Nutrients removal by Olivibacter jilunii immobilized on activated carbon for aquaculture wastewater treatment: ppk1 gene and bacterial community structure

Stratified biofilm structure of MABR enabling efficient ammonia removal from aquaculture medicated bath wastewater

The presence of high concentrations of residual antibiotics in aquaculture medicated bath wastewater poses challenges to conventional biological nitrogen removal processes. Membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR), known for its energy efficiency and stratified biofilm structure that supports diverse ecological niches, was therefore introduced. Experimental results revealed that MABR achieved an exceptional NH4+-N removal efficiency of 98.2 ± 1.8 % even under high oxytetracycline exposure, attributed to the protective effects of the biofilm on functional bacteria colonized in the inner layer (e.g., ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria). Genes mediating the nitrification process, such as amoA/B and nxrA, showed an overall upward trend, with the activation of efflux pumps synergistically constituting the microbial response. Conversely, total nitrogen removal efficiency decreased from 95.3 ± 2.5 % to 76.0 ± 8.8 %, despite enrichment of Denitratisoma oestradiolicum (14.5 %) and denitrifying bacterium clone NOA-1-C (41.7 %), likely due to limited expression of the narG gene. After ceasing oxytetracycline dosing and adjusting operational parameters, total nitrogen removal improved to 87.4 ± 5.8 %. The results of this study underscore the significance and resilience of MABR technology in the treatment of aquaculture medicated bath wastewater.

Identification of novel strain Acinetobacter baumannii H1 and its improvement capacity for nutrient removal after coimmobilized on activated carbon and CaCO3 in real aquaculture wastewater

A new strain H1, Acinetobacter baumannii, exhibited the 96 % nitrogen and 76 % phosphate removal efficiencies in suspension environment after 48 h, and the optimal conditions were obtained at pH of 7-8, temperature of 30 °C, carbon source of succinate, carbon-nitrogen ratio of 10 and phosphorus-nitrogen ratio of 0.2, respectively. The immobilization experiments with activated carbon and CaCO3 were carried out, the optimal formula was 30 g/L CaCO3, 15 g/L activated carbon-bacteria complex, 2 % CaCl2 and a 1:1 embedding agent ratio. The removal efficiency of NH4+-N, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and chemical oxygen demand in immobilized H1 was 288.89 %, 121.87 %, 135.69 % and 667.21 % higher than that by free strain in group With Indigenous Bacteria, respectively. Under the real water environment, the nitrogen concentrations in the immobilization groups were 3-4 times lower than those of the suspension groups, and the abundances of N and P metabolism-associated bacterial communities (Proteobacteria and Patescibacteria) were higher in the immobilization groups. These results provided an approach for the practical application in aquaculture tailwater treatment.

Toxicity evaluation and degradation of cypermethrin-contaminated soil using biochar and Bacillus cereus amendments

Cypermethrin (Cyp), a persistent synthetic pyrethroid insecticide widely used for insect control. The persistence of Cyp creates toxicity to both humans and the environment This study investigates biochar and Bacillus cereus distinct and collective effects on Cyp -contaminated soil during a 90-day incubation. This study also investigates the effects of different concentrations of Cyp (50, 100, ,500 to 1000 mg kg-1) on soil physicochemical and biological activities during a 90-day incubation period. Microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration rates decreased significantly across all cypermethrin concentrations, with the most substantial reductions observed at 1000 mg kg-1. However noticeable variations in soil enzymes and MBC over time during the entire incubation period. On 1st day, the GMean Enz and MBC rate for Cyp treatments (50, 100, ,500 to 1000 mg kg-1) ranged from 0.98 to 0.63, and 9.06, to 5.03, respectively. Under Cyp pollution, microbial biomass carbon exhibited significant decreases, with the highest inhibition (86.2%) at 1000 mg kg-1 on 1st day of incubation. Soil respiration rates dropped 77%, at 1000 mg kg-1, and Integrated biomarker response (IBR) values peaked on day 30, indicating environmental stress. Biochar and Bacillus cereus effectively facilitated the degradation of Cyp, achieving approximately 85% degradation within the first 45 days of the experiment. The combined application of biochar and Bacillus cereus increased soil pH to a neutral level from 5.9, to 7.1, reduced electrical conductivity from 1.41 µS cm- 1 to 1.20 µS cm-1, and elevated cation exchange capacity from 1.54 ± 0.04 to 6.18 C mol kg-1, while also improving organic carbon content to 3.135%. However, the dehydrogenase activity was decresed upto 47% in the combined application and all other enzymes including urasese catlayse and phostasese enzymes with Gmean enzymeatic activities were significantly improved. These findings suggest biochar and bacterial interaction for soil management to enhance soil resilience against pesticide stress.

Mechanistic insights into chemical conditioning on transformation of dissolved organic matter and plant biostimulants production during sludge aerobic composting

Inorganic coagulants (aluminum and iron salt) are widely used to improve sludge dewaterability, resulting in numerous residues in dewatered sludge. Composting refers to the controlled microbial process that converts organic wastes into fertilizer, and coagulant residues in dewatered sludge can affect subsequent compost efficiency and resource recycling, which remains unclear. This work investigated the effects of two typical metal salt coagulants (poly aluminum chloride [PAC] and poly ferric sulfate [PFS]) conditioning on sludge compost. Our results revealed that PAC conditioning inhibited composting with decreased peak temperature, microbial richness, enzymatic reaction intensities, and compost quality, associated with decreased pH and microbial toxicity of aluminum. Nevertheless, PFS conditioning selectively enriched Pseudoxanthomonas sp. and resulted in more fertile compost with increased peak temperature, enzymatic reaction intensities, and humification degree. Spectroscopy and mass difference analyses indicated that PFS conditioning enhanced reaction intensities of labile biopolymers at the thermophilic stage, mainly comprising hydrolyzation (H2O), dehydrogenation (-H2, -H4), oxidation (+O1H2), and other reactions (i.e., +CH2, C2H4O1, C2H6O1). Unlike the common composting process primarily conducts humification at the cooling stage, PFS conditioning changed the main occurrence stage to the thermophilic stage. Non-targeted metabolomics revealed that indole (a humification intermediate) is responsible for the increased humification degree and indoleacetic acid content in the PFS-conditioned compost, which then promoted compost quality. Plant growth experiments further confirmed that the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in PFS-conditioned compost produced the maximum plant biomass. This study provided molecular-level evidence that PFS conditioning can promote humification and compost fertility during sludge composting, enabling chemical conditioning optimization for sustainable management of sludge.

Simultaneous aerobic nitrogen and phosphate removal capability of novel salt-tolerant strain, Pseudomonas mendocina A4: Characterization, mechanism and application potential

A salt-tolerant strain, Pseudomonas mendocina A4, was isolated from brackish-water ponds showing simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification and phosphorus removal capability. The optimal conditions for nitrogen and phosphate removal of strain A4 were pH 7-8, carbon/nitrogen ratio 10, phosphorus/nitrogen ratio 0.2, temperature 30 °C, and salinity range of 0-5 % using sodium succinate as the carbon source. The nitrogen and phosphate removal efficiencies were 96-100 % and 88-96 % within 24 h, respectively. The nitrogen and phosphate removal processes were matched with the modified Gompertz model, and the underlying mechanisms were confirmed by the activities of key metabolic enzymes. Under 10 % salinity, the immobilization technology was employed to enhance the nitrogen and phosphate removal efficiencies of strain A4, achieving 87 % and 76 %, respectively. These findings highlight the potential application of strain A4 in both freshwater and marine culture wastewater treatment.

A semi-continuous efficient strategy for removing phosphorus and nitrogen from eel aquaculture wastewater using the self-flocculating microalga Desmodesmus sp. PW1

The phosphorus content in eel aquaculture wastewater exceeds the discharge standard, and the amount of wastewater discharged is substantial. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore an economical and efficient method of treating aquaculture wastewater. This study explored the use of Desmodesmus sp. PW1, a type of microalgae, to treat eel aquaculture wastewater. By optimizing the conditions, Desmodesmus sp. PW1 achieved a total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiency of 92.3%, as well as total nitrogen (TN) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) removal efficiency of 99%, using a photoperiod of 24:0, a temperature of 25 °C, and an inoculation amount of 15%. Furthermore, Desmodesmus sp. PW1 demonstrated a high self-flocculating efficiency (>90%) within 100 min of settling, which facilitated biomass recovery. Subsequently, a semi-continuous treatment process mode was established with a sewage renewal rate of 90%. The results showed that after four rounds of sewage renewal operations, the microalgae biomass in the sewage treatment system could be maintained between 160.0 and 220.0 mg/L, and the average removal rate of TP was 0.13 mg/(L * h). The lipid content of algae cells collected in the semi-continuous treatment system for eel aquaculture wastewater was as high as 36.5%, and the biodiesel properties met the biodiesel standards authorized by Europe and the United States. Overall, this study provides an economical and effective strategy for converting wastewater into high-value microalgae products.

Effect of antibiotics on the performance of moving bed biofilm reactor for simultaneous removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and copper(II) from aquaculture wastewater

Co-existence of NO3--N, antibiotics, phosphorus (P), and Cu2+ in aquaculture wastewater has been frequently detected, but simultaneous removal and relationship between enzyme and pollutants removal are far from satisfactory. In this study, simultaneous removal of NO3--N, P, antibiotics, and Cu2+ by moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was established. About 95.51 ± 3.40% of NO3--N, 61.24 ± 3.51% of COD, 18.74 ± 1.05% of TP, 88% of Cu2+ were removed synchronously in stage I, and antibiotics removal in stages I-IV was 73.00 ± 1.32%, 79.53 ± 0.88%, 51.07 ± 3.99%, and 33.59 ± 2.73% for tetracycline (TEC), oxytetracycline (OTC), chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTC), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), respectively. The removal kinetics and toxicity of MBBR effluent were examined, indicating that the first order kinetic model could better reflect the removal of NO3--N, TN, and antibiotics. Co-existence of multiple antibiotics and Cu2+ was the most toxicity to E. coli growth. Key enzyme activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and its relationship with TN removal were investigated. The results showed that enzymes activities were significantly different under the co-existence of antibiotics and Cu2+. Meanwhile, different components of biofilm were extracted and separated, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic effects of biofilm were evaluated. The results showed that 70.00%- 94.73% of Cu2+ was removed by extracellular enzyme in stages I-V, and Cu2+ removal was mainly due to the action of extracellular enzyme. Additionally, microbial community of biofilm was assessed, showing that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Gemmatimonadetes played an important role in the removal of NO3--N, Cu2+, and antibiotics at the phylum level. Finally, chemical bonds of attached and detached biofilm were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and effect of nitrogen (N) and P was proposed under the co-existence of antibiotics and Cu2+. This study provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the bioremediation of NO3--N, Cu2+, and antibiotics in aquaculture wastewater.

Recent progress in the production and application of biochar and its composite in environmental biodegradation

Over the past few decades, extensive research has been conducted to develop cost-effective and high-quality biochar for environmental biodegradation purposes. Pyrolysis has emerged as a promising method for recovering biochar from biomass and waste materials. This study provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art biochar production technology, including the advancements and biochar applications in organic pollutants remediation, particularly wastewater treatment. Substantial progress has been made in biochar production through advanced thermochemical technologies. Moreover, the review underscores the importance of understanding the kinetics of pollutant degradation using biochar to maximize its synergies for potential environmental biodegradation. Finally, the study identifies the technological gaps and outlines future research advancements in biochar production and its applications for environmental biodegradation.

Biochar and Chlorella increase rice yield by improving saline-alkali soil physicochemical properties and regulating bacteria under aquaculture wastewater irrigation

The combined effects of biochar and Chlorella under aquaculture wastewater irrigation in improving saline-alkali soil physicochemical properties, microbial communities, and rice yield, is not yet clear. This study utilized soil physicochemical indicators and gene sequencing to examine the effect of salinity stress, biochar and Chlorella under aquaculture wastewater irrigation on soil properties, bacterial community compositions, and rice production. Treatments included three factors in a randomized complete block design with three replications: (i) Biochar - 40 tons ha -1 (BW) versus no-biochar (BN); (ii) Salinity - 3‰ salinity (SH) versus 1‰ salinity (SL); and (iii) Chlorella - with 107 cells mL -1 Chlorella (CW) versus no-Chlorella (CN). The results revealed that increased salinity adversely affected the soil nutrients (TOC, NO3⁻-N, NH4+-N, Olsen-P), and enzyme activity (urease, sucrase, catalase), resulting in a 9.67% reduction in rice yield compared to SL treatment. However, the close correlation between alterations in soil bacterial communities, functions, and soil physicochemical properties, as well as rice yield, indicated that biochar and Chlorella promoted rice yield by enhancing the physicochemical properties of saline-alkali soil and bacterial community when irrigated with aquaculture wastewater: (1) addition of biochar increased the146.05% rice yield by increasing TOC content, the complexity of bacterial co-occurrence patterns, nitrogen fixation potential, and nitrification potential, (2) addition of Chlorella increased TOC, NO3⁻-N, NH4+-N, enhanced urease, sucrase, catalase activity, and nitrification potential to increased rice yield by 60.29%, and (3) compared with the treatment T3 (SHBNCN), the treatments with biochar (BW) and Chlorella (CW) increased the yield by 561.30% and 445.03% under 1‰ and 3‰ salinity, respectively. These findings provide novel perspectives on the capacity of biochar and Chlorella to improve saline-alkali soil properties and increase rice yield irrigated with aquaculture wastewater.

The Treatment of Aquaculture Wastewater with Biological Aerated Filters: From the Treatment Process to the Microbial Mechanism

Algal cell proliferation has posed significant problems for traditional water treatment facilities; these problems are attributed to surface hydrophilicity and electrostatic repulsion. Biological aerated filters (BAFs) have been extensively used in wastewater treatment to remove pollutants such as algal cells by utilizing the adsorption and separation capabilities of the filter media. In this study, a BAF was supplemented with biological filter medium (Marchantia polymorpha) to assess its effectiveness of pretreating aquaculture wastewater. In terms of process performance, steady and consistent treatment was achieved by the BAF with M. polymorpha (BAF2) under an algal cell density as high as 1.65 × 10⁸ cell/L, with average removal rates for NH₄⁺-N and algae cells of 74.4% and 81.9%, respectively. The photosynthetic activity parameters (rETRmax, α, Fv/Fm, and I_k) of the influent and effluent were quantitatively assessed, and M. polymorpha was found to remove algae by disrupting the photosynthetic system of the algal cells. Furthermore, the addition of the M. polymorpha filter medium enhanced the community structure of the functional microbes in the BAF system. The highest microbial community richness and diversity were observed in the BAF2. Meanwhile, M. polymorpha promoted an increase in the abundance of denitrifying bacteria, including Bdellovibrio and Pseudomonas. Overall, this work offers a unique perspective on the aquaculture wastewater pretreatment process and BAF design.

A new insight in enhancing phosphate enrichment in biofilm process: Comparison of the key metabolic pathways in highly-efficient and dominant PAOs based on metagenomics

The formation of dominant phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) is essential for the high enrichment of phosphate in biofilm sequencing batch reactors (BSBR) for phosphorus recovery. The dominant PAOs in the biofilm process have not been isolated and purified, and the key metabolic pathways that promote the formation of dominant PAOs are still unclear. In this study, four strains of highly-efficient PAOs were obtained by an innovative isolation procedure. The relationship between the abundance of highly-efficient and dominant PAOs and the phosphate removal ability was compared. We found that the abundance of PAOs was positively correlated with the phosphate removal efficiency in vitro pure culture and complex biofilm process. Metagenomics analysis revealed that compared with highly-efficient PAOs cultured in vitro, dominant PAOs in biofilms had unique key metabolic pathways, F-ATPases and N-Acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). F-ATPases are important for maintaining the proton motive force (PMF) required for the uptake of carbon sources by PAOs, and AHLs are participating in phosphate metabolism through quorum sensing (QS) mediated secretion of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). The formation of dominant PAOs was promoted by optimizing carbon source uptake and phosphate metabolism. This study revealed that the difficult isolation of dominant PAOs was due to the AHLs-mediated QS, and we identified the key pathways regulating the formation of dominant PAOs in biofilms through genomics analysis. Our findings provide insights in enhancing phosphate enrichment in BSBR by modulating the components of microbial community under the low concentration of carbon source consumption.