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Abstract
"Retinoid" is the general term for vitamin A derivatives and chemical compounds that act like vitamin A. Vitamin A are composed of four isoprene units and are named according to their terminal functional group, such as retinol (OH, 1), retinal (CHO, 2), and retinoic acid (CO2H, 3). Vitamin A usually refers to retinol. In the past few decades, major advances in research on vitamin A have improved our understanding of its fundamental roles and physiological significance in living cells. In this review, three types of chemical biology studies using vitamin A analogs are described: (1) conformational studies of the chromophore in retinal proteins (rhodopsin, phoborhodopsin, and retinochrome), especially the conformation around the cyclohexene ring; (2) structure-activity relationship studies of retinoic acid analogs to create new signaling molecules for activating nuclear receptors; and (3) development of a new channelrhodopsin with an absorption maximum at longer wavelength to overcome the various demerits of channelrhodopsins used in optogenetics, as well as the stereoselective synthesis of retinoid isomers and their analogs using a diene-tricarbonyliron complex or a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between vinyl triflates and stannyl olefins.
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Molloy JJ, Schäfer M, Wienhold M, Morack T, Daniliuc CG, Gilmour R. Boron-enabled geometric isomerization of alkenes via selective energy-transfer catalysis. Science 2020; 369:302-306. [PMID: 32675371 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb7235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Isomerization-based strategies to enable the stereodivergent construction of complex polyenes from geometrically defined alkene linchpins remain conspicuously underdeveloped. Mitigating the thermodynamic constraints inherent to isomerization is further frustrated by the considerations of atom efficiency in idealized low-molecular weight precursors. In this work, we report a general ambiphilic C3 scaffold that can be isomerized and bidirectionally extended. Predicated on highly efficient triplet energy transfer, the selective isomerization of β-borylacrylates is contingent on the participation of the boron p orbital in the substrate chromophore. Rotation of the C(sp2)-B bond by 90° in the product renders re-excitation inefficient and endows directionality. This subtle stereoelectronic gating mechanism enables the stereocontrolled syntheses of well-defined retinoic acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Molloy
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Michael Schäfer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Max Wienhold
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Morack
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Synthesis of new paramagnetic retinal analogues. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-013-1144-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Álvarez R, Vaz B, Gronemeyer H, de Lera ÁR. Functions, therapeutic applications, and synthesis of retinoids and carotenoids. Chem Rev 2013; 114:1-125. [PMID: 24266866 DOI: 10.1021/cr400126u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CINBIO), and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Vigo (IBIV), Universidade de Vigo , 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Sato S, Fukagawa T, Tachibanaki S, Yamano Y, Wada A, Kawamura S. Substrate specificity and subcellular localization of the aldehyde-alcohol redox-coupling reaction in carp cones. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:36589-97. [PMID: 24217249 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.521153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study suggested the presence of a novel cone-specific redox reaction that generates 11-cis-retinal from 11-cis-retinol in the carp retina. This reaction is unique in that 1) both 11-cis-retinol and all-trans-retinal were required to produce 11-cis-retinal; 2) together with 11-cis-retinal, all-trans-retinol was produced at a 1:1 ratio; and 3) the addition of enzyme cofactors such as NADP(H) was not necessary. This reaction is probably part of the reactions in a cone-specific retinoid cycle required for cone visual pigment regeneration with the use of 11-cis-retinol supplied from Müller cells. In this study, using purified carp cone membrane preparations, we first confirmed that the reaction is a redox-coupling reaction between retinals and retinols. We further examined the substrate specificity, reaction mechanism, and subcellular localization of this reaction. Oxidation was specific for 11-cis-retinol and 9-cis-retinol. In contrast, reduction showed low specificity: many aldehydes, including all-trans-, 9-cis-, 11-cis-, and 13-cis-retinals and even benzaldehyde, supported the reaction. On the basis of kinetic studies of this reaction (aldehyde-alcohol redox-coupling reaction), we found that formation of a ternary complex of a retinol, an aldehyde, and a postulated enzyme seemed to be necessary, which suggested the presence of both the retinol- and aldehyde-binding sites in this enzyme. A subcellular fractionation study showed that the activity is present almost exclusively in the cone inner segment. These results suggest the presence of an effective production mechanism of 11-cis-retinal in the cone inner segment to regenerate visual pigment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sato
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, and
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Winkler CK, Clay D, Davies S, O'Neill P, McDaid P, Debarge S, Steflik J, Karmilowicz M, Wong JW, Faber K. Chemoenzymatic asymmetric synthesis of pregabalin precursors via asymmetric bioreduction of β-cyanoacrylate esters using ene-reductases. J Org Chem 2013; 78:1525-33. [PMID: 23316696 PMCID: PMC3579311 DOI: 10.1021/jo302484p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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The asymmetric bioreduction of a library of β-cyanoacrylate
esters using ene-reductases was studied with the aim to provide a
biocatalytic route to precursors for GABA analogues, such as pregabalin.
The stereochemical outcome could be controlled by substrate-engineering
through size-variation of the ester moiety and by employing stereochemically
pure (E)- or (Z)-isomers, which
allowed to access both enantiomers of each product in up to quantitative
conversion in enantiomerically pure form. In addition, stereoselectivities
and conversions could be improved by mutant variants of OPR1, and
the utility of the system was demonstrated by preparative-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph K Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Bergueiro J, Montenegro J, Saá C, López S. Synthesis of 11-cis-Retinoids by Hydrosilylation-Protodesilylation of an 11,12-Didehydro Precursor: Easy Access to 11- and 12-Mono- and 11,12-Dideuteroretinoids. Chemistry 2012; 18:14100-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Cross-Coupling Reactions of Organosilicon Compounds in the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Retinoids. Chemistry 2012; 18:4401-10. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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McLean NJ, Gansmuller A, Concistre M, Brown LJ, Levitt MH, Brown RC. Syntheses of 13C2-labelled 11Z-retinals. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Replacement of the hydrophobic part of 9-cis-retinoic acid with cyclic terpenoid moiety results in RXR-selective agonistic activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2939-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wada A, Wang F, Suhara Y, Yamano Y, Okitsu T, Nakagawa K, Okano T. Efficient synthesis and biological evaluation of demethyl geranylgeranoic acid derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5795-806. [PMID: 20673632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic retinoids have generated in the fields of dermatology and oncology due to their potent anti-proliferative and differentiation activities. We efficiently synthesized different demethyl geranylgeranoic acid (GGA) analogs, and evaluated their biological activities. Among the demethyl analogs synthesized, 3-demethyl derivative exhibited the highest anti-proliferative activity in HL-60 cells. In addition, a 3-demethyl derivative induced apoptosis more potently than 9Z-retinoic acid. These activities were due to the high binding affinity of 3-demethyl derivative for retinoid receptors. We found that, in a conjugated polyene system combined with a methyl substituent, the position of the methyl played an important role in the regulation of gene transcription and apoptosis-inducing activity. These results provided useful information on the structure-activity relationships of GGA derivatives that function as acyclic retinoic acid analogs. This information is likely to be useful in the development of new anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akimori Wada
- Department of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan.
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Okitsu T, Nakazawa D, Nakagawa K, Okano T, Wada A. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 9Z-Retinoic Acid Analogs Having 2-Substituted Benzo[b]furan. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:418-22. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Okitsu
- Department of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Daisuke Nakazawa
- Department of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kimie Nakagawa
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Toshio Okano
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Akimori Wada
- Department of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
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Montenegro J, Bergueiro J, Saá C, López S. Hiyama Cross-Coupling Reaction in the Stereospecific Synthesis of Retinoids. Org Lett 2008; 11:141-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol802551a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Montenegro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Julián Bergueiro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Saá
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susana López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Preparation and biological evaluation of 5-substituted retinoic acids. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:8471-81. [PMID: 18760926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Various 5-substituted retinoic acids were prepared by a palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reactions of vinyl nonaflates and E- or Z-3-tributylstannyl-2-beten-1-ol as a key reaction. These coupling products were then converted to the corresponding all-E- and 9Z-retinoic acid analogs via Horner-Emmons reaction and subsequent basic hydrolysis, and their biological activities were evaluated. The all-E-derivatives, 5-butyl and isobutyl analogs exhibited stronger effects for anti-proliferative and differentiation-inducing activities in HL-60 cells. In contrast, in 9Z-derivatives, none of the analogs showed any activity.
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Wada A, Wang F, Ito M. A Convenient and Stereoselective Synthesis of 11Z-3,4-Didehydroretinal by Horner-Emmons Reaction Using Diphenyl Phosphonate. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 56:112-4. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akimori Wada
- Department of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Masayoshi Ito
- Department of Organic Chemistry for Life Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
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Okitsu T, Iwatsuka K, Wada A. Caesium fluoride-promoted Stille coupling reaction: an efficient synthesis of 9Z-retinoic acid and its analogues using a practical building block. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:6330-2. [DOI: 10.1039/b813760a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mizuguchi Y, Wada A, Nakagawa K, Ito M, Okano T. Antitumoral activity of 13-demethyl or 13-substituted analogues of all-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid in the human myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:1803-9. [PMID: 16946489 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The antitumoral activity of 13-demethyl or 13-substituted all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9-cis retinoic acid (9CRA) was tested using the myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60. Cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry and DNA fragmentation assay. The ability to bind to human RXRalpha and to activate either human retinoic acid response element (RARE)-mediated gene expression or rat CRABPII retinoid X response element (RXRalpha)-mediated gene expression were determined using luciferase reporter plasmids. In terms of the magnitude of the regulatory activity for the proliferation and differentiation of HL-60 cells, the compounds ranked as follows: ATRA>13-ethyl ATRA>13-demethyl ATRA>13-phenylethyl ATRA>13-propyl ATRA>13-butyl ATRA (ATRA analogues) and 9CRA>13-ethyl 9CRA>13-demethyl 9CRA>13-propyl 9CRA>13-phenetyl 9CRA>13-butyl 9CRA (9CRA analogues). Regarding the magnitude of the apoptosis-inducing activity, the order was: 9CRA>13-ethyl 9CRA>13-demethyl 9CRA, with ATRA and its analogues and the other 9CRA analogues virtually inactive. Similar trends were observed in binding affinity for RXRalpha and transactivation activity toward RARE- or RXRE-mediated gene expression. The results clearly indicate that the presence of a methyl group at C-13 is essential for the antitumoral activity of ATRA and 9CRA, and that bulky substituents exceeding two carbon atoms or the absence of substitution at position 13 significantly reduce the binding affinity for RAR and RXR, leading to a decreased RAR/RARE and/or RXR/RXRE-mediated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Mizuguchi
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Motoyamakitamachi, Kobe, Japan
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