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Benchouaia R, Nandi S, Maurer C, Patureau FW. O 2-Mediated Dehydrogenative Phenoxazination of Phenols. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4926-4935. [PMID: 35276045 PMCID: PMC8981320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Phenoxazines, in
particular N-arylated phenoxazines, represent
an increasingly important scaffold in the material sciences. Moreover,
the oxygen-gas-mediated dehydrogenative phenochalcogenazination concept
of phenols has been developed and exemplified for X = sulfur and recently
for X = selenium and tellurium. The smallest chalcogen, X = oxygen,
is herein exemplified with various functional groups under a likewise
trivial oxygen atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaa Benchouaia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Shiny Nandi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Clemens Maurer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frederic W Patureau
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Cheng J, Huang L, Xiao H, Jiang S. One-Pot Transformation of Hypervalent Iodines into Diversified Phenoxazine Analogues as Promising Photocatalysts. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15792-15799. [PMID: 34648296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A facile and efficient quinoline-fused 4H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazine has been successfully fabricated through an oxidative O-arylation, Pd-catalyzed double N-arylation of 4-hydroxyquinoline derivatives and trivalent aryl iodides. Diversified fused heterocycles could be easily constructed in overall high isolated yields with great substrate scope. The afforded heteroatom-"doped" phenoxazine 3 demonstrated high molar absorptivities and excellent stability and redox reversibility. These phenoxazine analogues therefore could be utilized as promising catalysts in the photoredox catalyzed perfluoroalkylation of heteroarenes and photopromoted radical polymerization (OATRP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Liangsen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Hongxiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Shulin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
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3
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Umar AR, Tia R, Adei E. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of adamantine-derived nitrones with maleimides: A computational study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.113099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Anchan K, Puttappa NH, Poongavanam B, Sarkar SK. Microwave assisted rapid synthesis of phenoxazines and benzopyridoxazines. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1849723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Anchan
- Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
- Discovery Chemistry, Syngene International Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Nagaswarupa H. Puttappa
- Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
- Department of studies in chemistry, Davangere University, Davangere, India
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Buduma K, Chinde S, Dommati AK, Sharma P, Shukla A, Srinivas KVNS, Arigari NK, Khan F, Tiwari AK, Grover P, Jonnala KK. Synthesis and evaluation of anticancer and antiobesity activity of 1-ethoxy carbonyl-3,5-bis (3'-indolyl methylene)-4-pyperidone analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1633-1638. [PMID: 26873414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of eleven novel bisindole derivatives were synthesized and screened for anticancer and antiobesity potentials in in vitro mode. The reaction of 1-ethoxy carbonyl 4-pyperidone 1a with indole-3-carboxaldehyde 1b in presence of catalytic amount of piperidine gave 2 which was N-alkylated with different benzyl halides in the presence of potassium carbonate to afford compounds 3a-3k in quantitative yields. Among the compounds tested for anticancer activity against different human cancer cell lines, 3f significantly inhibited HepG2 cell line (IC50 7.33 μM) when compared with standard doxorubicin (IC50 10.15 μM). Compounds 3e (IC50 2.75 μM), 3f (IC50 4.21 μM) and 3i (IC50 15.98 μM) showed better activity than the standard curcumin (IC50 23.54 μM) against A549 cell line. Also, among the synthesized compounds, 3g (IC50 14.89 μM), 3c (IC50 56.41 μM) and 3i (IC50 30.88 μM) have potentially inhibited enzyme lipase when compared to standard Orlistat (IC50 62.25 μM). In in silico docking assays, piperidones 3e, 3f, 3i, 3c and 3a showed higher binding affinity towards anti-cancer target of A549 (3e: -11.1, 3f: -10.3, 3c: -11.3, 3i: -11.2 kcal/mol), HepG2 (3f: -10.5 kcal/mol), HeLa (3d: -10.0 kcal/mol) and SKOV3 (3f: -8.4 kcal/mol) cell lines better than standard drug doxorubicin. Docking to lipase protein for compounds 3i, 3g and 3c showed scores of -11.1, -10.7 and -10.5 kcal/mol when compared to that of standard drug Orlistat with -6.9 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komuraiah Buduma
- Natural Product Chemistry, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants-Research Centre, Boduppal, Hyderabad 500092, Telangana, India
| | - Srinivas Chinde
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Anand Kumar Dommati
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aparna Shukla
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K V N Satya Srinivas
- Natural Product Chemistry, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants-Research Centre, Boduppal, Hyderabad 500092, Telangana, India
| | - Niranjana Kumar Arigari
- Natural Product Chemistry, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants-Research Centre, Boduppal, Hyderabad 500092, Telangana, India
| | - Feroz Khan
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Tiwari
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Paramjit Grover
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Kotesh Kumar Jonnala
- Natural Product Chemistry, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants-Research Centre, Boduppal, Hyderabad 500092, Telangana, India.
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Prevention of carcinogenesis and development of gastric and colon cancers by 2-aminophenoxazine-3-one (Phx-3): direct and indirect anti-cancer activity of Phx-3. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:17573-83. [PMID: 23989604 PMCID: PMC3794742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140917573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Aminophenoxazine-3-one (Phx-3), an oxidative phenoxazine, exerts strong anticancer effects on various cancer cell lines originating from different organs, in vitro. This article reviews new aspects for the prevention of carcinogenesis and development of gastric and colon cancers by Phx-3, based on the strong anticancer effects of Phx-3 on gastric and colon cancer cell lines (direct anticancer effects of Phx-3 for preventing development of cancer), the bacteriocidal effects of Phx-3 against Helicobacter pylori associated with carcinogenesis of gastric cancer (indirect anticancer effects for preventing carcinogenesis of gastric cancer), and the proapoptotic activity of Phx-3 against human neutrophils involved in the incidence of ulcerative colitis associated with a high colon cancer risk (indirect anticancer effects for preventing carcinogenesis of colon cancer).
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Abstract
N-Substituted phenoxazines and related aza analogs have been prepared from N-acetylated aryloxy anilides by transition-metal-free, base-catalyzed cyclization reactions. In the presence of a mixture of 10 mol % of N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine (DMEDA) and 2 equiv of K(2)CO(3) in toluene at 135 °C the products are obtained in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Thomé
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Tsuchiya H, Ueno T, Mizogami M. Stereostructure-based differences in the interactions of cardiotoxic local anesthetics with cholesterol-containing biomimetic membranes. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3410-5. [PMID: 21550810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Amide-type pipecoloxylidide local anesthetics, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine, show cardiotoxic effects with the potency depending on stereostructures. Cardiotoxic drugs not only bind to cardiomyocyte membrane channels to block them but also modify the physicochemical property of membrane lipid bilayers in which channels are embedded. The opposite configurations allow enantiomers to be discriminated by their enantiospecific interactions with another chiral molecule in membranes. We compared the interactions of local anesthetic stereoisomers with biomimetic membranes consisting of chiral lipid components, the differences of which might be indicative of the drug design for reducing cardiotoxicity. Fluorescent probe-labeled biomimetic membranes were prepared with cardiolipin and cholesterol of varying compositions and different phospholipids. Local anesthetics were reacted with the membrane preparations at a cardiotoxically relevant concentration of 200 μM. The potencies to interact with biomimetic membranes and change their fluidity were compared by measuring fluorescence polarization. All local anesthetics acted on lipid bilayers to increase membrane fluidity. Chiral cardiolipin was ineffective in discriminating S(-)-enantiomers from their antipodes. On the other hand, cholesterol produced the enantiospecific membrane interactions of bupivacaine and ropivacaine with increasing its composition in membranes. In 40 mol% and more cholesterol-containing membranes, the membrane-interacting potency was S(-)-bupivacaine<racemic bupivacaine<R(+)-bupivacaine, and S(-)-ropivacaine<R(+)-ropivacaine. Ropivacaine (S(-)-enantiomer), levobupivacaine (S(-)-enantiomeric), and bupivacaine (racemic) interacted with biomimetic membranes in increasing order of intensity. The rank order of membrane interactivity agreed with that of known cardiotoxicity. The stereoselective membrane interactions determined by cholesterol with higher chirality appears to be associated with the stereoselective cardiotoxic effects of local anesthetics. The stereostructure and membrane interactivity relationship supports the clinical use and development of S(-)-enantiomers to decrease the adverse effects of pipecoloxylidide local anesthetics on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Tsuchiya
- Department of Dental Basic Education, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu 501-0296, Japan.
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CHE XF, ZHENG CL, AKIYAMA SI, TOMODA A. 2-Aminophenoxazine-3-one and 2-amino-4,4α-dihydro-4α,7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazine-3-one cause cellular apoptosis by reducing higher intracellular pH in cancer cells. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2011; 87:199-213. [PMID: 21558757 PMCID: PMC3149379 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.87.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We examined intracellular pH (pHi) of ten cancer cell lines derived from different organs and two normal cell lines including human embryonic lung fibroblast cells (HEL) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro, and found that pHi of most of these cancer cells was evidently higher (pH 7.5 to 7.7) than that of normal cells (7.32 and 7.44 for HEL and HUVEC, respectively) and that of primary leukemic cells and erythrocytes hitherto reported (≤7.2). Higher pHi in these cancer cells could be related to the Warburg effect in cancer cells with enhanced glycolytic metabolism. Since reversal of the Warburg effect may perturb intracellular homeostasis in cancer cells, we looked for compounds that cause extensive reduction of pHi, a major regulator of the glycolytic pathway and its associated metabolic pathway. We found that phenoxazine compounds, 2-aminophenoxazine-3-one (Phx-3) and 2-amino-4,4α-dihydro-4α,7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazine-3-one (Phx-1) caused a rapid and drastic dose-dependent decrease of pHi in ten different cancer cells within 30 min, though the extent of the decrease of pHi was significantly larger for Phx-3 (ΔpHi = 0.6 pH units or more for 100 µM Phx-3) than for Phx-1 (ΔpHi = 0.1 pH units or more for 100 µM Phx-1). This rapid and drastic decrease of pHi in a variety of cancer cells caused by Phx-3 and Phx-1 possibly perturbed their intracellular homeostasis, and extensively affected the subsequent cell death, because these phenoxazines exerted dose-dependent proapoptotic and cytotoxic effects on these cells during 72 h incubation, confirming a causal relationship between ΔpHi and cytotoxic effects due to Phx-3 and Phx-1. Phx-3 and Phx-1 also reduced pHi of normal cells including HEL and HUVEC, although they exerted less proapoptotic and cytotoxic effects on these cells than on cancer cells. Drugs such as Phx-3 and Phx-1 that reduce pHi and thereby induce cellular apoptosis might serve as benevolent anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang CHE
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chun-Lei ZHENG
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shin-Ichi AKIYAMA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima, Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akio TOMODA
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Hayashi K, Hayashi T, Miyazawa K, Tomoda A. Phenoxazine derivatives suppress the infections caused by herpes simplex virus type-1 and herpes simplex virus type-2 intravaginally inoculated into mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 114:85-91. [PMID: 20736512 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10027fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the in vivo antiviral activities of 2-amino-4,4α-dihydro-4α-7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazine-3-one (Phx-1), 3-amino-1,4α-dihydro-4α-8-dimethyl-2H-phenoxazine-2-one (Phx-2), and 2-aminophenoxazine-3-one (Phx-3) against herpes viruses. The virus yield three days after administration, changes in the 6-degree's lesion scores, and the morbidity were assessed after herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) [acyclovir (ACV)-sensitive KOS strain or ACV-resistant A4-3 strain] or HSV-2 (ACV-sensitive UW 268 strain) was inoculated intravaginally to mice with administration of Phx-1, Phx-2, Phx-3, or ACV (0.2 mg per administration, 3 times daily) for 8 days starting from 1 day before virus inoculation to 7 days after infection. Phx-1, Phx-2, and Phx-3 extensively suppressed the virus yield of HSV-1. Only Phx-2 exerted moderate inhibitory effects against HSV-2 in mice. The lesion scores, as clinical signs manifested by infection of the KOS strain of HSV-1, were extensively suppressed by intravaginal application of Phx-1, Phx-2, or Phx-3. The lesion scores in HSV-2-infected mice indicated moderate suppression, when Phx-1, Phx-2, or Phx-3 was applied. Without treatment by one of the compounds, none of the HSV-1-infected mice died, but all the HSV-2-infected ones did. However, by the administration of Phx-1, Phx-2, or Phx-3 fairly improved the survival rates of the HSV-2-infected mice. Phx-2 showed dose-dependent anti-HSV-2 efficacy when administered at doses of 0.2 and 1 mg per administration. The present in vivo data suggest that the Phx-1, Phx-2, and Phx-3 are attractive candidates for agents to prevent both replication of HSV and aggravation of lesions caused by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hayashi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Japan
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Le Roes-Hill M, Goodwin C, Burton S. Phenoxazinone synthase: what's in a name? Trends Biotechnol 2009; 27:248-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhu XQ, Dai Z, Yu A, Wu S, Cheng JP. Driving Forces for the Mutual Conversions between Phenothiazines and Their Various Reaction Intermediates in Acetonitrile. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:11694-707. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8041268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, the State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Dai
- Department of Chemistry, the State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Ao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, the State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Wu
- Department of Chemistry, the State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, the State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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Hayashi K, Hayashi T, Tomoda A. Phenoxazine derivatives inactivate human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus-1, and herpes simplex virus-2 in vitro. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 106:369-75. [PMID: 18319567 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0071679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether phenoxazine derivatives, 2-amino-4,4alpha-dihydro-4alpha-7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazine-3-one (Phx-1), 3-amino-1,4alpha-dihydro-4alpha-8-dimethyl-2H-phenoxazine-2-one (Phx-2), and 2-amino-phenoxazine-3-one (Phx-3) may have antiviral activity against herpes family viruses: human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). The antiviral activity was evaluated by the selectivity index (SI), which is the ratio of 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC(50)) and 50% antiviral concentration (IC(50)). Among these phenoxazines, Phx-2 exerted strong antiviral activity to HCMV with the SI of 200, while Phx-1 and Phx-3 exerted no marked anti-HCMV activity. Phx-2 also showed moderate inhibition of HSV-1 and HSV-2, with the SI of 6.7 and 17, respectively. In the time-of-addition experiments, inhibitory effect of Phx-2 against HCMV was active even when applied to cells at 100 h after HCMV infection, while ganciclovir (GCV) showed potent inhibition when applied to cells before 42-h post-infection, but its inhibitory effects disappeared thereafter. Attachment and penetration of HCMV was not affected by the presence of Phx-2. When HCMV was pretreated with Phx-2, concentration-dependent virucidal action was observed, suggesting that Phx-2 inactivates HCMV directly. From these data, it was found that Phx-2 might have a different anti-HCMV target from GCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hayashi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
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Shirato K, Imaizumi K, Miyazawa K, Takasaki A, Mizuguchi J, Che XF, Akiyama S, Tomoda A. Apoptosis induction preceded by mitochondrial depolarization in multiple myeloma cell line U266 by 2-aminophenoxazine-3-one. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:62-7. [PMID: 18175943 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of apoptosis in human multiple myeloma cell line, U266, caused by 2-aminophenoxazine-3-one (Phx-3). Flow-cytometrical and morphological analyses showed that Phx-3 increased the population of annexin V-positive cells including early stage apoptotic cells and late stage apoptotic cells and induced DNA fragmentation or apoptotic body formation in U266 cells, indicating that Phx-3 induced the apoptosis of U266 cells. Activity of caspase-3 was extensively increased in U266 cells treated with Phx-3 time-dependently within 24 h, but this Phx-3-stimulated activity of the enzyme in the cells was completely cancelled by the addition of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (z-VAD-fmk), a pan-caspase inhibitor. The addition of z-VAD-fmk almost blocked the apoptotic effect of Phx-3 against U266 cells, indicating that Phx-3-induced apoptosis of U266 cells was dependent on a caspase signaling pathway. Moreover, the apoptosis of U266 cells occurred after the induction of cell cycle arrest of the cells in the S and G(2)/M phase, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and activation of caspase-3 reached maximum, which were caused by Phx-3 within 24 h. These results support the views that the apoptosis of U266 cells caused by Phx-3 may be preceded by the cell cycle arrest, depolarization of mitochondria and activation of caspase-3. These results support the view that Phx-3 may be utilized in future as chemotherapeutic agent against multiple myeloma which is extremely refractory to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Shirato
- Laboratory of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
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