|
1
|
Ye Y, Cai Y, Wang F, He Y, Yang Y, Guo Z, Liu M, Ren H, Wang S, Liu D, Xu J, Wang Z. Industrial Microbial Technologies for Feed Protein Production from Non-Protein Nitrogen. Microorganisms 2025; 13:742. [PMID: 40284579 PMCID: PMC12029832 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13040742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2025] [Revised: 03/21/2025] [Accepted: 03/22/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing global demand for feed protein, microbial protein has great potential of being able to feed sustainably. However, the application of microbial protein in the animal cultivation industry is still limited by its high cost and availability on scale. From the viewpoint of industrial production, it is vital to specify the crucial processes and components for further technical exploration and process optimization. This article presents state-of-the-art industrial microbial technologies for non-protein nitrogen (NPN) assimilation in feed protein production. Nitrogen sources are one of the main cost factors in the media used for large-scale microbial protein fermentation. Therefore, the available NPN sources for microbial protein synthesis, NPN utilization mechanisms, and fermentation technologies corresponding to the strain and NPN are reviewed in this paper. Especially, the random mutagenesis and adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) approach combined with (ultra-) throughput screening provided the main impetus for strain evolution to increase the protein yield. Despite the underlying potential and technological advances in the production of microbial protein, extensive research and development efforts are still required before large-scale commercial application of microbial protein in animal feed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.W.); (Y.H.); (Y.Y.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (H.R.); (S.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Yafan Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.W.); (Y.H.); (Y.Y.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (H.R.); (S.W.); (J.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Transport Fuel Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.W.); (Y.H.); (Y.Y.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (H.R.); (S.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Yi He
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.W.); (Y.H.); (Y.Y.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (H.R.); (S.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Yuxuan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.W.); (Y.H.); (Y.Y.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (H.R.); (S.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Zhengxiang Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.W.); (Y.H.); (Y.Y.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (H.R.); (S.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Mengyu Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.W.); (Y.H.); (Y.Y.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (H.R.); (S.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Huimin Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.W.); (Y.H.); (Y.Y.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (H.R.); (S.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Shilei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.W.); (Y.H.); (Y.Y.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (H.R.); (S.W.); (J.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Transport Fuel Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dong Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China;
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.W.); (Y.H.); (Y.Y.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (H.R.); (S.W.); (J.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Transport Fuel Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.C.); (F.W.); (Y.H.); (Y.Y.); (Z.G.); (M.L.); (H.R.); (S.W.); (J.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Transport Fuel Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Jiang X, Peng Z, Liu H, Zhang L, Zhang J. Assembly of a lignocellulose-degrading synthetic community from the strong-flavor Daqu by a stepwise method. Food Res Int 2025; 205:115986. [PMID: 40032477 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2025.115986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2025] [Accepted: 02/08/2025] [Indexed: 03/05/2025]
Abstract
The lignocellulose in Daqu plays an important role during the Baijiu fermentation, such as providing energy for microbial metabolism and precursors for flavor compounds. However, due to the complexity of the Daqu microbial community and the fermentation environment, the regulation of lignocellulose degradation efficiency is limited. In such cases, artificial intervention can be achieved through the application of synthetic communities. Here, we studied the structure of the lignocellulose-degrading microbial communities in Daqu. Based on the characteristics of lignocellulose composition, we developed three high-throughput screening methods and used a stepwise assembly approach to construct a synthetic community composed of Bacillus stercori, Bacillus paramycoides, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Cyberlindnera fabianii. After fermentation, 54.71 % of the bran was degraded and 11 substances were uniquely produced. 4-vinylguaiacol and 2-ethyl-3,5(6)-dimethylpyrazine were considered to be the key aroma compounds of the synthetic community. This synthetic community offers a new approach to control Daqu fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122 China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Zheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122 China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122 China.
| | - Haili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Linpei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122 China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122 China.
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Wang S, Wang Z, Wang N, Wang S, Zeng S, Xu Z, Liu D, Zhao X, Liu F, Xu J, Cai Y, Ying H. Efficient conversion of corn straw to feed protein through solid-state fermentation using a thermophilic microbial consortium. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2025; 194:298-308. [PMID: 39847963 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2025.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2024] [Revised: 12/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2025] [Indexed: 01/25/2025]
Abstract
Solid-state fermentation of lignocellulosic waste to produce feed protein is a means of realising solid waste. However, low efficiency and susceptibility to microbial contamination remain significant challenges in feed protein production through room-temperature solid-state fermentation. In this study, thermophilic microbiomes were enriched. After adaptive and nitrogen acclimation, microbiomes with the combined functions of 'thermophilic-rapid decomposition-nitrogen conversion' were obtained and used for feed protein production. High-throughput sequencing and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes metabolic pathway prediction techniques were used to assess the mechanisms underlying microbial involvement in substance conversion. The results showed that the microbiomes decomposed 78.21 %-81.73 % of straw within 7 days. After nitrogen acclimation, the nitrogen utilisation rate and the true protein content of the microbiomes improved by 19.22 %-26.96 % and 56.14 %-71.99 %, respectively. Fed-batch enzymatic saccharification and fermentation reduced the fermentation time by 28.5 %. Domesticated microbiomes increased the abundance of bacteria and fungi in the fermentation system, enhancing carbon metabolism and the urea cycle. This study presents a novel approach for the high-value utilisation of lignocellulose waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 China; School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Transport Fuel Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Zhi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Transport Fuel Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 China; School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Transport Fuel Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Shilei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Transport Fuel Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Shan Zeng
- Luzhou LaoJiao Co., Ltd, Luzhou 646699 China
| | - Zhengzhong Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Transport Fuel Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Dong Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Xiaoling Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Fan Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Yafan Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Transport Fuel Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 China.
| | - Hanjie Ying
- Luzhou LaoJiao Co., Ltd, Luzhou 646699 China
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Kong S, Wang S, He Y, Wang N, Wang Z, Weng L, Liu D, Zhao X, Chen J, Xu J, Cai Y, Ying H. Three-Stage Solid-State Fermentation Technology for Distillers’ Grain Feed Protein Based on Different Microorganisms Considering Oxygen Requirements. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2024; 10:550. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation10110550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2024]
Abstract
The shortage of feed protein has plagued the development of the animal husbandry industry in China. In this study, a new three-stage fermentation technology for producing distillers’ grain feed protein was developed by introducing Aspergillus niger, yeast, and lactic acid bacteria. During the aerobic stage, there was a negative correlation between the reducing sugar content in the distillers’ grains and the amount of Aspergillus niger. The maximum reducing sugar concentration (36.89 mg g−1) was obtained when the oxygen supply was 30 mL min−1 and the fermentation time was two days. During the microaerophilic stage, the natural exchange of oxygen achieved optimal true protein enhancement (from 10.8% to 16.4%) among the three oxygen supply modes (natural exchange, forced ventilation, and filling supplement). During the anaerobic stage, lactic acid bacteria were inoculated for feed protein preservation and flavor enhancement. Our results provided insight and practical guidance for the high-value use of distillers’ grains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Kong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shilei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yun He
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Longfei Weng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dong Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jinmeng Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yafan Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Chen K, Deng X, Jiang D, Qin L, Lu M, Jiang W, Yang M, Zhang L, Jiang J, Lu L. Efficient conversion of distillers grains as feed ingredient by synergy of probiotics and enzymes. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1403011. [PMID: 39027099 PMCID: PMC11254791 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1403011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The direct feeding value of distillers grains is low due to the presence of higher cellulose, lignin and anti-nutritional factors such as mannan and xylan. In this study, complex enzymes and probiotic flora based on "probiotic enzyme synergy" technology were used to produce fermented distillers grains. The optimal substrate ratio, moisture content, fermentation time and temperature were determined. Subsequently, scale-up experiments were conducted to determine the performance of fermented feed. The results showed that multi-probiotic (Lactobacillus casei, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus oryzae) cooperated with complex enzymes (glucanase, mannanase, xylanase) showed excellent fermentation effect, crude protein, trichloroacetic acid soluble protein and fat increased by 31.25, 36.68, and 49.11% respectively, while crude fiber, acidic fiber and neutral fiber decreased by 34.24, 26.91, and 33.20%, respectively. The anti-nutritional factors mannan and arabinoxylan were reduced by 26.96 and 40.87%, respectively. Lactic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid in the fermented organic acids increased by 240.93, 76.77, and 89.47%, respectively. Butyric acid increased significantly from scratch, and the mycotoxin degradation effect was not significant. This study provides a potential approach for high-value utilization of distillers grains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Low-Carbon Conversion, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiangrong Deng
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dahai Jiang
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Low-Carbon Conversion, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lanxian Qin
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mengqi Lu
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenxuan Jiang
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Low-Carbon Conversion, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Manqi Yang
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Low-Carbon Conversion, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Low-Carbon Conversion, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianchun Jiang
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Low-Carbon Conversion, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Nanjing, China
| | - Liming Lu
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Low-Carbon Conversion, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Chen J, Cai Y, Wang Z, Wang S, Li J, Song C, Zhuang W, Liu D, Wang S, Song A, Xu J, Ying H. Construction of a Synthetic Microbial Community for Enzymatic Pretreatment of Wheat Straw for Biogas Production via Anaerobic Digestion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9446-9455. [PMID: 38748977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Biological pretreatment is a viable method for enhancing biogas production from straw crops, with the improvement in lignocellulose degradation efficiency being a crucial factor in this process. Herein, a metagenomic approach was used to screen core microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis, Acinetobacter johnsonii, Trichoderma viride, and Aspergillus niger) possessing lignocellulose-degrading abilities among samples from three environments: pile retting wheat straw (WS), WS returned to soil, and forest soil. Subsequently, synthetic microbial communities were constructed for fermentation-enzyme production. The crude enzyme solution obtained was used to pretreat WS and was compared with two commercial enzymes. The synthetic microbial community enzyme-producing pretreatment (SMCEP) yielded the highest enzymatic digestion efficacy for WS, yielding cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin degradation rates of 39.85, 36.99, and 19.21%, respectively. Furthermore, pretreatment of WS with an enzyme solution, followed by anaerobic digestion achieved satisfactory results. SMCEP displayed the highest cumulative biogas production at 801.16 mL/g TS, which was 38.79% higher than that observed for WS, 22.15% higher than that of solid-state commercial enzyme pretreatment and 25.41% higher than that of liquid commercial enzyme pretreatment. These results indicate that enzyme-pretreated WS can significantly enhance biogas production. This study represents a solution to the environmental burden and energy use of crop residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinmeng Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yafan Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Luzhou LaoJiao Co., Ltd, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | | | - Jia Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chuan Song
- Luzhou LaoJiao Co., Ltd, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shilei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Andong Song
- College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, 218 Ping An Avenue, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Chen J, Cai Y, Wang Z, Xu Z, Zhuang W, Liu D, Lv Y, Wang S, Xu J, Ying H. Solid-state fermentation of corn straw using synthetic microbiome to produce fermented feed: The feed quality and conversion mechanism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:171034. [PMID: 38369147 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Straw is a typical biomass resource which can be converted into high nutritional value feed via microbial fermentation. The degradation and conversion of straw using a synthetic microbial community (SMC-8) was functionally investigated to characterise its nitrogen conversion and carbon metabolism. Four species of bacteria were found to utilise >20 % of the inorganic nitrogen within 15 h, and the ratio of the diameter of fungal transparent circles (D) to the diameter of the colony (d) of the four fungal species was >1. Solid-state fermentation of corn straw increased the total amino acid (AA) content by 41.69 %. The absolute digestibility of fermented corn straw dry weight (DW) and true protein was 34.34 % and 45.29 %, respectively. Comprehensive analysis of functional proteins revealed that Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Bacillus subtilis and Acinetobacter johnsonii produce a complex enzyme system during corn straw fermentation, which plays a key role in the degradation of lignocellulose. This study provided a new insight in utilizing corn straw.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinmeng Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yafan Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhengzhong Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China; National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China; National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yongkun Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shilei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China; National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|