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Xia S, Pan J, Dai D, Dai Z, Yang M, Yi C. Design of portable electrochemiluminescence sensing systems for point-of-care-testing applications. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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Alonzo LF, Hinkley TC, Miller A, Calderon R, Garing S, Williford J, Clute-Reinig N, Spencer E, Friend M, Madan D, Dinh VTT, Bell D, Weigl BH, Nugen SR, Nichols KP, Le Ny ALM. A microfluidic device and instrument prototypes for the detection of Escherichia coli in water samples using a phage-based bioluminescence assay. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2155-2164. [PMID: 35521688 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00888a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Current quantification methods of Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination in water samples involve long incubation, laboratory equipment and facilities, or complex processes that require specialized training for accurate operation and interpretation. To address these limitations, we have developed a microfluidic device and portable instrument prototypes capable of performing a rapid and highly sensitive bacteriophage-based assay to detect E. coli cells with detection limit comparable to traditional methods in a fraction of the time. The microfluidic device combines membrane filtration and selective enrichment using T7-NanoLuc-CBM, a genetically engineered bacteriophage, to identify 4.1 E. coli CFU in 100 mL of drinking water within 5.5 hours. The microfluidic device was designed and tested to process up to 100 mL of real-world drinking water samples with turbidities below 10 NTU. Prototypes of custom instrumentation, compatible with our valveless microfluidic device and capable of performing all of the assay's units of operation with minimal user intervention, demonstrated similar assay performance to that obtained on the benchtop assay. This research is the first step towards a faster, portable, and semi-automated, phage-based microfluidic platform for improved in-field water quality monitoring in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Alonzo
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - Troy C Hinkley
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - Andrew Miller
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - Ryan Calderon
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - Spencer Garing
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - John Williford
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - Nick Clute-Reinig
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - Ethan Spencer
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - Michael Friend
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - Damian Madan
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - Van T T Dinh
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - David Bell
- Independent Consultant, Issaquah, WA 98027, USA
| | - Bernhard H Weigl
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - Sam R Nugen
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Kevin P Nichols
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
| | - Anne-Laure M Le Ny
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, 14360 SE Eastgate Way, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA
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3
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Calabretta MM, Lopreside A, Montali L, Zangheri M, Evangelisti L, D'Elia M, Michelini E. Portable light detectors for bioluminescence biosensing applications: A comprehensive review from the analytical chemist's perspective. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1200:339583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Takahashi F, Tanaka R, Arai Y, Tatsumi H, Jin J. Electrochemiluminescence of Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)/Tri-n-propylamine with an Electric Contactless Power Transfer System. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1309-1313. [PMID: 33678726 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) analytical device was developed using an electric contactless power transfer system. A mutually induced electromotive voltage was generated by wrapping an enameled wire around a commercial contactless charger. There was no electrical contact between the power supply and the electrochemical cell. For the tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+)/tri-n-propylamine system, a weak ECL signal was observed. When an inexpensive rectifier diode was introduced between the coil and the working electrode, the ECL intensity detection sensitivity increased by more than 100 times. The relationship between the waveform of the applied voltage and the ECL response was clarified, and the optimum conditions were determined. The intensity of the induced electromotive voltage was easily controlled by changing the number of turns in the coil. The proposed method is a safe, simple, and inexpensive technique without electrical contact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryutaro Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
| | - Yuta Arai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
| | | | - Jiye Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
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5
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Calabretta MM, Montali L, Lopreside A, Fragapane F, Iacoangeli F, Roda A, Bocci V, D'Elia M, Michelini E. Ultrasensitive On-Field Luminescence Detection Using a Low-Cost Silicon Photomultiplier Device. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7388-7393. [PMID: 33973781 PMCID: PMC8253476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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The availability
of portable analytical devices for on-site monitoring
and rapid detection of analytes of forensic, environmental, and clinical
interest is vital. We report the development of a portable device
for the detection of biochemiluminescence relying on silicon photomultiplier
(SiPM) technology, called LuminoSiPM, which includes a 3D printed
sample holder that can be adapted for both liquid samples and paper-based
biosensing. We performed a comparison of analytical performance in
terms of detectability with a benchtop luminometer, a portable cooled
charge-coupled device (CCD sensor), and smartphone-integrated complementary
metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensors. As model systems, we used
two luciferase/luciferin systems emitting at different wavelengths
using purified protein solutions: the green-emitting P. pyralis mutant Ppy-GR-TS (λmax 550 nm) and the blue-emitting
NanoLuc (λmax 460 nm). A limit of detection of 9
femtomoles was obtained for NanoLuc luciferase, about 2 and 3 orders
of magnitude lower than that obtained with the portable CCD camera
and with the smartphone, respectively. A proof-of-principle forensic
application of LuminoSiPM is provided, exploiting an origami chemiluminescent
paper-based sensor for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, showing high
potential for this portable low-cost device for on-site applications
with adequate sensitivity for detecting low light intensities in critical
fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maddalena Calabretta
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Montali
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonia Lopreside
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Fragapane
- Gabinetto Regionale di Polizia Scientifica per l'Emilia-Romagna, 40123, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,INBB, Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Bocci
- INFN, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello D'Elia
- Gabinetto Regionale di Polizia Scientifica per l'Emilia-Romagna, 40123, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Michelini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,INBB, Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, 00136 Rome, Italy.,Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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6
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Dai W, Zhao W, Ma Y, Ye J, Jin J. Development of Miniaturized Electrochemiluminescence Instrument using Multi‐pixel Photon Counter as the Optical Detector. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202000094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanlin Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P.R. China
| | - Wenyuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P.R. China
| | - Ying Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P.R. China
| | - Jianshan Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 P.R. China
| | - Jiye Jin
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Shinshu University 3-1-1 Asahi Matsumoto Nagano 390-8621 Japan
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7
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Jung Y, Coronel-Aguilera C, Doh IJ, Min HJ, Lim T, Applegate BM, Bae E. Design and application of a portable luminometer for bioluminescence detection. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:801-810. [PMID: 32225212 DOI: 10.1364/ao.59.000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) for low light detection has many advantages when compared to existing photon counting detectors, such as high sensitivity, low cost, robustness, and compact hardware. To facilitate the use of SiPM as a portable, field deployable device, an electrical circuit was designed consisting of an amplifier, comparator, and microcontroller. In addition, a 3D printing was used to create a portable cradle for housing the SiPM. To evaluate its detection ability, a laser experiment and bioluminescent experiments, including Pseudomonas fluorescens M3A detection, E. coli O157:H7 PhiV10nluc lysogen detection, and a luminescence-based detection of E. coli O157:H7 in ground meat using the engineered luminescent-based reporter phage PhiV10nluc, were conducted. In the same experimental setting, our previously developed smartphone-based luminometer called the bioluminescent-based analyte quantitation by smartphone and a conventional photomultiplier tube-based benchtop luminometer were used to compare detection levels and applicability for supporting luminescent phage-based pathogen detection. Results showed that the SiPM provides better performance in terms of time to detection and SNR and could be used as the light detection component of the PhiV10nluc phage-based detection format.
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8
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Calabretta MM, Montali L, Lopreside A, Michelini E, Roda A. High-Throughput Bioluminescence Imaging and Reporter Gene Assay with 3D Spheroids from Human Cell Lines. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2081:3-14. [PMID: 31721114 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9940-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
3D cell culture models represent an attractive approach to decode intracellular and intercellular signaling, providing biologically relevant information and predictive data. Bioluminescent reporter gene assays and bioluminescence imaging in 3D cell models are very promising bioanalytical tools for several applications.Here we report a very straightforward method for bioluminescence imaging and bioluminescent reporter gene assays in 3D cell-culture models. Both the assays can be easily implemented in laboratories equipped with basic cell culture facilities and instrumentation for bioluminescence detection, that is, low-light detectors connected to inverted microscopes and luminometers, without the need for additional equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Montali
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonia Lopreside
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Michelini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. .,INBB, Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy. .,Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,INBB, Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy
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9
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Handheld Enzymatic Luminescent Biosensor for Rapid Detection of Heavy Metals in Water Samples. CHEMOSENSORS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors7010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic luminescent systems are a promising tool for rapid detection of heavy metals ions for water quality assessment. Nevertheless, their widespread use is limited by the lack of test procedure automation and available sensitive handheld luminometers. Herein we describe integration of disposable microfluidic chips for bioluminescent enzyme-inhibition based assay with a handheld luminometer, which detection system is based on a thermally stabilized silicon photomultiplier (SiPM). Microfluidic chips were made of poly(methyl methacrylate) by micro-milling method and sealed using a solvent bonding technique. The composition of the bioluminescent system in microfluidic chip was optimized to achieve higher luminescence intensity and storage time. Results indicate that developed device provided comparable sensitivity with bench-scale PMT-based commercial luminometers. Limit of detection for copper (II) sulfate reached 2.5 mg/L for developed biosensor. Hereby we proved the concept of handheld enzymatic optical biosensors with disposable chips for bioassay. The proposed biosensor can be used as an early warning field-deployable system for rapid detection of heavy metals salts and other toxic chemicals, which affect bioluminescent signal of enzymatic reaction.
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10
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Pospíšilová M, Kuncová G, Trögl J. Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Fiber-Optic Bio-Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 15:25208-59. [PMID: 26437407 PMCID: PMC4634516 DOI: 10.3390/s151025208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes principles and current stage of development of fiber-optic chemical sensors (FOCS) and biosensors (FOBS). Fiber optic sensor (FOS) systems use the ability of optical fibers (OF) to guide the light in the spectral range from ultraviolet (UV) (180 nm) up to middle infrared (IR) (10 μm) and modulation of guided light by the parameters of the surrounding environment of the OF core. The introduction of OF in the sensor systems has brought advantages such as measurement in flammable and explosive environments, immunity to electrical noises, miniaturization, geometrical flexibility, measurement of small sample volumes, remote sensing in inaccessible sites or harsh environments and multi-sensing. The review comprises briefly the theory of OF elaborated for sensors, techniques of fabrications and analytical results reached with fiber-optic chemical and biological sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pospíšilová
- Czech Technical University, Faculty of Biomedical Engeneering, Nám. Sítná 3105, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic.
| | - Gabriela Kuncová
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, ASCR, Rozvojová 135, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Josef Trögl
- Faculty of Environment, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, KrálovaVýšina 3132/7, 40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic.
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11
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Jia K, Ionescu RE. Measurement of Bacterial Bioluminescence Intensity and Spectrum: Current Physical Techniques and Principles. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 154:19-45. [PMID: 25981856 DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
: Bioluminescence is light production by living organisms, which can be observed in numerous marine creatures and some terrestrial invertebrates. More specifically, bacterial bioluminescence is the "cold light" produced and emitted by bacterial cells, including both wild-type luminescent and genetically engineered bacteria. Because of the lively interplay of synthetic biology, microbiology, toxicology, and biophysics, different configurations of whole-cell biosensors based on bacterial bioluminescence have been designed and are widely used in different fields, such as ecotoxicology, food toxicity, and environmental pollution. This chapter first discusses the background of the bioluminescence phenomenon in terms of optical spectrum. Platforms for bacterial bioluminescence detection using various techniques are then introduced, such as a photomultiplier tube, charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) based integrated circuit. Furthermore, some typical biochemical methods to optimize the analytical performances of bacterial bioluminescent biosensors/assays are reviewed, followed by a presentation of author's recent work concerning the improved sensitivity of a bioluminescent assay for pesticides. Finally, bacterial bioluminescence as implemented in eukaryotic cells, bioluminescent imaging, and cancer cell therapies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jia
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Institut Charles Delaunay, Université de Technologie de Troyes, UMR CNRS 6281, 12 rue Marie Curie CS 42060, TROYES, 10004 Cedex, France
| | - Rodica Elena Ionescu
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Institut Charles Delaunay, Université de Technologie de Troyes, UMR CNRS 6281, 12 rue Marie Curie CS 42060, TROYES, 10004 Cedex, France.
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Pasquardini L, Pancheri L, Potrich C, Ferri A, Piemonte C, Lunelli L, Napione L, Comunanza V, Alvaro M, Vanzetti L, Bussolino F, Pederzolli C. SPAD aptasensor for the detection of circulating protein biomarkers. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 68:500-507. [PMID: 25636022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The need for decentralized clinical tests together with the concept of time and cost saving are pushing the development of portable, miniaturized, compact biosensors with diagnostic and prognostic purpose. Here, we propose an innovative detection system based on a Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) with high sensitivity and low noise, crucial features for an efficient chemiluminescence biosensor. The SPAD detector, having 60 µm diameter, has a Photon Detection Efficiency higher than 55% at 425 nm and a Dark Count Rate lower than 100 Hz at room temperature. Our design allows a good optical coupling efficiency between sample and detector. A specific biofunctional surface was implemented taking advantage of aptamers, short DNA sequences having high selectivity and affinity toward their targets. We successfully detected physiological levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), a circulating protein biomarker highly correlated with cancer. The SPAD aptasensor showed a Limit of Detection (LoD) in the pM range, stability (up to 42 days) and re-usability (up to seven cycles). This compact biosensor is therefore a promising step toward the actual use of portable microdevices in diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pasquardini
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Laboratory of Biomolecular Sequence and Structure Analysis for Health, via Sommarive 18, 38123 Povo (Trento), Italy.
| | - Lucio Pancheri
- DII -Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo (Trento), Italy
| | - Cristina Potrich
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Laboratory of Biomolecular Sequence and Structure Analysis for Health, via Sommarive 18, 38123 Povo (Trento), Italy; CNR-Institute of Biophysics, Unit at Trento, via alla Cascata 56, 38123 Povo (Trento), Italy
| | - Alessandro Ferri
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Center for Materials and Microsystem (CMM), via Sommarive 18, 38123 Povo (Trento), Italy
| | - Claudio Piemonte
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Center for Materials and Microsystem (CMM), via Sommarive 18, 38123 Povo (Trento), Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lunelli
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Laboratory of Biomolecular Sequence and Structure Analysis for Health, via Sommarive 18, 38123 Povo (Trento), Italy; CNR-Institute of Biophysics, Unit at Trento, via alla Cascata 56, 38123 Povo (Trento), Italy
| | - Lucia Napione
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino and Institute for Cancer Research at Candiolo (IRCC), Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo (Torino), Italy
| | - Valentina Comunanza
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino and Institute for Cancer Research at Candiolo (IRCC), Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo (Torino), Italy
| | - Maria Alvaro
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino and Institute for Cancer Research at Candiolo (IRCC), Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo (Torino), Italy
| | - Lia Vanzetti
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Center for Materials and Microsystem (CMM), via Sommarive 18, 38123 Povo (Trento), Italy
| | - Federico Bussolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino and Institute for Cancer Research at Candiolo (IRCC), Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo (Torino), Italy
| | - Cecilia Pederzolli
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Laboratory of Biomolecular Sequence and Structure Analysis for Health, via Sommarive 18, 38123 Povo (Trento), Italy
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Michelini E, Cevenini L, Calabretta MM, Spinozzi S, Camborata C, Roda A. Field-deployable whole-cell bioluminescent biosensors: so near and yet so far. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6155-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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