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Abstract
The purine alkaloid caffeine is the most widely consumed psychostimulant drug in the world and has multiple beneficial pharmacological activities, for example, in neurodegenerative diseases. However, despite being an extensively studied bioactive natural product, the mechanistic understanding of caffeine's pharmacological effects is incomplete. While several molecular targets of caffeine such as adenosine receptors and phosphodiesterases have been known for decades and inspired numerous medicinal chemistry programs, new protein interactions of the xanthine are continuously discovered providing potentially improved pharmacological understanding and a molecular basis for future medicinal chemistry. In this Perspective, we gather knowledge on the confirmed protein interactions, structure activity relationship, and chemical biology of caffeine on well-known and upcoming targets. The diversity of caffeine's molecular activities on receptors and enzymes, many of which are abundant in the CNS, indicates a complex interplay of several mechanisms contributing to neuroprotective effects and highlights new targets as attractive subjects for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Faudone
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Silvia Arifi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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2
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Mailavaram RP, Al-Attraqchi OH, Kar S, Ghosh S. Current Status in the Design and Development of Agonists and Antagonists of Adenosine A3 Receptor as Potential Therapeutic Agents. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2772-2787. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190716114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (ARs) belongs to the family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) that are responsible
for the modulation of a wide variety of physiological functions. The ARs are also implicated in many
diseases such as cancer, arthritis, cardiovascular and renal diseases. The adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR) has
emerged as a potential drug target for the progress of new and effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of
various pathological conditions. This receptor’s involvement in many diseases and its validity as a target has been
established by many studies. Both agonists and antagonists of A3AR have been extensively investigated in the last
decade with the goal of developing novel drugs for treating diseases related to immune disorders, inflammation,
cancer, and others. In this review, we shall focus on the medicinal chemistry of A3AR ligands, exploring the
diverse chemical classes that have been projected as future leading drug candidates. Also, the recent advances in
the therapeuetic applications of A3AR ligands are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu P. Mailavaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur (Affiliated to Andhra University), Bhimavaram, W.G. Dist., AP, India
| | - Omar H.A. Al-Attraqchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University-Jordan, P.O BOX (1), Philadelphia University- 19392, Amman, Jordan
| | - Supratik Kar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, United States
| | - Shinjita Ghosh
- School of Public Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, United States
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3
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Jacobson KA, Merighi S, Varani K, Borea PA, Baraldi S, Tabrizi MA, Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Ciancetta A, Tosh DK, Gao ZG, Gessi S. A 3 Adenosine Receptors as Modulators of Inflammation: From Medicinal Chemistry to Therapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1031-1072. [PMID: 28682469 PMCID: PMC5756520 DOI: 10.1002/med.21456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The A3 adenosine receptor (A3 AR) subtype is a novel, promising therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriasis, as well as liver cancer. A3 AR is coupled to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, leading to modulation of transcription. Furthermore, A3 AR affects functions of almost all immune cells and the proliferation of cancer cells. Numerous A3 AR agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators have been reported, and their structure-activity relationships (SARs) have been studied culminating in the development of potent and selective molecules with drug-like characteristics. The efficacy of nucleoside agonists may be suppressed to produce antagonists, by structural modification of the ribose moiety. Diverse classes of heterocycles have been discovered as selective A3 AR blockers, although with large species differences. Thus, as a result of intense basic research efforts, the outlook for development of A3 AR modulators for human therapeutics is encouraging. Two prototypical selective agonists, N6-(3-Iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (IB-MECA; CF101) and 2-chloro-N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (Cl-IB-MECA; CF102), have progressed to advanced clinical trials. They were found safe and well tolerated in all preclinical and human clinical studies and showed promising results, particularly in psoriasis and RA, where the A3 AR is both a promising therapeutic target and a biologically predictive marker, suggesting a personalized medicine approach. Targeting the A3 AR may pave the way for safe and efficacious treatments for patient populations affected by inflammatory diseases, cancer, and other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Baraldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Romeo Romagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonella Ciancetta
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Dilip K. Tosh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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4
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Facile synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridopyrazin-one via Smiles rearrangement or direct cyclization. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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5
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1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives and their simplified analogues as adenosine A₃ receptor antagonists. Synthesis, structure-affinity relationships and molecular modeling studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 23:9-21. [PMID: 25497490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline (TQX) scaffold was extensively investigated in our previously reported studies and recently, our attention was focused at position 5 of the tricyclic nucleus where different acyl and carboxylate moieties were introduced (compounds 2-15). This study produced some interesting compounds endowed with good hA3 receptor affinity and selectivity. In addition, to find new insights about the structural requirements for hA3 receptor-ligand interaction, the tricyclic TQX ring was destroyed yielding some 1,2,4-triazole derivatives (compounds 16-23). These simplified compounds, though maintaining the crucial structural requirements for adenosine receptor-ligand interaction, have a very low hA3 adenosine receptor affinity, the only exception being compound 23 (1-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl]-3-phenylurea) endowed with a Ki value in the micro-molar range and high hA3 selectivity versus both hA1 and hA2A AR subtypes. Evaluation of the side products obtained in the herein reported synthetic pathways led to the identification of some new triazolo[1,5-a]quinoxalines as hA3AR antagonists (compounds 24-27). These derivatives, though lacking the classical structural requirements for the anchoring at the hA3 receptor site, show high hA3 affinity and in some case selectivity versus hA1 and hA2A subtypes. Molecular docking of the herein reported tricyclic and simplified derivatives was carried out to depict their hypothetical binding mode to our model of hA3 receptor.
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6
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Squarcialupi L, Colotta V, Catarzi D, Varano F, Betti M, Varani K, Vincenzi F, Borea PA, Porta N, Ciancetta A, Moro S. 7-Amino-2-phenylpyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives: Structural investigations at the 5-position to target human A1 and A2A adenosine receptors. Molecular modeling and pharmacological studies. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 84:614-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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7
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Catarzi D, Colotta V, Varano F, Poli D, Squarcialupi L, Filacchioni G, Varani K, Vincenzi F, Borea PA, Dal Ben D, Lambertucci C, Cristalli G. Pyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline derivatives and their simplified analogues as adenosine receptor antagonists: Synthesis, structure–affinity relationships and molecular modeling studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:283-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Fanelli F, De Benedetti PG. Update 1 of: computational modeling approaches to structure-function analysis of G protein-coupled receptors. Chem Rev 2011; 111:PR438-535. [PMID: 22165845 DOI: 10.1021/cr100437t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fanelli
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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9
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Cheong SL, Federico S, Venkatesan G, Mandel AL, Shao YM, Moro S, Spalluto G, Pastorin G. The A3 adenosine receptor as multifaceted therapeutic target: pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, and in silico approaches. Med Res Rev 2011; 33:235-335. [PMID: 22095687 DOI: 10.1002/med.20254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is an ubiquitous local modulator that regulates various physiological and pathological functions by stimulating four membrane receptors, namely A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3). Among these G protein-coupled receptors, the A(3) subtype is found mainly in the lung, liver, heart, eyes, and brain in our body. It has been associated with cerebroprotection and cardioprotection, as well as modulation of cellular growth upon its selective activation. On the other hand, its inhibition by selective antagonists has been reported to be potentially useful in the treatment of pathological conditions including glaucoma, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. In this review, we focused on the pharmacology and the therapeutic implications of the human (h)A(3) adenosine receptor (AR), together with an overview on the progress of hA(3) AR agonists, antagonists, allosteric modulators, and radioligands, as well as on the recent advances pertaining to the computational approaches (e.g., quantitative structure-activity relationships, homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations) applied to the modeling of hA(3) AR and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Lee Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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10
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Poli D, Catarzi D, Colotta V, Varano F, Filacchioni G, Daniele S, Trincavelli L, Martini C, Paoletta S, Moro S. The identification of the 2-phenylphthalazin-1(2H)-one scaffold as a new decorable core skeleton for the design of potent and selective human A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2102-13. [PMID: 21401121 DOI: 10.1021/jm101328n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Following a molecular simplification approach, we have identified the 2-phenylphthalazin-1(2H)-one (PHTZ) ring system as a new decorable core skeleton for the design of novel hA(3) adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists. Interest for this new series was driven by the structural similarity between the PHTZ skeleton and both the 2-aryl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (TQX) and the 4-carboxamido-quinazoline (QZ) scaffolds extensively investigated in our previously reported studies. Our attention was focused at position 4 of the phthalazine nucleus where different amido and ureido moieties were introduced (compounds 2-20). Some of the new PHTZ compounds showed high hA(3) AR affinity and selectivity, the 2,5-dimethoxyphenylphthalazin-1(2H)-one 18 being the most potent and selective hA(3) AR antagonist among this series (K(i) = 0.776 nM; hA(1)/hA(3) and hA(2A)/hA(3) > 12000). Molecular docking studies on the PHTZ derivatives revealed for these compounds a binding mode similar to that of the previously reported TQX and QZ series, as was expected from the simplification approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Poli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff, 6-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
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11
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Samanta K, Panda G. A new synthesis of amino acid-based enantiomerically pure substituted 2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1H-pyrazino[1,2-a]quinoxalines. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2823-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c000029a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Colotta V, Lenzi O, Catarzi D, Varano F, Filacchioni G, Martini C, Trincavelli L, Ciampi O, Pugliese AM, Traini C, Pedata F, Morizzo E, Moro S. Pyrido[2,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-1-one as a new scaffold to develop potent and selective human A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. Synthesis, pharmacological evaluation, and ligand-receptor modeling studies. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2407-19. [PMID: 19301821 DOI: 10.1021/jm8014876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes a new class of human (h) A(3) adenosine receptor antagonists, the 2-arylpyrido[2,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-1-one derivatives (PTP), either 4-oxo (1-6, series A) or 4-amino-substituted (7-20, series B). In both series A and B, substituents able to act as hydrogen bond acceptors (OMe, OH, F, COOEt) were inserted on the 2-phenyl ring. In series B, cycloalkyl and acyl residues were introduced on the 4-amino group. Some of the new derivatives showed high hA(3) AR affinities (K(i) < 50 nM) and selectivities vs both hA(1) and hA(2A) receptors. The selected 4-benzoylamino-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrido[2,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-1-one (18), tested in an in vitro rat model of cerebral ischemia, proved to be effective in preventing the failure of synaptic activity induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation in the hippocampus. Molecular docking of this new class of hA(3) AR antagonists was carried out to depict their hypothetical binding mode to our refined model of hA(3) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Colotta
- Laboratorio di Progettazione, Sintesi e Studio di Eterocicli Biologicamente Attivi, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universita di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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13
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Jacobson KA, Klutz AM, Tosh DK, Ivanov AA, Preti D, Baraldi PG. Medicinal chemistry of the A3 adenosine receptor: agonists, antagonists, and receptor engineering. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:123-59. [PMID: 19639281 PMCID: PMC3413728 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-89615-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) ligands have been modified to optimize their interaction with the A(3)AR. Most of these modifications have been made to the N(6) and C2 positions of adenine as well as the ribose moiety, and using a combination of these substitutions leads to the most efficacious, selective, and potent ligands. A(3)AR agonists such as IB-MECA and Cl-IB-MECA are now advancing into Phase II clinical trials for treatments targeting diseases such as cancer, arthritis, and psoriasis. Also, a wide number of compounds exerting high potency and selectivity in antagonizing the human (h)A(3)AR have been discovered. These molecules are generally characterized by a notable structural diversity, taking into account that aromatic nitrogen-containing monocyclic (thiazoles and thiadiazoles), bicyclic (isoquinoline, quinozalines, (aza)adenines), tricyclic systems (pyrazoloquinolines, triazoloquinoxalines, pyrazolotriazolopyrimidines, triazolopurines, tricyclic xanthines) and nucleoside derivatives have been identified as potent and selective A(3)AR antagonists. Probably due to the "enigmatic" physiological role of A(3)AR, whose activation may produce opposite effects (for example, concerning tissue protection in inflammatory and cancer cells) and may produce effects that are species dependent, only a few molecules have reached preclinical investigation. Indeed, the most advanced A(3)AR antagonists remain in preclinical testing. Among the antagonists described above, compound OT-7999 is expected to enter clinical trials for the treatment of glaucoma, while several thiazole derivatives are in development as antiallergic, antiasthmatic and/or antiinflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA.
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14
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Colotta V, Catarzi D, Varano F, Lenzi O, Filacchioni G, Martini C, Trincavelli L, Ciampi O, Traini C, Pugliese AM, Pedata F, Morizzo E, Moro S. Synthesis, ligand–receptor modeling studies and pharmacological evaluation of novel 4-modified-2-aryl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one derivatives as potent and selective human A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:6086-102. [PMID: 18468446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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15
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Martinelli A, Tuccinardi T. Molecular modeling of adenosine receptors: new results and trends. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:247-77. [PMID: 17492754 DOI: 10.1002/med.20106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous neuromodulator, which carries out its biological task by stimulating four cell surface receptors (A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3)). Adenosine receptors (ARs) are members of the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Their discovery opened up new avenues for potential drug treatment of a variety of conditions such as asthma, neurodegenerative disorders, chronic inflammatory diseases, and many other physiopathological states that are believed to be associated with changes in adenosine levels. Knowledge of the 3D structure of ARs could be of great help in the task of understanding their function and in the rational design of specific ligands. However, since GPCRs are membrane-bound proteins, high-resolution structural characterization is still an extremely difficult task. For this reason, great importance has been placed on molecular modeling studies and, particularly in the last few years, on homology modeling (HM) techniques. The publication of the first high-resolution crystal structure for bovine rhodopsin (bRh), a GPCR superfamily member, provides the option of utilizing HM to generate 3D models based on detailed structural information. In this review we report, analyze, and compare the main experimental data, computational HM procedures and validation methods used for ARs, describing in detail the most successful results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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16
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Cosimelli B, Greco G, Ehlardo M, Novellino E, Da Settimo F, Taliani S, La Motta C, Bellandi M, Tuccinardi T, Martinelli A, Ciampi O, Trincavelli ML, Martini C. Derivatives of 4-amino-6-hydroxy-2-mercaptopyrimidine as novel, potent, and selective A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1764-70. [PMID: 18269230 DOI: 10.1021/jm701159t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A number of derivatives of 4-amino-6-hydroxy-2-mercaptopyrimidine ( 5) were synthesized and biologically evaluated as A 3 adenosine receptor (A 3 AR) antagonists. The new compounds were designed as open chain analogues of a triazolopyrimidinone derivative displaying submicromolar affinity for the A 3 AR, which had been previously identified using a 3D database search. Substituents R, R', and R'' attached to the parent compound 5 were chosen according to factorial design and stepwise lead optimization approaches, taking into account the essentially hydrophobic nature of the A 3 AR binding site. As a result, 5m (R = n-C 3H 7, R' = 4-ClC 6H 4CH 2, R'' = CH 3) was identified among the pyrimidine derivatives as the ligand featuring the best combination of potency and selectivity for the target receptor. This compound binds to the A 3 AR with a K i of 3.5 nM and is devoid of appreciable affinity for the A 1, A 2A, and A 2B ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cosimelli
- Departimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, Naples, Italy.
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17
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Michielan L, Bacilieri M, Schiesaro A, Bolcato C, Pastorin G, Spalluto G, Cacciari B, Klotz KN, Kaseda C, Moro S. Linear and nonlinear 3D-QSAR approaches in tandem with ligand-based homology modeling as a computational strategy to depict the pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidine antagonists binding site of the human adenosine A2A receptor. J Chem Inf Model 2008; 48:350-63. [PMID: 18215030 DOI: 10.1021/ci700300w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The integration of ligand- and structure-based strategies might sensitively increase the success of drug discovery process. We have recently described the application of Molecular Electrostatic Potential autocorrelated vectors (autoMEPs) in generating both linear (Partial Least-Square, PLS) and nonlinear (Response Surface Analysis, RSA) 3D-QSAR models to quantitatively predict the binding affinity of human adenosine A3 receptor antagonists. Moreover, we have also reported a novel GPCR modeling approach, called Ligand-Based Homology Modeling (LBHM), as a tool to simulate the conformational changes of the receptor induced by ligand binding. In the present study, the application of both linear and nonlinear 3D-QSAR methods and LBHM computational techniques has been used to depict the hypothetical antagonist binding site of the human adenosine A2A receptor. In particular, a collection of 127 known human A2A antagonists has been utilized to derive two 3D-QSAR models (autoMEPs/PLS&RSA). In parallel, using a rhodopsin-driven homology modeling approach, we have built a model of the human adenosine A2A receptor. Finally, 3D-QSAR and LBHM strategies have been utilized to predict the binding affinity of five new human A2A pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidine antagonists finding a good agreement between the theoretical and the experimental predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Michielan
- Molecular Modeling Section, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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18
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González MP, Terán C, Teijeira M. Search for new antagonist ligands for adenosine receptors from QSAR point of view. How close are we? Med Res Rev 2008; 28:329-71. [PMID: 17668454 DOI: 10.1002/med.20108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In view of the large libraries of nucleoside analogues that are now being handled in organic synthesis, the identification of drug biological activity is advisable prior to synthesis and this can be achieved by employing predictive biological property methods. In this sense, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) or docking approaches have emerged as promising tools. Although a large number of in silico approaches have been described in the literature for the prediction of different biological activities, the use of QSAR applications to develop adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists is not common as for the case of the antibiotics and anticancer compounds for instance. The intention of this review is to summarize the present knowledge concerning computational predictions of new molecules as adenosine receptor antagonists.
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Morizzo E, Capelli F, Lenzi O, Catarzi D, Varano F, Filacchioni G, Vincenzi F, Varani K, Borea PA, Colotta V, Moro S. Scouting human A3 adenosine receptor antagonist binding mode using a molecular simplification approach: from triazoloquinoxaline to a pyrimidine skeleton as a key study. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6596-606. [PMID: 18047262 DOI: 10.1021/jm070852a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The concept of molecular simplification as a drug design strategy to shorten synthetic routes, while keeping or enhancing the biological activity of the lead drug, has been applied to design new classes of human A3 adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists. Over the past decade, we have focused a part of our research on the study of AR antagonists belonging to strictly correlated classes of tricyclic compounds. One of these classes is represented by the 2-aryl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one derivatives, either 4-amino or 4-oxo-substituted, which were intensively investigated by evaluating the effect of different substituents on the 2-phenyl ring and on the 4-amino group. Using an in silico molecular simplification approach, a new series of easily synthesizable 2-amino/2-oxoquinazoline-4-carboxamido derivatives have been discovered, presenting high affinity and selectivity against human A3 AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Morizzo
- Molecular Modeling Section, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, Padova, Italy
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Da Settimo F, Primofiore G, Taliani S, Marini AM, La Motta C, Simorini F, Salerno S, Sergianni V, Tuccinardi T, Martinelli A, Cosimelli B, Greco G, Novellino E, Ciampi O, Trincavelli ML, Martini C. 5-amino-2-phenyl[1,2,3]triazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]benzotriazin-1-one: a versatile scaffold to obtain potent and selective A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5676-84. [PMID: 17927167 DOI: 10.1021/jm0708376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Binding assays on human A1, A2A, and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs) and functional studies on A2B ARs revealed that various 2-phenyl[1,2,3]triazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]benzotriazin-1,5(6H)-diones VIII, previously reported as ligands at the central benzodiazepine receptor (BzR), possess nanomolar affinity at the A3 AR. Replacement of the amide of VIII with an amidine moiety gave the 5-amino-2-phenyl[1,2,3]triazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]benzotriazin-1-ones IX, which maintain a nanomolar potency at the A3 AR with selectivity over the BzR. Insertion of a p-methoxybenzoyl at the 5-amino moiety enhanced A3 AR affinity and selectivity over the A1, A2A, and A2B ARs. The best result of our lead optimization efforts is 9-chloro-5-(4-methoxybenzoyl)amino-2-phenyl[1,2,3]triazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]benzotriazin-1-one (23), which displayed a Ki of 1.6 nM at the A3 AR and no significant affinity at the other ARs or the BzR. Docking simulations on selected ligands into a model of the A3 AR allowed us to rationalize the structure-activity relationships of phenyltriazolobenzotriazindiones VIII and aminophenyltriazolobenzotriazinones IX at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Da Settimo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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21
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Colotta V, Catarzi D, Varano F, Capelli F, Lenzi O, Filacchioni G, Martini C, Trincavelli L, Ciampi O, Pugliese AM, Pedata F, Schiesaro A, Morizzo E, Moro S. New 2-arylpyrazolo[3,4-c]quinoline derivatives as potent and selective human A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. Synthesis, pharmacological evaluation, and ligand-receptor modeling studies. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4061-74. [PMID: 17665891 DOI: 10.1021/jm070123v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the study of some 2-arylpyrazolo[3,4-c]quinolin-4-ones, 4-amines, and 4-amino-substituted derivatives designed as human A3 adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists. Most of the herein reported compounds showed a nanomolar affinity toward the hA3 receptor subtype and different degrees of selectivity that resulted to be strictly dependent on the presence and nature of the substituent on the 4-amino group. Bulky and lipophilic acyl groups, as well as the benzylcarbamoyl residue, afforded highly potent and selective hA3 receptor antagonists. The selected 4-diphenylacetylamino-2-phenylpyrazoloquinoline (25) and 4-dibenzoylamino-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrazoloquinoline (36), tested in an in vitro rat model of cerebral ischemia, prevented the irreversible failure of synaptic activity induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation in the hippocampus. The observed structure-affinity relationships of this class of antagonists were also exhaustively rationalized using the recently published ligand-based homology modeling (LBHM) approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Colotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Laboratorio di Progettazione, Sintesi e Studio di Eterocicli Biologicamente Attivi, Università di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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22
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Lenzi O, Colotta V, Catarzi D, Varano F, Filacchioni G, Martini C, Trincavelli L, Ciampi O, Varani K, Marighetti F, Morizzo E, Moro S. 4-amido-2-aryl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-ones as new potent and selective human A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. synthesis, pharmacological evaluation, and ligand-receptor modeling studies. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3916-25. [PMID: 16789747 DOI: 10.1021/jm060373w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A structural investigation on some 4-amido-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one derivatives, designed as human A3 adenosine receptor (hA3 AR) antagonists, is described. In the new derivatives, some acyl residues with different steric bulk were introduced on the 4-amino group, and their combination with the 4-methoxy group on the 2-phenyl moiety, and/or the 6-nitro/6-amino substituent on the fused benzo ring, was also evaluated. Most of the new derivatives were potent and selective hA3 AR antagonists. SAR analysis showed that hindering and lipophilic acyl moieties not only are well tolerated but even ameliorate the hA3 affinity. Interestingly, the 4-methoxy substituent on the appended 2-phenyl moiety, as well as the 6-amino group, always exerted a positive effect, shifting the affinity toward the hA3 receptor subtype. In contrast, the 6-nitro substituent exerted a variable effect. An intensive molecular modeling investigation was performed to rationalize the experimental SAR findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Lenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Laboratorio di Progettazione, Sintesi e Studio di Eterocicli Biologicamente Attivi, Università di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Moro S, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Spalluto G. Progress in the pursuit of therapeutic adenosine receptor antagonists. Med Res Rev 2006; 26:131-59. [PMID: 16380972 PMCID: PMC9194718 DOI: 10.1002/med.20048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of the hypotensive and bradycardiac effects of adenosine, adenosine receptors continue to represent promising drug targets. First, this is due to the fact that the receptors are expressed in a large variety of tissues. In particular, the actions of adenosine (or methylxanthine antagonists) in the central nervous system, in the circulation, on immune cells, and on other tissues can be beneficial in certain disorders. Second, there exists a large number of ligands, which have been generated by introducing several modifications in the structure of the lead compounds (adenosine and methylxanthine), some of them highly specific. Four adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) have been cloned and pharmacologically characterized, all of which are G protein-coupled receptors. Adenosine receptors can be distinguished according to their preferred mechanism of signal transduction: A1 and A3 receptors interact with pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins of the Gi and Go family; the canonical signaling mechanism of the A2A and of the A2B receptors is stimulation of adenylyl cyclase via Gs proteins. In addition to the coupling to adenylyl cyclase, all four subtypes may positively couple to phospholipase C via different G protein subunits. The development of new ligands, in particular, potent and selective antagonists, for all subtypes of adenosine receptors has so far been directed by traditional medicinal chemistry. The availability of genetic information promises to facilitate understanding of the drug-receptor interaction leading to the rational design of a potentially therapeutically important class of drugs. Moreover, molecular modeling may further rationalize observed interactions between the receptors and their ligands. In this review, we will summarize the most relevant progress in developing new therapeutic adenosine receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
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Catarzi D, Colotta V, Varano F, Lenzi O, Filacchioni G, Trincavelli L, Martini C, Montopoli C, Moro S. 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline as a versatile tool for the design of selective human A3 adenosine receptor antagonists: synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling studies of 2-(hetero)aryl- and 2-carboxy-substituted derivatives. J Med Chem 2006; 48:7932-45. [PMID: 16335918 DOI: 10.1021/jm0504149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A number of 4-oxo-substituted 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives bearing at position-2 the claimed (hetero)aryl moiety (compounds 1-15) but also a carboxylate group (16-28, 32-36) or a hydrogen atom (29-31) were designed as human A3 (hA3) adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists. This study produced some interesting compounds and among them the 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]quinoxalin-4-one (8), which can be considered one of the most potent and selective hA3 adenosine receptor antagonists reported till now. Moreover, as a new finding, replacement of the classical 2-(hetero)aryl moiety with a 2-carboxylate function (compounds 16-28 and 32-36) maintained good hA3 AR binding activity but, most importantly and interestingly, produced a large increase in hA3 versus hA1 selectivity. A receptor-based SAR analysis provided new interesting insights about the steric and electrostatic requirements that are important for the anchoring of these derivatives at the hA3 receptor recognition site, thus highlighting the versatility of the triazoloquinoxaline scaffold for obtaining potent and selective hA3 AR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Catarzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff, 6-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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Bulicz J, Bertarelli DCG, Baumert D, Fülle F, Müller CE, Heber D. Synthesis and pharmacology of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidinediones bearing polar substituents as adenosine receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:2837-49. [PMID: 16377196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amino-substituted pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidinediones have previously been found to bind to adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in micromolar concentrations. The present study was aimed at studying the structure-activity relationships of this class of compounds in more detail. Most of the investigated compounds were provided with polar substituents, such as ethoxycarbonyl groups and basic amino functions, in order to improve their water-solubility. The compounds were synthesized starting from 6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil via different reaction sequences involving (cyano)acetylation, Vilsmeier formylation, or reaction with diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate (EMME). The most potent and selective compound of the present series was 6-carbethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,3-dimethyl-5-(2-naphthylmethyl)aminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione (11c) with a Ki value of 5 nM at rat and 25 nM at human A1 receptors. The compound was more than 60-fold selective versus A3 and more than 300-fold selective versus A2A receptors. It showed an over 300-fold improvement with respect to the lead compound. In GTPgammaS binding studies at membranes of Chinese hamster ovary cells recombinantly expressing the human adenosine A1 receptor, 11c behaved as an antagonist with inverse agonistic activity. A regioisomer of 11c, 6-carbethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,3-dimethyl-7-(2- naphthylmethyl)aminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione (7a) in which the 2-naphthylmethylamino substituent at position 5 of 11c was moved to the 7-position, was a relatively potent (Ki=226 nM) and selective (>20-fold) A3 ligand. In the series of compounds lacking an electron-withdrawing ethoxycarbonyl or cyano substituent in the 6-position, compounds with high affinity for adenosine A2A receptors were identified, such as 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,3-dimethyl-5-(1-naphthyl)aminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione 16b (Ki human A2A=81.3 nM, Ki human A1=153 nM, and Ki human A3>10,000 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Bulicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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Manetti F, Schenone S, Bondavalli F, Brullo C, Bruno O, Ranise A, Mosti L, Menozzi G, Fossa P, Trincavelli ML, Martini C, Martinelli A, Tintori C, Botta M. Synthesis and 3D QSAR of New Pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines: Potent and Selective Inhibitors of A1 Adenosine Receptors. J Med Chem 2005; 48:7172-85. [PMID: 16279775 DOI: 10.1021/jm050407k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A number of 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridines 5-carboxylic acid esters (2-8) were synthesized and evaluated for their binding affinity at the A1, A2A, and A3 adenosine receptors (AR), in bovine cortical membranes, as well as for their affinity toward human A1AR (hA1AR). Some of the new compounds were characterized by a high affinity and selectivity toward the A1 receptor subtype, showing a significant improvement in comparison with other pyrazolo-pyridines previously reported in the literature. In particular the methyl ester 2h as well as the isopropyl ester 5h, both of them bearing a p-methoxyphenylethylamino side chain at the position 4, presented Ki values of 6 and 7 nM, respectively. To rationalize the relationships between structure and affinity of the novel compounds, a 3D QSAR model was also generated starting from compounds belonging to different classes of known A1AR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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Fanelli F, De Benedetti PG. Computational Modeling Approaches to Structure−Function Analysis of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2005; 105:3297-351. [PMID: 16159154 DOI: 10.1021/cr000095n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fanelli
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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