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Dindaroglu F, Dogan E, Dogan S. Is the Nasolabial Region Symmetric in Individuals With Cleft Lip and Palate? Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2024; 61:12-19. [PMID: 35912442 DOI: 10.1177/10556656221116535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the nasolabial symmetry in smile and resting position in individuals with nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and compare with Class I individuals without cleft lip and palate (CLP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Frontal photographs of 40 individuals with UCLP (mean age 14.30 ± 0.25 years; 20 female, 20 male) and 40 skeletal Class I individuals without CLP (mean age 14.60 ± 0.34 years; 20 female and 20 male) were examined. Bland-Altman Levels of Agreements, Mann-Whitney U test, independent sample t-test were conducted, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for statistical analysis. RESULTS Differences in the transverse lip distance (d-d') and vertical lip height at crista philtri (e-e') were lesser in the UCLP group at smile (P = .001; P = .005, respectively). When comparing the differences in these measurements at rest between control and UCLP groups, vertical lip height was longer at crista philtri (e-e') (P = .014), crista philtri was more laterally located (f-f') (P = .002), and the transverse lip distance was greater (d-d') (P = .004) in the UCLP group. Distance of the crista philtri to the midline of the face (f-f') (P = .007) were higher in the UCLP group during smiling compared to control group. CONCLUSIONS Nasolabial region asymmetry in smiling and rest position in individuals with UCLP was significantly different from the control group. However, the asymmetry in the nasolabial region, which is more evident in the resting position in individuals with UCLP, decreases during smiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Dindaroglu
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ege Dogan
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Servet Dogan
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Patel Y, Sharp I, Enocson L, Khambay BS. An innovative analysis of nasolabial dynamics of surgically managed adult patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate using 3D facial motion capture. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2023; 85:287-298. [PMID: 37541045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare dynamic nasolabial movement between end-of-treatment cleft and a matched non-cleft group in adult patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirteen treated adult participants with unilateral cleft lip and palate had images taken using a facial motion capture system performing a maximum smile. Seventeen landmarks were automatically tracked. For each landmark pair, on either side of the midline, changes in the x, y, and z directions were used to analyze the magnitude of displacement and path of motion. An asymmetry score was developed at rest, mid-smile, and maximum smile to assess the shape of the mouth and/or nose. RESULTS At maximum smile, displacement of right and left cheilion was clinically and statistically (p < 0.05) less in the cleft group. The lip asymmetry score was greater (p < 0.05) at each time point in the cleft group using the clinical midline. Using Procrustes superimposition, the differences were significant (p < 0.05) only at rest and mid-smile. The alar bases were displaced significantly less (p < 0.05) in the z direction in the cleft group. The asymmetry score of the alar base was significantly higher using the clinical midline than using Procrustes superimposition in patients with cleft conditions (p < 0.001). In the cleft group, at maximum smile, the right and left cristae philter moved significantly less (p < 0.05) in the x and z directions. CONCLUSIONS There was an increase in asymmetry score of the corners of the mouth and alar bases from rest to maximum smile. The lips were similar in shape but oriented differently in the faces of patients with cleft conditions than in individuals without those conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Patel
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - I Sharp
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - L Enocson
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - B S Khambay
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, UK.
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Zhu Y, Fu X, Zhang L, Zheng S, Wen A, Xiao N, Wang Y, Zhao Y. A mathematical algorithm of the facial symmetry plane: Application to mandibular deformity 3D facial data. J Anat 2022; 240:556-566. [PMID: 34841516 PMCID: PMC8819050 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) symmetry reference plane (SRP) is the premise and basis of 3D facial symmetry analysis. Currently, most methods for extracting the SRP are based on anatomical landmarks measured manually using a digital 3D facial model. However, as different clinicians have varying definitions of landmarks, establishing common methods suitable for different types of facial asymmetry remains challenging. The present study aimed to investigate and evaluate a novel mathematical algorithm based on power function weighted Procrustes analysis (PWPA) to determine 3D facial SRPs for patients with mandibular deviation. From 30 patients with mandibular deviation, 3D facial SRPs were determined using both our PWPA algorithms (two functions) and the traditional PA algorithm (experimental groups). A reference plane, defined by experts, was considered the 'truth plane'. The 'position error' index of mirrored landmarks was created to quantitatively evaluate the difference among the PWPA SRPs and the truth plane, including overall differences and regional differences of the face (upper, middle and lower). The 'angle error' values between the SRPs and the truth plane in the experimental groups were also evaluated in this study. Statistics and measurement analyses were used to comprehensively evaluate the clinical suitability of the PWPA algorithms to construct the SRP. The average angle error values between the PWPA SRPs of the two functions and the truth plane were 1.21 ± 0.65° and 1.18 ± 0.62°, which were smaller than those between the PA SRP and the truth plane. The position error values of mirrored landmarks constructed using the PWPA algorithms for the whole face and for each facial partition were lower than those constructed using the PA algorithm. In conclusion, for patients with mandibular deviation, this novel mathematical algorithm provided a more suitable SRP for their 3D facial model, which achieved a result approaching the true effect of experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Zhu
- Center of Digital Dentistry/Department of ProsthodonticsPeking University School and Hospital of StomatologyBeijingPR China
- National Center of StomatologyBeijingPR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesBeijingPR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of StomatologyBeijingPR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital StomatologyBeijingPR China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of HealthBeijingPR China
| | - Xiangling Fu
- School of Computer ScienceBeijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (National Pilot Software Engineering School)BeijingPR China
- Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and ServiceMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsBeijingPR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Center of Digital Dentistry/Department of ProsthodonticsPeking University School and Hospital of StomatologyBeijingPR China
- National Center of StomatologyBeijingPR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesBeijingPR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of StomatologyBeijingPR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital StomatologyBeijingPR China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of HealthBeijingPR China
| | - Shengwen Zheng
- School of Computer ScienceBeijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (National Pilot Software Engineering School)BeijingPR China
- Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and ServiceMinistry of EducationBeijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsBeijingPR China
| | - Aonan Wen
- Center of Digital Dentistry/Department of ProsthodonticsPeking University School and Hospital of StomatologyBeijingPR China
- National Center of StomatologyBeijingPR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesBeijingPR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of StomatologyBeijingPR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital StomatologyBeijingPR China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of HealthBeijingPR China
| | - Ning Xiao
- Center of Digital Dentistry/Department of ProsthodonticsPeking University School and Hospital of StomatologyBeijingPR China
- National Center of StomatologyBeijingPR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesBeijingPR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of StomatologyBeijingPR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital StomatologyBeijingPR China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of HealthBeijingPR China
| | - Yong Wang
- Center of Digital Dentistry/Department of ProsthodonticsPeking University School and Hospital of StomatologyBeijingPR China
- National Center of StomatologyBeijingPR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesBeijingPR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of StomatologyBeijingPR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital StomatologyBeijingPR China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of HealthBeijingPR China
| | - Yijiao Zhao
- Center of Digital Dentistry/Department of ProsthodonticsPeking University School and Hospital of StomatologyBeijingPR China
- National Center of StomatologyBeijingPR China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesBeijingPR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of StomatologyBeijingPR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital StomatologyBeijingPR China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of HealthBeijingPR China
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Zhu Y, Zheng S, Yang G, Fu X, Xiao N, Wen A, Wang Y, Zhao Y. A novel method for 3D face symmetry reference plane based on weighted Procrustes analysis algorithm. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:319. [PMID: 33176780 PMCID: PMC7659067 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to establish a novel method, using the weighted Procrustes analysis (WPA) algorithm, which assigns weight to facial anatomical landmarks, to construct a three-dimensional facial symmetry reference plane (SRP) for mandibular deviation patients. METHODS Three-dimensional facial SRPs were independently extracted from 15 mandibular deviation patients using both our WPA algorithm and the standard PA algorithm. A reference plane was defined to serve as the ground truth. To determine whether the WPA SRP or the PA SRP was closer to the ground truth, we measured the position error of mirrored landmarks, the facial asymmetry index (FAI) error, and the angle error for the global face and each facial third partition. RESULTS The average angle error between the WPA SRP and the ground truth was 1.66 ± 0.81°, which was smaller than that between the PA SRP and the ground truth. The position error of the mirrored landmarks constructed using the WPA algorithm in the global face (3.64 ± 1.53 mm) and each facial partition was lower than that constructed using the PA algorithm. The average FAI error of the WPA SRP was - 7.77 ± 17.02 mm, which was smaller than that of the PA SRP. CONCLUSIONS This novel automatic algorithm, based on weighted anatomic landmarks, can provide a more adaptable SRP than the standard PA algorithm when applied to severe mandibular deviation patients and can better simulate the diagnosis strategies of clinical experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Zhu
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Technology of Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shengwen Zheng
- School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.10 Xitucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100876, China.,Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.10 Xitucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Guosheng Yang
- School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.10 Xitucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100876, China.,Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.10 Xitucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Xiangling Fu
- School of Software Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.10 Xitucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100876, China.,Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.10 Xitucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100876, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Technology of Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Aonan Wen
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Technology of Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Technology of Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yijiao Zhao
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Technology of Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, No.22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Ayoub A, Khan A, Aldhanhani A, Alnaser H, Naudi K, Ju X, Gillgrass T, Mossey P. The Validation of an Innovative Method for 3D Capture and Analysis of the Nasolabial Region in Cleft Cases. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2020; 58:98-104. [PMID: 32783457 PMCID: PMC7739118 DOI: 10.1177/1055665620946987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To validate a newly developed method for capturing 3-dimensional (3D) images of the nasolabial region for assessing upper lip scarring and asymmetry in surgically managed unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) cases. Design: Validation study, single cohort. Materials and Methods: Eighteen surgically managed UCLP cases were recruited, the nasolabial region of each face was scanned using an intraoral scanner (IOS) to produce 3D images. The images were manually segmented to allow the calculation of surface area of the scar and upper lip asymmetry. Five professionals and 5 lay assessors subjectively evaluated the same images and graded the upper lip scarring and asymmetry at 2 separate occasions. The relationship between the subjective and objective assessments was evaluated. Results: Moderate correlation was found between subjective and objective evaluations of the upper lip scarring and total asymmetry. The captured 3D images were of good quality for the objective measurements of lip asymmetry and residual scarring. Moderate to strong correlations were detected between the 2 panels (T ranging between 0.5 and 0.9) with no significant difference (P > .05) in the mean score of the subjectively evaluated parameters. Conclusion: The IOS is a useful tool for the capture of the nasolabial morphology. The captured 3D images are a reliable source for measuring lip asymmetry and scar surface area. The method has sufficient validity for routine clinical use and for objective outcome measures of the surgical repair of cleft lip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Ayoub
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Glasgow University Dental Hospital and School, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Adil Khan
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Aldhanhani
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hashim Alnaser
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt Naudi
- Oral Surgery, University of Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangyang Ju
- Image Processing, Medical Devices Unit, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Gillgrass
- Orthodontics, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Mossey
- Craniofacial development, 3042Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom
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