation rate remained stable at more than 80 %. At the same time, the degradation rate can still reach 50 % after 6 months of storage at 4 °C. It also demonstrated good nitrogen removal in practical wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Xiaoru Wan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - HeTianai Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Yanju Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Zilin Ma
- College of 2011, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Wenge Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China.
| | - Yonghong Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China; College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30, South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China.
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6
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Luan YN, Yin Y, Guo Z, Wang Q, Xu Y, Zhang F, Xiao Y, Liu C. Partial nitrification-denitrification and enrichment of paracoccus induced by iron-chitosan beads addition in an intermittently-aerated activated sludge system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 353:120189. [PMID: 38295644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Insufficient carbon source has become the main limiting factor for efficient nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment. In this study, an intermittently-aerated activated sludge system with iron-chitosan (Fe-CS) beads addition was proposed for nitrogen removal from low C/N wastewater. By adding Fe-CS beads, partial nitrification-denitrification (PND) process and significant enrichment of Paracoccus (with ability of iron reduction/ammonium oxidation/aerobic denitrification) were observed in the reactor. The accumulation rate of NO2--N reached 81.9 %, and the total nitrogen removal efficiency was improved to 93.9 % by shortening the aeration time. The higher activity of ammonium oxidizing bacteria and inhibited activity of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in Fe-CS assisted system mediated the occurrence of PND. In contrast, the traditional nitrification and denitrification process occurred in the control group. The high-throughput sequencing analysis and metagenomic results confirmed that the addition of Fe-CS induced 77.8 % and 54.9 % enrichment of Paracoccus in sludge and Fe-CS beads, respectively, while almost no enrichment was observed in control group. Furthermore, with the addition of Fe-CS beads, the expression of genes related to outer membrane porin, cytochrome c, and TCA was strengthened, thereby enhancing the electron transport of Fe(Ⅱ) (electron donor) and Fe(Ⅲ) (electron acceptor) with pollutants in the periplasm. This study provides new insights into the direct enrichment of iron-reducing bacteria and its PND performance induced by the Fe-CS bead addition. It therefore offers an appealing strategy for low C/N wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Luan
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 777 Jialingjiang East Road, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Yue Yin
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 777 Jialingjiang East Road, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Zhonghong Guo
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 777 Jialingjiang East Road, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 777 Jialingjiang East Road, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Yanming Xu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 777 Jialingjiang East Road, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 777 Jialingjiang East Road, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Yihua Xiao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 777 Jialingjiang East Road, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Changqing Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, 777 Jialingjiang East Road, Qingdao, 266520, China.
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Wang X, Hou H, Liu P, Hou L, Yang T, Dai H, Li J. Acceleration of nitrogen removal performance in a biofilm reactor augmented with Pseudomonas sp. using polycaprolactone as carbon source for treating low carbon to nitrogen wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 386:129507. [PMID: 37468003 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) process was achieved in a moving bed biofilm reactor after 180-days acclimation using PCL as carbon source for low C/N wastewater treatment. A novel HN-AD strain, JQ-H3, with ability of PCL degradation was augmented to improve nitrogen removal. TN removal efficiencies of 82.31%, 90.05%, and 93.16% were achieved in the augmented reactor (R2), at different HRTs of 24 h, 20 h, and 16 h, while in the control reactor (R1), the TN removal efficiencies were 59.24%, 74.61%, and 76.68%. The effluent COD in R2 was 10.17 mg/L, much lower than that of 42.45 mg/L in R1. Microbial community analysis revealed that JQ-H3 has successfully proliferated with a relative abundance of 4.79%. Relative abundances of functional enzymes of nitrogen cycling remarkably increased due to bioaugmentation based on the analysis of PICRUSt2. This study provides a new approach for enhancing nitrogen removal in low C/N sewage treatment via the HN-AD process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Wang
- The College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China.
| | - Huimin Hou
- The College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Peizheng Liu
- The College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Liangang Hou
- Water & Environmental Protection Department, China Construction First Group Construction & Development Co., Ltd. Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Tongyi Yang
- The College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Hongliang Dai
- The College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, China
| | - Jun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Urban Sewage Advanced Treatment and Resource Utilization Technology, The College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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