1
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Maestro MA, Seoane S. The Centennial Collection of VDR Ligands: Metabolites, Analogs, Hybrids and Non-Secosteroidal Ligands. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224927. [PMID: 36432615 PMCID: PMC9692999 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of vitamin D a century ago, a great number of metabolites, analogs, hybrids and nonsteroidal VDR ligands have been developed. An enormous effort has been made to synthesize compounds which present beneficial properties while attaining lower calcium serum levels than calcitriol. This structural review covers VDR ligands published to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Maestro
- Department of Chemistry-CICA, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, s/n, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Samuel Seoane
- Department of Physiology-CIMUS, University of Santiago, Campus Vida, 15005 Santiago, Spain
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2
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Sibilska-Kaminski IK, Fabisiak A, Brzeminski P, Plum LA, Sicinski RR, DeLuca HF. Novel superagonist analogs of 2-methylene calcitriol: Design, molecular docking, synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2021; 118:105416. [PMID: 34798456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new series of highly biologically active (20S,22R)-1α,25-dihydroxy-22-methyl-2-methylene-vitamin D3 analogs, possessing different side chains, have been efficiently prepared as potential agents for medical therapy. Design of these synthetic targets was based on the analysis of the literature data and molecular docking experiments. The synthetic strategy involved Sonogashira coupling of the known A-ring dienyne with the C,D-ring enol triflates, obtained from the corresponding Grundmann ketones. All synthesized vitamin D compounds were characterized by high in vitro potency and, moreover, they proved to be very calcemic in vivo exerting high activity on bone with particularly elevated intestinal calcium transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian Fabisiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Brzeminski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lori A Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Rafal R Sicinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hector F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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3
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Strategies for the Synthesis of 19- nor-Vitamin D Analogs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13080159. [PMID: 32707946 PMCID: PMC7464530 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25-(OH)2-D3], the hormonally active form of vitamin D3, classically regulates bone formation, calcium, and phosphate homeostasis. In addition, this hormone also exerts non-classical effects in a wide variety of target tissues and cell types, such as inhibition of the proliferation and stimulation of the differentiation of normal and malignant cells. However, to produce these actions, supraphysiological doses are required resulting in calcemic effects that limit the use of this natural hormone. During the past 30 years, many structurally modified analogs of the 1α,25-(OH)2-D3 have been synthesized in order to find derivatives that can dissociate the beneficial antiproliferative effects from undesired calcemic effects. Among these candidates, 1α,25-(OH)2-19-nor-D3 analogs have shown promise as good derivatives since they show equal or better activity relative to the parent hormone but with reduced calcemic effects. In this review, we describe the synthetic strategies to obtain the 19-nor-D3 derivatives and briefly describe their physiological activities.
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4
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Sibilska-Kaminski IK, Sicinski RR, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. Synthesis and Biological Activity of 2,22-Dimethylene Analogues of 19-Norcalcitriol and Related Compounds. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7355-7368. [PMID: 32510210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Continuing our search for vitamin D analogues, we explored the modification of the steroidal side chain and inserted a methylene moiety in position C-22 together with either lengthening the side chain or introducing a ring at the terminal end. Our conformational studies confirmed that the presence of a methylene group attached to C-22 restricts the conformational flexibility of the side chain, which can result in changes in biological characteristics of a molecule. All synthesized 1α,25-dihydroxy-2,22-dimethylene-19-norvitamin D3 analogues proved equal to calcitriol in their ability to bind to the vitamin D receptor, and most of them exert significantly higher differentiation and transcriptional activity than calcitriol. The most active compounds were characterized by the presence of an elongated side chain or 26,27-dimethylene bridge. The synthetic strategy was based on the Wittig-Horner coupling of the known A-ring phosphine oxide with the corresponding Grundmann ketones prepared from a 20-epi-Inhoffen-Lythgoe diol derived from vitamin D2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela K Sibilska-Kaminski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Rafal R Sicinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lori A Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hector F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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5
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Akagi Y, Nagata A, Odagi M, Nagasawa K. Synthetic studies of (23S,25R)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 26,23-lactone (calcitriol lactone) and its derivatives. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 177:240-246. [PMID: 28757443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(23S,25R)-1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-lactone (calcitriol lactone) is a major metabolite of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 that binds to vitamin D receptor (VDR) and exhibits various biological activities. This lactone and its derivatives are considered to have potential as drug candidates to treat VDR-related diseases, but their biological activities have not yet been fully characterized, mainly because of their limited availability by chemical synthesis. This review deals with synthetic studies of calcitriol lactone, and its derivatives, i.e., methylene lactones (TEI-9647 and its derivatives) and calcitriol lactams (DLAMs). We also discuss their biological activities, VDR-binding affinity and structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Akagi
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Engineering, Japan
| | - Akiko Nagata
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Engineering, Japan
| | - Minami Odagi
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Engineering, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Engineering, Japan.
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6
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Chiellini G, Rapposelli S, Nesi G, Sestito S, Sabatini M, Zhu J, Massarelli I, Plum LA, Clagett‐Dame M, DeLuca HF. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Cyclopropylamine Vitamin D‐Like CYP24A1 Inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Chiellini
- Department of Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 433 Babcock Drive Madison WI 53706
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e Area Critica Universita' di Pisa via Roma 55 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Simona Rapposelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia Universita' di Pisa via Bonanno 6 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Giulia Nesi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia Universita' di Pisa via Bonanno 6 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Simona Sestito
- Dipartimento di Farmacia Universita' di Pisa via Bonanno 6 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Martina Sabatini
- Dipartimento di Patologia Chirurgica, Medica, Molecolare e Area Critica Universita' di Pisa via Roma 55 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Jinge Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 433 Babcock Drive Madison WI 53706
| | | | - Lori A. Plum
- Department of Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 433 Babcock Drive Madison WI 53706
| | - Margaret Clagett‐Dame
- Department of Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 433 Babcock Drive Madison WI 53706
| | - Hector F. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison 433 Babcock Drive Madison WI 53706
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7
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Kulesza U, Plum LA, DeLuca HF, Mouriño A, Sicinski RR. A new suprasterol by photochemical reaction of 1α,25-dihydroxy-9-methylene-19-norvitamin D3. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1646-52. [PMID: 26693597 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01896j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The UV-induced photochemical reaction of 1α,25-dihydroxy-9-methylene-19-norvitamin D3 has been investigated. The pentacyclic structure of the isolated product has been unequivocally established by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The possible reaction paths of the examined photochemical transformation are discussed. Biological in vivo and in vitro tests proved that the photoproduct is devoid of calcemic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Kulesza
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland. and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Lori A Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hector F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Rafal R Sicinski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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8
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Flores A, Massarelli I, Thoden JB, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. A Methylene Group on C-2 of 24,24-Difluoro-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Markedly Increases Bone Calcium Mobilization in Vivo. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9731-41. [PMID: 26630444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Four side chain fluorinated analogues of 1α,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D have been prepared in convergent syntheses using the Wittig-Horner reaction as a key step. Structures and absolute configurations of analogues 3 and 5 were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. All analogues showed high potency in HL-60 cell differentiation and vitamin D-24-hydroxylase (24-OHase) transcription as compared to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1). Most important is that all of the 20S-configured derivatives (4 and 6) had high bone mobilizing activity in vivo. However, in the 20R series, a 2-methylene group was required for high bone mobilizing activity. A change in positioning of the 20R molecule in the vitamin D receptor when the 2-methylene group is present may provide new insight into the molecular basis of bone calcium mobilization induced by vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Flores
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 433 Babcock Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1544, United States
| | - Ilaria Massarelli
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali , Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - James B Thoden
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 433 Babcock Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1544, United States
| | - Lori A Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 433 Babcock Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1544, United States
| | - Hector F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 433 Babcock Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1544, United States
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9
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Sibilska IK, Szybinski M, Sicinski RR, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. Synthesis and Biological Activity of 2-Methylene Analogues of Calcitriol and Related Compounds. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9653-62. [PMID: 26574921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to prepare vitamin D analogues that are superagonists, (20R)- and (20S)-isomers of 1α-hydroxy-2-methylenevitamin D3 and 1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylenevitamin D3 have been synthesized. To prepare the desired A-ring dienyne fragment, two different approaches were used, both starting from the (-)-quinic acid. The obtained derivative was subsequently coupled with the C,D-ring enol triflates derived from the corresponding Grundmann ketones, using the Sonogashira reaction. Moreover, (20R)- and (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylenevitamin D3 compounds with an (5E)-configuration were prepared by iodine catalyzed isomerization. All four 2-methylene analogues of the native hormone were characterized by high in vitro activity. As expected, the 25-desoxy analogues were much less potent. Among the synthesized compounds, two of them, 1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylenevitamin D3 and its C-20 epimer, were found to be almost as active as 2-methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (2MD) on bone but more active in intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela K Sibilska
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Szybinski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal R Sicinski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lori A Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hector F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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10
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Teske KA, Yu O, Arnold LA. Inhibitors for the Vitamin D Receptor-Coregulator Interaction. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 100:45-82. [PMID: 26827948 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) belongs to the superfamily of nuclear receptors and is activated by the endogenous ligand 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The genomic effects mediated by VDR consist of the activation and repression of gene transcription, which includes the formation of multiprotein complexes with coregulator proteins. Coregulators bind many nuclear receptors and can be categorized according to their role as coactivators (gene activation) or corepressors (gene repression). Herein, different approaches to develop compounds that modulate the interaction between VDR and coregulators are summarized. This includes coregulator peptides that were identified by creating phage display libraries. Subsequent modification of these peptides including the introduction of a tether or nonhydrolyzable bonds resulted in the first direct VDR-coregulator inhibitors. Later, small molecules that inhibit VDR-coregulator inhibitors were identified using rational drug design and high-throughput screening. Early on, allosteric inhibition of VDR-coregulator interactions was achieved with VDR antagonists that change the conformation of VDR and modulate the interactions with coregulators. A detailed discussion of their dual agonist/antagonist effects is given as well as a summary of their biological effects in cell-based assays and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Teske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Olivia Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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11
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Sibilska IK, Sicinski RR, Ochalek JT, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. Synthesis and Biological Activity of 25-Hydroxy-2-methylene-vitamin D3 Analogues Monohydroxylated in the A-ring. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8319-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500750b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela K. Sibilska
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal R. Sicinski
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justin T. Ochalek
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lori A. Plum
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hector F. DeLuca
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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12
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Chiellini G, Grzywacz P, Plum LA, Clagett-Dame M, DeLuca HF. 26-Desmethyl-2-methylene-22-ene-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 compounds selectively active on intestine. Steroids 2014; 83:27-38. [PMID: 24513051 PMCID: PMC4601567 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Six new analogs of 2-methylene-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 6-7 and 8a,b-9a,b, have been synthesized. All compounds are characterized by a trans double bond located in the side chain between C-22 and C-23. While compounds 6 and 7 possess C-26 and C-27 methyls, compounds 8a,b and 9a,b lack one of these groups. A Lythgoe-based synthesis, employing the Wittig-Horner reaction was used for these preparations. Two different types of Δ(22)E-25-hydroxy Grundmann's ketone, having either only one stereogenic center located at position C-20 (20 and 21), or two stereogenic centers located at 20- and 25-positions (24a,b-25a,b) were obtained by a multi-step procedure from commercial vitamin D2. The introduction of a double bond at C-22 appeared to lower biological activity in vitro and in vivo. Further removal of a 26-methyl in these analogs had little effect on receptor binding, HL-60 differentiation and CYP24A expression but markedly diminished or eliminated in vivo activity on bone calcium mobilization while retaining activity on intestinal calcium transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Chiellini
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Pawel Grzywacz
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lori A Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Margaret Clagett-Dame
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Hector F DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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13
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Grzywacz P, Plum LA, Clagett-Dame M, DeLuca HF. 26- and 27-Methyl groups of 2-substituted, 19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxylated vitamin D compounds are essential for calcium mobilization in vivo. Bioorg Chem 2013; 47:9-16. [PMID: 23474215 PMCID: PMC3612139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Twelve new analogs of 19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D36-17, were prepared by a multi-step procedure from known alcohols 18 and 19. We have examined the influence of removing two methyl groups located at C-25, as well as the 25-hydroxy group, on the biological in vitro and in vivo biological activity. Surprisingly, removal of the 26- and 27-methyl groups from either the 2α-methyl or 2-methylene-19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduced vitamin D receptor binding, HL-60 differentiation, and 25-hydroxylase transcription in vitro only slightly to moderately (compounds 6-13). However, these compounds were devoid of in vivo bone mobilization activity and had markedly reduced activity on intestinal calcium transport. The analogs 14-17 with a 2β-methyl substitution had little or no activity in vitro and in vivo as expected from previous work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Grzywacz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Lori A. Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Margaret Clagett-Dame
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Hector F. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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14
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Glebocka A, Chiellini G. A-ring analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 523:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Flores A, Sicinski RR, Grzywacz P, Thoden JB, Plum LA, Clagett-Dame M, DeLuca HF. A 20S combined with a 22R configuration markedly increases both in vivo and in vitro biological activity of 1α,25-dihydroxy-22-methyl-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D3. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4352-66. [PMID: 22490010 DOI: 10.1021/jm300187x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Six new analogues of 1α,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D(3) (3a-4b, 5, and 6) were prepared by a convergent synthesis applying the Wittig-Horner reaction as a key step. The influence of methyl groups at C-22 on their biological activity was examined. It was established that both in vitro and in vivo activity is strongly dependent on the configuration of the stereogenic centers at C-20 and C-22. Introduction of the second methyl group at C-22 (analogues 5 and 6) generates the compounds that are slightly more potent than 1α,25-(OH)(2)D(3) in the in vitro tests but much less potent in vivo. The greatest in vitro and in vivo biological activity was achieved when the C-20 is in the S configuration and the C-22 is in the R configuration. The building blocks for the synthesis, the respective (20R,22R)-, (20R,22S)-, (20S,22R)-, and (20S,22S)-diols, were obtained by fractional crystallization of mixtures of the corresponding diastereomers. Structures and absolute configurations of the diols 21a, 21b, and 22a as well as analogues 3a, 5, and 6 were confirmed by the X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Flores
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1544, United States
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16
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Chiellini G, Rapposelli S, Zhu J, Massarelli I, Saraceno M, Bianucci AM, Plum LA, Clagett-Dame M, DeLuca HF. Synthesis and biological activities of vitamin D-like inhibitors of CYP24 hydroxylase. Steroids 2012; 77:212-23. [PMID: 22133546 PMCID: PMC3539163 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Selective inhibitors of CYP24A1 represent an important synthetic target in a search for novel vitamin D compounds of therapeutic value. In the present work, we show the synthesis and biological properties of two novel side chain modified 2-methylene-19-nor-1,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs, the 22-imidazole-1-yl derivative 2 (VIMI) and the 25-N-cyclopropylamine compound 3 (CPA1), which were efficiently prepared in convergent syntheses utilizing the Lythgoe type Horner-Wittig olefination reaction. When tested in a cell-free assay, both compounds were found to be potent competitive inhibitors of CYP24A1, with the cyclopropylamine analog 3 exhibiting an 80-1 selective inhibition of CYP24A1 over CYP27B1. Addition of 3 to a mouse osteoblast culture sustained the level of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), further demonstrating its effectiveness in CYP24A1 inhibition. Importantly, the in vitro effects on human promyeloid leukemia (HL-60) cell differentiation by 3 were nearly identical to those of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and in vivo the compound showed low calcemic activity. Finally, the results of preliminary theoretical studies provide useful insights to rationalize the ability of analog 3 to selectively inhibit the cytochrome P450 isoform CYP24A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Chiellini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Uomo e dell’Ambiente, Università di Pisa, via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Rapposelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jinge Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
| | - Ilaria Massarelli
- Istituto Nazionale per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Materiali, via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Marilena Saraceno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bianucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- International Centre for Studies and Research in Biomedicine (ICB), Luxembourg
| | - Lori A. Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
| | - Margaret Clagett-Dame
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
| | - Hector F. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 608 262 1620; fax: +1 608 262 7122. (H.F. DeLuca)
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17
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Plonska-Ocypa K, Sibilska I, Sicinski RR, Sicinska W, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. 13,13-Dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D₃ (2MD): total synthesis, docking to the VDR, and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7205-20. [PMID: 22018918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a continuation of our studies focused on the vitamin D compounds lacking the C,D-hydrindane system, 13,13-dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of (20S)-1α,25-dihydroxy-2-methylene-19-norvitamin D(3) (2, 2MD) were prepared by total synthesis. The known cyclohexanone 30, a precursor of the desired A-ring phosphine oxide 11, was synthesized starting with the keto acetal 13, whereas the aldehyde 12, constituting an acyclic 'upper' building block, was obtained from the isomeric esters 34, prepared previously in our laboratory. The commercial 1,4-cyclohexanedione monoethylene ketal (13) was enantioselectively α-hydroxylated utilizing the α-aminoxylation process catalyzed by l-proline, and the introduced hydroxy group was protected as a TBS, TPDPS, and SEM ether. Then the keto group in the obtained compounds 15-17 was methylenated and the allylic hydroxylation was performed with selenium dioxide and pyridine N-oxide. After separation of the isomers, the newly introduced hydroxy group was protected and the ketal group hydrolyzed to yield the corresponding protected (3R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxycyclohexanones 30-32. The esters 34, starting compounds for the C,D-fragment 12, were first α-methylated, then reduced and the resulted primary alcohols 36 were deoxygenated using the Barton-McCombie protocol. Primary hydroxy group in the obtained diether 38 was deprotected and oxidized to furnish the aldehyde 12. The Wittig-Horner coupling of the latter with the anion of the phosphine oxide 11, followed by hydroxyl deprotection furnished two isomeric 13,13-dimethyl-des-C,D analogues of 2MD (compounds 10 and 42) differing in configuration of their 7,8-double bond. Pure vitamin D analogues were isolated by HPLC and their biological activity was examined. The in vitro tests indicated that, compared to the analogue 7, unsubstituted at C-13, the synthesized vitamin D analogue 10 showed markedly improved VDR binding ability, significantly enhanced HL-60 differentiation activity as well as increased transcriptional potency. Docking simulations provided a rational explanation for the observed binding affinity of these ligands to the VDR. Biological in vivo tests proved that des-C,D compound 10 retained some intestinal activity. Its geometrical isomer 42 was devoid of any biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Plonska-Ocypa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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18
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Glebocka A, Sicinski RR, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. Synthesis and Biological Activity of 2-(3′-Hydroxypropylidene)-1α-hydroxy-19-norvitamin D Analogues with Shortened Alkyl Side Chains. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6832-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200743p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Glebocka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Rafal R. Sicinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lori A. Plum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hector F. DeLuca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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19
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Grzywacz P, Chiellini G, Plum LA, Clagett-Dame M, DeLuca HF. Removal of the 26-methyl group from 19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ markedly reduces in vivo calcemic activity without altering in vitro VDR binding, HL-60 cell differentiation, and transcription. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8642-9. [PMID: 21105677 DOI: 10.1021/jm1010447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Twelve new analogues of 19-nor-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (5-16) were prepared by convergent syntheses, employing the Wittig-Horner reaction. The necessary Grundmann type ketones (45-48), possessing fixed configurations of the hydroxyl group at C-25, were obtained by a multistep procedure from commercial vitamin D₂ and enantiomers of 1,3-butanediol (23 and 24). We have examined the influence of removal of one of the methyl groups located at C-25 on the biological in vitro and in vivo activity. The in vivo tests showed that the synthesized vitamin D compounds (5-16) exhibit reduced calcemic activity both in bone and in the intestine. However, in vitro potency of 2-methylene and 2α-methyl compounds (5-10, 13, and 14) remained similar or enhanced as compared to that of 1α,25-(OH)₂D₃.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Grzywacz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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