1
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Wu R, Xu H, Zhou H, Yu P, Wen Z, Chen W. Electrochemically promoted thio-Michael addition of N-substituted maleimides to thiols in an aqueous medium. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 38874577 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00734d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
A stable and practical electrochemical method was developed to promote the thio-Michael addition of N-substituted maleimides to various thiols in an aqueous medium. This protocol was found to be excellent in terms of facile scale-up, oxidant- and catalyst-free conditions, broad substrate scopes, good functional group tolerance, and easily available substrates. Notably, a plausible reaction mechanism was derived from the results of a series of control experiments and CV studies, which indicated that a radical pathway might speed up the thio-Michael addition under constant current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Wu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Haojian Xu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Haiping Zhou
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Pingbing Yu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Zhaoyue Wen
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu, Sichuan, 610031, China.
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2
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Hartz RA, Ahuja VT, Luo G, Chen L, Sivaprakasam P, Xiao H, Krause CM, Clarke WJ, Xu S, Tokarski JS, Kish K, Lewis H, Szapiel N, Ravirala R, Mutalik S, Nakmode D, Shah D, Burton CR, Macor JE, Dubowchik GM. Discovery of 2-(Anilino)pyrimidine-4-carboxamides as Highly Potent, Selective, and Orally Active Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37235865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase that serves as an important regulator of a broad range of cellular functions. It has been linked to Alzheimer's disease as well as various other diseases, including mood disorders, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. There is considerable evidence indicating that GSK-3β in the central nervous system plays a role in the production of abnormal, hyperphosphorylated, microtubule-associated tau protein found in neurofibrillary tangles associated with Alzheimer's disease. A series of analogues containing a pyrimidine-based hinge-binding heterocycle was synthesized and evaluated, leading to the identification of highly potent GSK-3 inhibitors with excellent kinase selectivity. Further evaluation of 34 and 40 in vivo demonstrated that these compounds are orally bioavailable, brain-penetrant GSK-3 inhibitors that lowered levels of phosphorylated tau in a triple-transgenic mouse Alzheimer's disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ramu Ravirala
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sayali Mutalik
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Deepa Nakmode
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Devang Shah
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
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3
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Sheng Y, Gao Y, Duan B, Lv M, Chen Y, Yang M, Zhou J, Liang G, Song Z. Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Direct C7‐Selective Alkenylation and Alkylation of Indoles with Maleimides. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoguang Sheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 People's Republic of China
| | - Bingbing Duan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjie Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 People's Republic of China
| | - Zengqiang Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 People's Republic of China
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4
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Transition metal free K2CO3 mediated thioarylation, selenoarylation and arylation of 2-aminomaleimides at ambient temperature. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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Bettadapur KR, Sherikar MS, Lanke V, Prabhu KR. RhIII
-Catalyzed C−H Activation: Mizoroki-Heck-Type Reaction of Maleimides. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran R. Bettadapur
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560 012 Karnataka India
| | | | - Veeranjaneyulu Lanke
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560 012 Karnataka India
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6
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Zhang D, Liu L, Pang L, Jin Q, Ke K, Hu M, Yang J, Ma W, Xie H, Chen X. Biological evaluation and energetic analyses of novel GSK‐3
β
inhibitors. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:3510-3518. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denan Zhang
- Department of PharmacogenomicsCollege of Bioinformatics Science and TechnologyHarbin Medical UniversityHarbinP. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of PharmacogenomicsCollege of Bioinformatics Science and TechnologyHarbin Medical UniversityHarbinP. R. China
| | - Lin Pang
- Department of PharmacogenomicsCollege of Bioinformatics Science and TechnologyHarbin Medical UniversityHarbinP. R. China
| | - Qing Jin
- Department of PharmacogenomicsCollege of Bioinformatics Science and TechnologyHarbin Medical UniversityHarbinP. R. China
| | - Kehui Ke
- Department of PharmacogenomicsCollege of Bioinformatics Science and TechnologyHarbin Medical UniversityHarbinP. R. China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of PharmacogenomicsCollege of Bioinformatics Science and TechnologyHarbin Medical UniversityHarbinP. R. China
| | - Jingbo Yang
- Department of PharmacogenomicsCollege of Bioinformatics Science and TechnologyHarbin Medical UniversityHarbinP. R. China
| | - Weifang Ma
- Department of PharmacogenomicsCollege of Bioinformatics Science and TechnologyHarbin Medical UniversityHarbinP. R. China
| | - Hongbo Xie
- Department of PharmacogenomicsCollege of Bioinformatics Science and TechnologyHarbin Medical UniversityHarbinP. R. China
| | - Xiujie Chen
- Department of PharmacogenomicsCollege of Bioinformatics Science and TechnologyHarbin Medical UniversityHarbinP. R. China
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7
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Saraswati AP, Ali Hussaini SM, Krishna NH, Babu BN, Kamal A. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 and its inhibitors: Potential target for various therapeutic conditions. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 144:843-858. [PMID: 29306837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase which is ubiquitously expressed and is regarded as a regulator for various cellular events and signalling pathways. It exists in two isoforms, GSK-3α and GSK-3β and can phosphorylate a wide range of substrates. Aberrancy in the GSK-3 activity can lead to various diseases like Alzheimer's, diabetes, cancer, neurodegeneration etc., rendering it an attractive target to develop potent and specific inhibitors. The present review focuses on the recent developments in the area of GSK-3 inhibitors and also enlightens its therapeutic applicability in various disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prasanth Saraswati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - S M Ali Hussaini
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Namballa Hari Krishna
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500 037, India; Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Bathini Nagendra Babu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, 500 037, India; Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India; School Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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8
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Xie H, Wen H, Zhang D, Liu L, Liu B, Liu Q, Jin Q, Ke K, Hu M, Chen X. Designing of dual inhibitors for GSK-3β and CDK5: Virtual screening and in vitro biological activities study. Oncotarget 2017; 8:18118-18128. [PMID: 28179579 PMCID: PMC5392312 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder with many drug targets contributing to its etiology. Despite the devastating effects of this disease, therapeutic methods for treating Alzheimer's disease remain limited. The multifactorial nature of Alzheimer's disease strongly supports a multi-target rationale as a drug design strategy. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 have been identified as being involved in the pathological hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins, which leads to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and causes Alzheimer's disease. In this study, using a molecular docking method to screen a virtual library, we discovered molecules that can simultaneously inhibit Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 as lead compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The docking results revealed the key residues in the substrate binding sites of both Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and cyclin-dependent kinase 5. A receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that the docking model consistently and selectively scored the majority of active compounds above decoys. The pre-treatment of cells with screened compounds protected them against Aβ25-35- induced cell death by up to 80%. Collectively, these findings suggest that some compounds have potential to be promising multifunctional agents for Alzheimer's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Xie
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P. R. China
| | - Haixia Wen
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P. R. China.,Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P. R. China
| | - Denan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P. R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P. R. China
| | - Qiuqi Liu
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P. R. China
| | - Qing Jin
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P. R. China
| | - Kehui Ke
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P. R. China
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P. R. China
| | - Xiujie Chen
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, P. R. China
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9
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Li L, Shao X, Cole EL, Ohnmacht S, Ferrari V, Hong YT, Williamson DJ, Fryer TD, Quesada CA, Sherman P, Riss PJ, Scott PJH, Aigbirhio FI. Synthesis and Initial in Vivo Studies with [(11)C]SB-216763: The First Radiolabeled Brain Penetrative Inhibitor of GSK-3. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:548-52. [PMID: 26005531 PMCID: PMC4434473 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activity in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is of interest because dysregulation of GSK-3 is implicated in numerous diseases and neurological disorders for which GSK-3 inhibitors are being considered as therapeutic strategies. Previous PET radiotracers for GSK-3 have been reported, but none of the published examples cross the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, we have an ongoing interest in developing a brain penetrating radiotracer for GSK-3. To this end, we were interested in synthesis and preclinical evaluation of [(11)C]SB-216763, a high-affinity inhibitor of GSK-3 (K i = 9 nM; IC50 = 34 nM). Initial radiosyntheses of [(11)C]SB-216763 proved ineffective in our hands because of competing [3 + 3] sigmatropic shifts. Therefore, we have developed a novel one-pot two-step synthesis of [(11)C]SB-216763 from a 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl-protected maleimide precursor, which provided high specific activity [(11)C]SB-216763 in 1% noncorrected radiochemical yield (based upon [(11)C]CH3I) and 97-100% radiochemical purity (n = 7). Initial preclinical evaluation in rodent and nonhuman primate PET imaging studies revealed high initial brain uptake (peak rodent SUV = 2.5 @ 3 min postinjection; peak nonhuman primate SUV = 1.9 @ 5 min postinjection) followed by washout. Brain uptake was highest in thalamus, striatum, cortex, and cerebellum, areas known to be rich in GSK-3. These results make the arylindolemaleimide skeleton our lead scaffold for developing a PET radiotracer for quantification of GSK-3 density in vivo and ultimately translating it into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Molecular
Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - Xia Shao
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Erin L. Cole
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephan
A. Ohnmacht
- Molecular
Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - Valentina Ferrari
- Molecular
Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - Young T. Hong
- Laboratory
for Molecular Imaging, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - David J. Williamson
- Laboratory
for Molecular Imaging, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - Tim D. Fryer
- Laboratory
for Molecular Imaging, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - Carole A. Quesada
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Phillip Sherman
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Patrick J. Riss
- Molecular
Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- The
Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Franklin I. Aigbirhio
- Molecular
Imaging Chemistry Laboratory, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
- Laboratory
for Molecular Imaging, Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, U.K.
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10
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Mérour JY, Buron F, Plé K, Bonnet P, Routier S. The azaindole framework in the design of kinase inhibitors. Molecules 2014; 19:19935-79. [PMID: 25460315 PMCID: PMC6271083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191219935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article illustrates the growing use of azaindole derivatives as kinase inhibitors and their contribution to drug discovery and innovation. The different protein kinases which have served as targets and the known molecules which have emerged from medicinal chemistry and Fragment-Based Drug Discovery (FBDD) programs are presented. The various synthetic routes used to access these compounds and the chemical pathways leading to their synthesis are also discussed. An analysis of their mode of binding based on X-ray crystallography data gives structural insights for the design of more potent and selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Mérour
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, Orléans F-45067, France.
| | - Frédéric Buron
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, Orléans F-45067, France.
| | - Karen Plé
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, Orléans F-45067, France.
| | - Pascal Bonnet
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, Orléans F-45067, France.
| | - Sylvain Routier
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 7311, Orléans F-45067, France.
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11
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Gunosewoyo H, Midzak A, Gaisina IN, Sabath EV, Fedolak A, Hanania T, Brunner D, Papadopoulos V, Kozikowski AP. Characterization of maleimide-based glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) inhibitors as stimulators of steroidogenesis. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5115-29. [PMID: 23725591 DOI: 10.1021/jm400511s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of GSK-3β has been well documented to account for the behavioral actions of the mood stabilizer lithium in various animal models of mood disorders. Recent studies have showed that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3β resulted in anxiolytic-like and pro-social behavior. In our ongoing efforts to develop GSK-3β inhibitors for the treatment of mood disorders, SAR studies on maleimide-based compounds were undertaken. We present herein for the first time that some of these GSK-3β inhibitors, in particular analogues 1 and 9, were able to stimulate progesterone production in the MA-10 mouse tumor Leydig cell model of steroidogenesis without any significant toxicity. These two compounds were tested in the SmartCube behavioral assay and showed anxiolytic-like signatures following daily dose administration (50 mg/kg, ip) for 13 days. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that GSK-3β inhibition could influence neuroactive steroid production thereby mediating the modulation of anxiety-like behavior in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendra Gunosewoyo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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12
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Small-Molecule Inhibitors of GSK-3: Structural Insights and Their Application to Alzheimer's Disease Models. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:381029. [PMID: 22888461 PMCID: PMC3408674 DOI: 10.1155/2012/381029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The world health organization (WHO) estimated that 18 million people are struck by Alzheimer's disease (AD). The USA, France, Germany, and other countries launched major programmes targeting the identification of risk factors, the improvement of caretaking, and fundamental research aiming to postpone the onset of AD. The glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is implicated in multiple cellular processes and has been linked to the pathogenesis of several diseases including diabetes mellitus, cancer, and AD. Inhibition of GSK-3 leads to neuroprotective effects, decreased β-amyloid production, and a reduction in tau hyperphosphorylation, which are all associated with AD. Various classes of small molecule GSK-3 inhibitors have been published in patents and original publications. Herein, we present a comprehensive summary of small molecules reported to interact with GSK-3. We illustrate the interactions of the inhibitors with the active site. Furthermore, we refer to the biological characterisation in terms of activity and selectivity for GSK-3, elucidate in vivo studies and pre-/clinical trials.
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13
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Literature Survey Part A: Transition Metal-Catalyzed Reactions. MICROWAVES IN ORGANIC AND MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527647828.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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14
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Liu C, Wu Y, Han N, Qiu J. Efficient synthesis of 4-heteroaryl-substituted triphenylamine derivatives via a ligand-free Suzuki reaction. Appl Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian; 116024; People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian; 116024; People's Republic of China
| | - Na Han
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian; 116024; People's Republic of China
| | - Jieshan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian; 116024; People's Republic of China
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15
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Alexopoulos LG, Saez-Rodriguez J, Cosgrove BD, Lauffenburger DA, Sorger PK. Networks inferred from biochemical data reveal profound differences in toll-like receptor and inflammatory signaling between normal and transformed hepatocytes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:1849-65. [PMID: 20460255 PMCID: PMC2938121 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic study of cell signaling networks increasingly involves high throughput proteomics, transcriptional profiling, and automated literature mining with the aim of assembling large scale interaction networks. In contrast, functional analysis of cell signaling usually focuses on a much smaller sets of proteins and eschews computation but focuses directly on cellular responses to environment and perturbation. We sought to combine these two traditions by collecting cell response measures on a reasonably large scale and then attempting to infer differences in network topology between two cell types. Human hepatocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines were exposed to inducers of inflammation, innate immunity, and proliferation in the presence and absence of small molecule drugs, and multiplex biochemical measurement was then performed on intra- and extracellular signaling molecules. We uncovered major differences between primary and transformed hepatocytes with respect to the engagement of toll-like receptor and NF-κB-dependent secretion of chemokines and cytokines that prime and attract immune cells. Overall, our results serve as a proof of principle for an approach to network analysis that is systematic, comparative, and biochemically focused. More specifically, our data support the hypothesis that hepatocellular carcinoma cells down-regulate normal inflammatory and immune responses to avoid immune editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas G Alexopoulos
- Center for Cell Decision Processes, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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16
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Smith EA, Potter C, Kennedy ZC, Puciaty AJ, Acevedo-Jake AM, Hersey SD, Metz CR, Pennington WT, VanDerveer DG, Beam CF. Preparation of NH-pyrazoleacetic acid anilides from trilithiated acetoacetanilide, select aromatic esters, and hydrazine. J Heterocycl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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V. Tverdokhlebov A, Yu. Nestorak I, A. Tolmachev A, M. Volovenko Y. Synthesis of 3-(Pyrimidinyl)pyrrole Derivatives. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/com-09-11881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ou Y, Ruan Y, Cheng M, Moser JJ, Rattner JB, van der Hoorn FA. Adenylate cyclase regulates elongation of mammalian primary cilia. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:2802-17. [PMID: 19576885 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a non-motile microtubule-based structure that shares many similarities with the structures of flagella and motile cilia. It is well known that the length of flagella is under stringent control, but it is not known whether this is true for primary cilia. In this study, we found that the length of primary cilia in fibroblast-like synoviocytes, either in log phase culture or in quiescent state, was confined within a range. However, when lithium was added to the culture to a final concentration of 100 mM, primary cilia of synoviocytes grew beyond this range, elongating to a length that was on average approximately 3 times the length of untreated cilia. Lithium is a drug approved for treating bipolar disorder. We dissected the molecular targets of this drug, and observed that inhibition of adenylate cyclase III (ACIII) by specific inhibitors mimicked the effects of lithium on primary cilium elongation. Inhibition of GSK-3beta by four different inhibitors did not induce primary cilia elongation. ACIII was found in primary cilia of a variety of cell types, and lithium treatment of these cell types led to their cilium elongation. Further, we demonstrate that different cell types displayed distinct sensitivities to the lithium treatment. However, in all cases examined primary cilia elongated as a result of lithium treatment. In particular, two neuronal cell types, rat PC-12 adrenal medulla cells and human astrocytes, developed long primary cilia when lithium was used at or close to the therapeutic relevant concentration (1-2 mM). These results suggest that the length of primary cilia is controlled, at least in part, by the ACIII-cAMP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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Justman QA, Serber Z, Ferrell JE, El-Samad H, Shokat KM. Tuning the activation threshold of a kinase network by nested feedback loops. Science 2009; 324:509-12. [PMID: 19390045 DOI: 10.1126/science.1169498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Determining proper responsiveness to incoming signals is fundamental to all biological systems. We demonstrate that intracellular signaling nodes can tune a signaling network's response threshold away from the basal median effective concentration established by ligand-receptor interactions. Focusing on the bistable kinase network that governs progesterone-induced meiotic entry in Xenopus oocytes, we characterized glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) as a dampener of progesterone responsiveness. GSK-3beta engages the meiotic kinase network through a double-negative feedback loop; this specific feedback architecture raises the progesterone threshold in correspondence with the strength of double-negative signaling. We also identified a marker of nutritional status, l-leucine, which lowers the progesterone threshold, indicating that oocytes integrate additional signals into their cell-fate decisions by modulating progesterone responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quincey A Justman
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Parcerisa J, Romero M, Pujol MD. Synthesis of 2-substituted-7-azaindoles from 2-amino-3-picolin. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tighe A, Ray-Sinha A, Staples OD, Taylor SS. GSK-3 inhibitors induce chromosome instability. BMC Cell Biol 2007; 8:34. [PMID: 17697341 PMCID: PMC1976608 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-8-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several mechanisms operate during mitosis to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. However, during tumour evolution these mechanisms go awry resulting in chromosome instability. While several lines of evidence suggest that mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) may promote chromosome instability, at least in colon cancer, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we turn our attention to GSK-3 – a protein kinase, which in concert with APC, targets β-catenin for proteolysis – and ask whether GSK-3 is required for accurate chromosome segregation. Results To probe the role of GSK-3 in mitosis, we inhibited GSK-3 kinase activity in cells using a panel of small molecule inhibitors, including SB-415286, AR-A014418, 1-Azakenpaullone and CHIR99021. Analysis of synchronised HeLa cells shows that GSK-3 inhibitors do not prevent G1/S progression or cell division. They do, however, significantly delay mitotic exit, largely because inhibitor-treated cells have difficulty aligning all their chromosomes. Although bipolar spindles form and the majority of chromosomes biorient, one or more chromosomes often remain mono-oriented near the spindle poles. Despite a prolonged mitotic delay, anaphase frequently initiates without the last chromosome aligning, resulting in chromosome non-disjunction. To rule out the possibility of "off-target" effects, we also used RNA interference to selectively repress GSK-3β. Cells deficient for GSK-3β exhibit a similar chromosome alignment defect, with chromosomes clustered near the spindle poles. GSK-3β repression also results in cells accumulating micronuclei, a hallmark of chromosome missegregation. Conclusion Thus, not only do our observations indicate a role for GSK-3 in accurate chromosome segregation, but they also raise the possibility that, if used as therapeutic agents, GSK-3 inhibitors may induce unwanted side effects by inducing chromosome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Tighe
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Arpita Ray-Sinha
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Division of Surgery and Oncology, University of Liverpool, 5Floor UCD Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Oliver D Staples
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Stephen S Taylor
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ. Pediatric oncology. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2007; 11:424-32. [PMID: 17652007 PMCID: PMC2265418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intensive use of cytotoxic agents in multimodality therapeutic regimens has resulted in almost 80% five-year disease-free survival and cure in the majority of childhood cancer patients. However, such success has come at the expense of severe acute or delayed toxicities and an increased occurrence of secondary cancers. With an increasing understanding of the genetic changes that underlie transformation in childhood cancer, rational approaches using agents that target these transforming events are being developed. Current and future strategies in developing tumor-selective therapy using inhibitors of signaling pathways dysregulated in leukemias (FLT3, NOTCH1) and solid/brain tumors (ErbB1-4, IGF-IR, PTCH1), and the challenges in developing less toxic, but equally effective treatments in pediatric oncology are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raushan T Kurmasheva
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale Street, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, United States
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Zheng X, Kerr MA. Synthesis and Cross-Coupling Reactions of 7-Azaindoles via a New Donor−Acceptor Cyclopropane. Org Lett 2006; 8:3777-9. [PMID: 16898815 DOI: 10.1021/ol061379i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A new type of donor-acceptor cyclopropane has been prepared from commercially available cyclopropane-1,1-diesters. This cyclopropane reacts with triflic anhydride to produce an isolable tristrifloxy intermediate which when treated with primary amines gives 6-trifloxy-7-azaindolines which in turn can be dehydrogenated to the azaindoles. The 6-trifloxy substituent can be used to introduce diversity at this position via a variety of cross-coupling reactions thus preparing potentially interesting compounds based on the important 7-azaindole pharmacophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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Maes BUW. Transition-Metal-Based Carbon–Carbon and Carbon–Heteroatom Bond Formation for the Synthesis and Decoration of Heterocycles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Applied Suzuki cross-coupling reaction for syntheses of biologically active compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-3158(06)80004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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