1
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Forni JA, Gandhi VH, Polyzos A. Carbonylative Hydroacylation of Styrenes with Alkyl Halides by Multiphoton Tandem Photoredox Catalysis in Flow. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Forni
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Vir H. Gandhi
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anastasios Polyzos
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Dr A. Polyzos CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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2
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Ren H, Zhang Y, Wang H. Synthesis of aza‐diarylmethines via 1,6‐conjugate addition/aromatization of
para
‐quinone methides and isatin catalyzed by
Et
3
N
. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong‐Xia Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Zunyi Normal College Zunyi China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Zunyi Normal College Zunyi China
| | - Hui‐Ling Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Zunyi Normal College Zunyi China
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3
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Targeting the BIR Domains of Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) Proteins in Cancer Treatment. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:142-150. [PMID: 30766663 PMCID: PMC6360406 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are characterized by the presence of the conserved baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domain that is involved in protein-protein interactions. IAPs were initially thought to be mainly responsible for caspase inhibition, acting as negative regulators of apoptosis, but later works have shown that IAPs also control a plethora of other different cellular pathways. As X-linked IAP (XIAP), and other IAP, levels are often deregulated in cancer cells and have been shown to correlate with patients' prognosis, several approaches have been pursued to inhibit their activity in order to restore apoptosis. Many small molecules have been designed to target the BIR domains, the vast majority being inspired by the N-terminal tetrapeptide of Second Mitochondria-derived Activator of Caspases/Direct IAp Binding with Low pI (Smac/Diablo), which is the natural XIAP antagonist. These compounds are therefore usually referred to as Smac mimetics (SMs). Despite the fact that SMs were intended to specifically target XIAP, it has been shown that they also interact with cellular IAP-1 (cIAP1) and cIAP2, promoting their proteasome-dependent degradation. SMs have been tested in combination with several cytotoxic compounds and are now considered promising immune modulators which can be exploited in cancer therapy, especially in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we give an overview of the structural hot-spots of BIRs, focusing on their fold and on the peculiar structural patches which characterize the diverse BIRs. These structures are exploited/exploitable for the development of specific and active IAP inhibitors.
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4
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Sheng ZJ, Shi YM, Xu X, Bellynck S, Zhang K, Du ZY, Xu X, Maurel F, Dong CZ. Development of XIAP Antagonists Based On De Novo 8,5-Fused Bicyclic Lactams. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:34-40. [PMID: 30652062 PMCID: PMC6331714 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop original water soluble antagonists of X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), a novel bicyclic scaffold was designed based on 8,5‐fused bicyclic lactam. During its preparation, a spontaneous rearrangement from 8,5‐ to 7,5‐fused bicyclic lactam was observed and confirmed by MS and NMR analyses, in particular the HMBC spectra. DFT calculations were performed to understand the corresponding mechanism. It was finally prevented through changing the reaction order in the synthesis route and a Smac mimetic with this core structure, ZJ‐1 was successfully obtained. The structure of this new bicyclic scaffold was well confirmed by HRMS and NMR (1H, 13C, NOESY) analyses. ZJ‐1 presented in addition a binding affinity to XIAP‐BIR3, nearly 6 times better than that of AVPI, similar to the reported SM‐128 in an in vitro fluorescence polarization (FP) assay. This preliminary result suggests that this new bicyclic scaffold could be very attractive in the development of novel anticancer agents targeting XIAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun J Sheng
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systemes (ITODYS) UMR 7086 CNRS Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité 75205 Paris France.,School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Institute of Natural Medicine and Green Chemistry Guangdong University of Technology 510006 Guangzhou China.,School of Chemical and Environment Engineering Wuyi University 529020 Jiangmen China
| | - Yiming M Shi
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systemes (ITODYS) UMR 7086 CNRS Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité 75205 Paris France
| | - Ximing Xu
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering Jiangsu University of Technology 213001 Changzhou China
| | - Sébastien Bellynck
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systemes (ITODYS) UMR 7086 CNRS Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité 75205 Paris France
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Institute of Natural Medicine and Green Chemistry Guangdong University of Technology 510006 Guangzhou China.,School of Chemical and Environment Engineering Wuyi University 529020 Jiangmen China
| | - Zhiyun Y Du
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Institute of Natural Medicine and Green Chemistry Guangdong University of Technology 510006 Guangzhou China
| | - Xuetao Xu
- School of Chemical and Environment Engineering Wuyi University 529020 Jiangmen China
| | - François Maurel
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systemes (ITODYS) UMR 7086 CNRS Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité 75205 Paris France
| | - Chang-Zhi Dong
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systemes (ITODYS) UMR 7086 CNRS Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité 75205 Paris France.,School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry Institute of Natural Medicine and Green Chemistry Guangdong University of Technology 510006 Guangzhou China.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research Jianghan University 430056 Wuhan China
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5
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Corti A, Milani M, Lecis D, Seneci P, Rosa M, Mastrangelo E, Cossu F. Structure‐based design and molecular profiling of Smac‐mimetics selective for cellular
IAP
s. FEBS J 2018; 285:3286-3298. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Corti
- CNR‐IBF Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto di Biofisica Milan Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milano Italy
| | - Mario Milani
- CNR‐IBF Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto di Biofisica Milan Italy
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze Università di Milano Italy
| | - Daniele Lecis
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milano Italy
| | - Pierfausto Seneci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale Università di Milano Italy
| | - Matteo Rosa
- CNR‐IBF Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto di Biofisica Milan Italy
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze Università di Milano Italy
| | - Eloise Mastrangelo
- CNR‐IBF Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto di Biofisica Milan Italy
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze Università di Milano Italy
| | - Federica Cossu
- CNR‐IBF Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto di Biofisica Milan Italy
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze Università di Milano Italy
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6
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Balakrishnan K, Fu M, Onida F, Wierda WG, Keating MJ, Gandhi V. Reactivation of Smac-mediated apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells: mechanistic studies of Smac mimetic. Oncotarget 2018; 7:39458-39472. [PMID: 27223062 PMCID: PMC5129945 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional apoptotic machinery is a hallmark feature of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Accordingly, targeting apoptosis regulators has been proven a rational approach for CLL treatment. We show that CLL lymphocytes express high levels of XIAP, cIAP1, and cIAP2 compared to normal lymphocytes. Smac mimetic, Smac066, designed to bind to BIR3-domain of IAPs, induce apoptosis in primary CLL cells (n=71; p<0.0001), irrespective of prognostic markers. Apoptosis was mediated by diminished levels of IAPs (XIAP-p=0.02; cIAP-p<0.0001) and increased activation of caspases-8,-9,-3. The caspase-cleavage was in direct association with the levels of apoptosis (r2=0.8 for caspases-8,-9,-3). Correlative analysis revealed a direct relationship between reduction in IAPs and degree of apoptosis (r2=0.6 (XIAP); 0.5 (cIAP2)). There was a strong association between apoptosis, IAP-degradation, and concurrent caspase-activation. Pan-caspase inhibitor Z-Vad-fmk reversed the degradation of Mcl-1, but not IAPs suggesting that smac066 is selective to IAPs, however, Mcl-1 degradation is through caspase-mediated cleavage. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed physical interaction between caspase-3 and XIAP that was disrupted by smac066. Importantly, XIAP and cIAP2 were markedly induced in bone-marrow and lymph-node microenvironments, providing a basis for IAP antagonists as anti-tumor agents in CLL. Smac066 synergized with ABT-737, revealing a mechanistic rationale to jointly target BH3 and BIR3 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumudha Balakrishnan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Francesco Onida
- Department of Hematology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - William G Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael J Keating
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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7
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Finlay D, Teriete P, Vamos M, Cosford NDP, Vuori K. Inducing death in tumor cells: roles of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. F1000Res 2017; 6:587. [PMID: 28529715 PMCID: PMC5414821 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10625.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous group of diseases collectively termed cancer results not just from aberrant cellular proliferation but also from a lack of accompanying homeostatic cell death. Indeed, cancer cells regularly acquire resistance to programmed cell death, or apoptosis, which not only supports cancer progression but also leads to resistance to therapeutic agents. Thus, various approaches have been undertaken in order to induce apoptosis in tumor cells for therapeutic purposes. Here, we will focus our discussion on agents that directly affect the apoptotic machinery itself rather than on drugs that induce apoptosis in tumor cells indirectly, such as by DNA damage or kinase dependency inhibition. As the roles of the Bcl-2 family have been extensively studied and reviewed recently, we will focus in this review specifically on the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family. IAPs are a disparate group of proteins that all contain a baculovirus IAP repeat domain, which is important for the inhibition of apoptosis in some, but not all, family members. We describe each of the family members with respect to their structural and functional similarities and differences and their respective roles in cancer. Finally, we also review the current state of IAPs as targets for anti-cancer therapeutics and discuss the current clinical state of IAP antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Finlay
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Peter Teriete
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mitchell Vamos
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kristiina Vuori
- NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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8
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Manzoni L, Samela A, Barbini S, Cairati S, Penconi M, Arosio D, Lecis D, Seneci P. 4-Connected azabicyclo[5.3.0]decane Smac mimetics-Zn 2+ chelators as dual action antitumoral agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2336-2344. [PMID: 28434765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Putative dual action compounds (DACs 3a-d) based on azabicyclo[5.3.0]decane (ABD) Smac mimetic scaffolds linked to Zn2+-chelating 2,2'-dipicolylamine (DPA) through their 4 position are reported and characterized. Their synthesis, their target affinity (cIAP1 BIR3, Zn2+) in cell-free assays, their pro-apoptotic effects, and their cytotoxicity in tumor cells with varying sensitivity to Smac mimetics are described. A limited influence of Zn2+ chelation on in vitro activity of DPA-substituted DACs 3a-d was sometimes perceivable, but did not lead to strong cellular synergistic effects. In particular, the linker connecting DPA with the ABD scaffold seems to influence cellular Zn2+-chelation, with longer lipophilic linkers/DAC 3c being the optimal choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Manzoni
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Samela
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Barbini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Cairati
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Penconi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy; SmartMatLab Centre, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy; SmartMatLab Centre, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Lecis
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Medicina Molecolare, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Pierfausto Seneci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
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9
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Manzoni L, Gornati D, Manzotti M, Cairati S, Bossi A, Arosio D, Lecis D, Seneci P. Dual action Smac mimetics-zinc chelators as pro-apoptotic antitumoral agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4613-4619. [PMID: 27578248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dual action compounds (DACs) based on 4-substituted aza-bicyclo[5.3.0]decane Smac mimetic scaffolds (ABDs) linked to a Zn(2+)-chelating moiety (DPA, o-hydroxy, m-allyl, N-acyl (E)-phenylhydrazone) through their 10 position are reported and characterized. Their synthesis, their target affinity (XIAP BIR3, Zn(2+)) in cell-free assays, their pro-apoptotic effects and cytotoxicity in tumor cells with varying sensitivity to Smac mimetics are described. The results are interpreted to evaluate the influence of Zn(2+) chelators on cell-free potency and on cellular permeability of DACs, and to propose novel avenues towards more potent antitumoral DACs based on Smac mimetics and Zn(2+) chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Manzoni
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Gornati
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Manzotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Cairati
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Bossi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy; SmartMatLab, Centre, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy; SmartMatLab, Centre, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Lecis
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Medicina Molecolare, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Pierfausto Seneci
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
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10
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Smac127 Has Proapoptotic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:6905678. [PMID: 26989333 PMCID: PMC4773553 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6905678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by synovial inflammation and hyperplasia. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are apoptosis-resistant and contribute to the pathogenesis of RA by producing cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, which degrade the extracellular matrix. We evaluated the proapoptotic and anti-inflammatory activity of the small molecule Smac127 on RA-FLSs cultured in synovial fluid (SF), in order to reproduce the physiopathological environmental characteristic of RA joints. In this context, Smac127 induces apoptosis by inhibiting apoptosis proteins (IAPs). This inhibition activates caspase 3 and restores the apoptotic pathway. In addition, Smac127 induces a significant inhibition of the secretion of IL-15 and IL-6, stimulation of pannus formation, and damage of bone and cartilage in RA. Also the secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 is dramatically increased in the presence of Smac127. The cartilage destruction in RA patients is partly mediated by metalloproteinases; here we show that the MMP-1 production by fibroblasts cultured in SF is significantly antagonized by Smac127. Conversely, this molecule has no significant effects on RANKL and OPG production. Our observations demonstrate that Smac127 has beneficial regulatory effects on inflammatory state of RA-FLSs and suggest a potential use of Smac127 for the control of inflammation and disease progression in RA.
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11
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Lattuada D, Casnici C, Crotta K, Seneci PF, Corradini C, Truzzi M, Ingegnoli F, Marelli O. Proapoptotic activity of a monomeric smac mimetic on human fibroblast-like synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation 2015; 38:102-9. [PMID: 25212046 PMCID: PMC4312388 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) block cell death in response to diverse stimuli. The mitochondrial protein, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac), negatively regulates IAP inhibition of caspase activity. We investigated the proapoptotic activity of a synthetic Smac (Smac 066) on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) derived from patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We found that Smac 066 induced significant apoptosis in all RA-FLS samples. Furthermore, IAPs, which are upregulated in RA-FLS, were downregulated by Smac 066. This suggested that IAPs upregulation was responsible for RA-FLS sensitivity to Smac 066. Next, we analysed caspase activation and found that Smac 066 was associated with caspase 8 and caspase 3 activities. We then investigated the mechanism underlying Smac 066 downregulation of IAPs in RA-FLS with an apoptotic pathway array. Interestingly, Smac 066 significantly upregulated IGFBP-5, a protein involved in differentiation, apoptosis, and osteoblastic activation. Smac 066 may represent a new therapeutic approach to RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lattuada
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Study, Milan, Italy,
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12
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Chessari G, Buck IM, Day JEH, Day PJ, Iqbal A, Johnson CN, Lewis EJ, Martins V, Miller D, Reader M, Rees DC, Rich SJ, Tamanini E, Vitorino M, Ward GA, Williams PA, Williams G, Wilsher NE, Woolford AJA. Fragment-Based Drug Discovery Targeting Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins: Discovery of a Non-Alanine Lead Series with Dual Activity Against cIAP1 and XIAP. J Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26218264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are important regulators of apoptosis and pro-survival signaling pathways whose deregulation is often associated with tumor genesis and tumor growth. IAPs have been proposed as targets for anticancer therapy, and a number of peptidomimetic IAP antagonists have entered clinical trials. Using our fragment-based screening approach, we identified nonpeptidic fragments binding with millimolar affinities to both cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (cIAP1) and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). Structure-based hit optimization together with an analysis of protein-ligand electrostatic potential complementarity allowed us to significantly increase binding affinity of the starting hits. Subsequent optimization gave a potent nonalanine IAP antagonist structurally distinct from all IAP antagonists previously reported. The lead compound had activity in cell-based assays and in a mouse xenograft efficacy model and represents a highly promising start point for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Chessari
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Ildiko M Buck
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - James E H Day
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Day
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Aman Iqbal
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher N Johnson
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J Lewis
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Martins
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Darcey Miller
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Reader
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - David C Rees
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Sharna J Rich
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Emiliano Tamanini
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Vitorino
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - George A Ward
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela A Williams
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Williams
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola E Wilsher
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
| | - Alison J-A Woolford
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0QA, United Kingdom
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13
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Expression of executioner procaspases and their activation by a procaspase-activating compound in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood 2014; 125:1126-36. [PMID: 25538042 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-01-546796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways converge to activate common downstream executioner caspases (caspase-3, -6, and -7), resulting in cell death. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), neoplastic B cells evade apoptosis owing to the overexpression of survival proteins. We hypothesized that direct activation of procaspases could bypass the apoptosis resistance induced by the upstream prosurvival proteins. The procaspase-activating compounds (PAC-1), including B-PAC-1 (L14R8), convert inactive executioner procaspases to their active cleaved forms by chelation of labile zinc ions. Both at transcript and protein levels, primary CLL cells express high levels of latent procaspases (3, -7, and -9). B-PAC-1 treatment induced CLL lymphocyte death which was higher than that in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells or B cells, and was independent of prognostic markers and microenvironmental factors. Mechanistically, B-PAC-1 treatment activated executioner procaspases and not other Zn-dependent enzymes. Exogenous zinc completely, and pancaspase inhibitors partially, reversed B-PAC-1-induced apoptosis, elucidating the zinc-mediated mechanism of action. The cell demise relied on the presence of caspase-3/7 but not caspase-8 or Bax/Bak proteins. B-PAC-1 in combination with an inhibitor of apoptosis protein antagonist (Smac066) synergistically induced apoptosis in CLL samples. Our investigations demonstrated that direct activation of executioner procaspases via B-PAC-1 treatment bypasses apoptosis resistance and is a novel approach for CLL therapeutics.
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14
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Kim KS, Zhang L, Williams D, Perez HL, Stang E, Borzilleri RM, Posy S, Lei M, Chaudhry C, Emanuel S, Talbott R. Discovery of tetrahydroisoquinoline-based bivalent heterodimeric IAP antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5022-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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SPION-Smac mimetic nano-conjugates: Putative pro-apoptotic agents in oncology. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2374-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Jayakumar J, Anishetty S. Molecular Dynamics simulations of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins and identification of potential small molecule inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2098-104. [PMID: 24717152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic resistance due to over expression of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) XIAP, survivin and livin has been observed in various cancers. In the current study, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out for all three IAPs and a common ligand binding scaffold was identified. Further, a novel sequence based motif specific to these IAPs was designed. SMAC is an endogenous inhibitor of IAPs. Screening of ChemBank for compounds similar to lead SMAC-non-peptidomimetics yielded a cemadotin related compound NCIMech_000654. Cemadotin is a derivative of natural anti-tumor peptide dolastatin-15; hence these compounds were docked against all three IAPs. Based on our analysis, we propose that NCIMech_000654/dolastatin-15/cemadotin derivatives may be investigated for their potential in inhibiting XIAP, survivin and livin.
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17
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Mingozzi M, Manzoni L, Arosio D, Dal Corso A, Manzotti M, Innamorati F, Pignataro L, Lecis D, Delia D, Seneci P, Gennari C. Synthesis and biological evaluation of dual action cyclo-RGD/SMAC mimetic conjugates targeting αvβ3/αvβ5 integrins and IAP proteins. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3288-302. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00207e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dual action cyclo-RGD/SMAC mimetic conjugates endowed with in vitro activity against anti-apoptotic IAPs and pro-angiogenetic integrins are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mingozzi
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Milan, Italy
| | - L. Manzoni
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - D. Arosio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - A. Dal Corso
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Milan, Italy
| | - M. Manzotti
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Milan, Italy
| | - F. Innamorati
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Milan, Italy
| | - L. Pignataro
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Milan, Italy
| | - D. Lecis
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Medicina Molecolare
- I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - D. Delia
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Medicina Molecolare
- I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - P. Seneci
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Milan, Italy
| | - C. Gennari
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Milan, Italy
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18
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Lecis D, De Cesare M, Perego P, Conti A, Corna E, Drago C, Seneci P, Walczak H, Colombo MP, Delia D, Sangaletti S. Smac mimetics induce inflammation and necrotic tumour cell death by modulating macrophage activity. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e920. [PMID: 24232096 PMCID: PMC3847325 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Smac mimetics (SMs) comprise a class of small molecules that target members of the inhibitor of apoptosis family of pro-survival proteins, whose expression in cancer cells hinders the action of conventional chemotherapeutics. Herein, we describe the activity of SM83, a newly synthesised dimeric SM, in two cancer ascites models: athymic nude mice injected intraperitoneally with IGROV-1 human ovarian carcinoma cells and immunocompetent BALB/c mice injected with murine Meth A sarcoma cells. SM83 rapidly killed ascitic IGROV-1 and Meth A cells in vivo (prolonging mouse survival), but was ineffective against the same cells in vitro. IGROV-1 cells in nude mice were killed within the ascites by a non-apoptotic, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-dependent mechanism. SM83 administration triggered a rapid inflammatory event characterised by host secretion of TNF, interleukin-1β and interferon-γ. This inflammatory response was associated with the reversion of the phenotype of tumour-associated macrophages from a pro-tumoural M2- to a pro-inflammatory M1-like state. SM83 treatment was also associated with a massive recruitment of neutrophils that, however, was not essential for the antitumoural activity of this compound. In BALB/c mice bearing Meth A ascites, SM83 treatment was in some cases curative, and these mice became resistant to a second injection of cancer cells, suggesting that they had developed an adaptive immune response. Altogether, these results indicate that, in vivo, SM83 modulates the immune system within the tumour microenvironment and, through its pro-inflammatory action, leads cancer cells to die by necrosis with the release of high-mobility group box-1. In conclusion, our work provides evidence that SMs could be more therapeutically active than expected by stimulating the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lecis
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan 20133, Italy
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19
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Wadegaonkar VP, Wadegaonkar PA. Withanone as an inhibitor of survivin: a potential drug candidate for cancer therapy. J Biotechnol 2013; 168:229-33. [PMID: 23994265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Survivin, the smallest inhibitor of apoptosis protein, which has been reported to be highly expressed in almost all known cancers, plays a dual role in survival as well as the proliferation of cancer cells. It inhibits apoptosis by inhibiting caspases as well as facilitating mitosis by becoming a part of chromosomal passenger complex through its BIR5 domain. Docking studies carried out with herbal ligand withanone derived from roots of Withania somnifera have shown strong binding affinity of -19.1088 kJ/mol with BIR5 domain of survivin and in turn interferes with inhibitory action against caspases and may lead to apoptosis. Binding of withanone at BIR5 domain of survivin may also interfere with chromosomal passenger complex and lead to halt the mitotic process within the cancer cell. Docking studies support various experimental outcomes and suggest withanone as a potential candidate molecule in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha P Wadegaonkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, India
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20
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Scavullo C, Servida F, Lecis D, Onida F, Drago C, Ferrante L, Seneci P, Barcellini W, Lionetti M, Todoerti K, Neri A, Delia D, Deliliers GL. Single-agent Smac-mimetic compounds induce apoptosis in B chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL). Leuk Res 2013; 37:809-15. [PMID: 23618690 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Defective apoptosis is a hallmark of the progression of B chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL). Smac-mimetics have been shown to induce apoptosis in several tumours. We describe the in vitro pro-apoptotic activity and regulation of the molecular pathway induced by new Smac-mimetics in B-CLL. The cytotoxic effect was significantly higher in B-CLL samples than in healthy controls. No significant synergistic effect was observed in combined treatment. In conclusion one of our compounds (Smac66), used as monotherapy and not in combination, is highly active against B-CLL cells thus suggesting a promising therapeutic potential as a new class of antileukemic drugs in haematology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Scavullo
- Fondazione Matarelli, Dipartimento di Farmacologia Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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21
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Cossu F, Milani M, Vachette P, Malvezzi F, Grassi S, Lecis D, Delia D, Drago C, Seneci P, Bolognesi M, Mastrangelo E. Structural insight into inhibitor of apoptosis proteins recognition by a potent divalent smac-mimetic. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49527. [PMID: 23166698 PMCID: PMC3499469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations enhancing cell survival and suppressing apoptosis are hallmarks of cancer that significantly reduce the efficacy of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (IAP) family hosts conserved proteins in the apoptotic pathway whose over-expression, frequently found in tumours, potentiates survival and resistance to anticancer agents. In humans, IAPs comprise eight members hosting one or more structural Baculoviral IAP Repeat (BIR) domains. Cellular IAPs (cIAP1 and 2) indirectly inhibit caspase-8 activation, and regulate both the canonical and the non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathways. In contrast to cIAPs, XIAP (X chromosome-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein) inhibits directly the effector caspases-3 and -7 through its BIR2 domain, and initiator caspase-9 through its BIR3 domain; molecular docking studies suggested that Smac/DIABLO antagonizes XIAP by simultaneously targeting both BIR2 and BIR3 domains. Here we report analytical gel filtration, crystallographic and SAXS experiments on cIAP1-BIR3, XIAP-BIR3 and XIAP-BIR2BIR3 domains, alone and in the presence of compound 9a, a divalent homodimeric Smac mimetic. 9a is shown to bind two BIR domains inter- (in the case of two BIR3) and intra-molecularly (in the case of XIAP-BIR2BIR3), with higher affinity for cIAP1-BIR3, relative to XIAP-BIR3. Despite the different crystal lattice packing, 9a maintains a right handed helical conformation in both cIAP1-BIR3 and XIAP-BIR3 crystals, that is likely conserved in solution as shown by SAXS data. Our structural results demonstrate that the 9a linker length, its conformational degrees of freedom and its hydrophobicity, warrant an overall compact structure with optimal solvent exposure of its two active moieties for IAPs binding. Our results show that 9a is a good candidate for pre-clinical and clinical studies, worth of further investigations in the field of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cossu
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Milani
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- CNR-Istituto di Biofisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrice Vachette
- Institut de Biochimie et de Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR8619 CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, IFR115, Orsay, France
| | | | - Serena Grassi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Carmelo Drago
- Centro Interdisciplinare Studi bio-molecolari e applicazioni Industriali (CISI), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Pierfausto Seneci
- Centro Interdisciplinare Studi bio-molecolari e applicazioni Industriali (CISI), University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Martino Bolognesi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- CNR-Istituto di Biofisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Eloise Mastrangelo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- CNR-Istituto di Biofisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
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22
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Manzoni L, Belvisi L, Bianchi A, Conti A, Drago C, de Matteo M, Ferrante L, Mastrangelo E, Perego P, Potenza D, Scolastico C, Servida F, Timpano G, Vasile F, Rizzo V, Seneci P. Homo- and heterodimeric Smac mimetics/IAP inhibitors as in vivo-active pro-apoptotic agents. Part I: Synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6687-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Bianchi A, Ugazzi M, Ferrante L, Lecis D, Scavullo C, Mastrangelo E, Seneci P. Rational design, synthesis and characterization of potent, drug-like monomeric Smac mimetics as pro-apoptotic anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2204-8. [PMID: 22342627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A set of phenyl-substituted Smac mimetics/IAP inhibitor analogues of lead compound 2a was synthesized, aiming to retain its strong cell-free potency while increasing its bioavailability. Seventeen compounds 2b-r were prepared and characterized in vitro, using cell-free and cellular assays. Among them, the p-CF(3) substituted analogue 2m showed the best permeability through cell membranes, and was selected for further in vitro and in vivo studies due to its strong, sub-micromolar cellular potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Bianchi
- CISI scrl, Via Fantoli 16/15, I-20138 Milan, Italy
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24
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Potenza D, Belvisi L, Vasile F, Moroni E, Cossu F, Seneci P. A NMR and computational study of Smac mimics targeting both the BIR2 and BIR3 domains in XIAP protein. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3278-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06979b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Mayer BA, Rehberg M, Erhardt A, Wolf A, Reichel CA, Kracht M, Krombach F, Tiegs G, Zahler S, Vollmar AM, Fürst R. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins as novel targets in inflammatory processes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:2240-50. [PMID: 21817100 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.234294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), such as X-linked or cellular IAP 1/2 (XIAP, cIAP1/2), are important regulators of apoptosis. IAP antagonists are currently under clinical investigation as anticancer agents. Interestingly, IAPs participate in the inflammation-associated TNF receptor signaling complex and regulate NFκB signaling. This raises the question about the role of IAPs in inflammation. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory potential of IAP inhibitors and the role of IAPs in inflammatory processes of endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS In mice, the small molecule IAP antagonist A-4.10099.1 (ABT) suppressed antigen-induced arthritis, leukocyte infiltration in concanavalin A-evoked liver injury, and leukocyte transmigration in the TNFα-activated cremaster muscle. In vitro, we observed an attenuation of leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction by downregulation of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1. ABT did not impair NFκB signaling but decreased the TNFα-induced activation of the TGF-β-activated kinase 1, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. These effects are based on the proteasomal degradation of cIAP1/2 accompanied by an altered ratio of the levels of membrane-localized TNF receptor-associated factors 2 and 5. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal IAP antagonism as a profound anti-inflammatory principle in vivo and highlight IAPs as important regulators of inflammatory processes in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina A Mayer
- Munich Center for System-Based Drug Research, Department of Pharmacy, University of Munich, Germany
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26
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Cossu F, Malvezzi F, Canevari G, Mastrangelo E, Lecis D, Delia D, Seneci P, Scolastico C, Bolognesi M, Milani M. Recognition of Smac-mimetic compounds by the BIR domain of cIAP1. Protein Sci 2011; 19:2418-29. [PMID: 20954235 DOI: 10.1002/pro.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are negative regulators of apoptosis. As IAPs are overexpressed in many tumors, where they confer chemoresistance, small molecules inactivating IAPs have been proposed as anticancer agents. Accordingly, a number of IAP-binding pro-apoptotic compounds that mimic the sequence corresponding to the N-terminal tetrapeptide of Smac/DIABLO, the natural endogenous IAPs inhibitor, have been developed. Here, we report the crystal structures of the BIR3 domain of cIAP1 in complex with Smac037, a Smac-mimetic known to bind potently to the XIAP-BIR3 domain and to induce degradation of cIAP1, and in complex with the novel Smac-mimetic compound Smac066. Thermal stability and fluorescence polarization assays show the stabilizing effect and the high affinity of both Smac037 and Smac066 for cIAP1- and cIAP2-BIR3 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cossu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milano, Italy
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27
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Smith JA, Molesworth PP, Hyland CJ, Ryan JH. Seven-Membered Rings. PROGRESS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(11)22016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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28
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Zeng H, Zhang S, Yang KY, Wang T, Hu JL, Huang LL, Wu G. Knockdown of Second Mitochondria-Derived Activator of Caspase Expression by RNAi Enhances Growth and Cisplatin Resistance of Human Lung Cancer Cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2010; 25:705-12. [PMID: 21204765 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2010.0786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zeng
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun-Yu Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Li Hu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Li Huang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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29
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Theoretical studies on the interactions of XIAP-BIR3 domain with bicyclic and tricyclic core monovalent Smac mimetics. J Mol Graph Model 2010; 29:354-62. [PMID: 20980180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
X-linked IAP can bind caspase-9 and inhibit its activity. Mitochondrial protein Smac/DIABLO can also interact with XIAP and relieve the inhibition on caspase-9 to induce apoptosis. A series of artificial Smac mimetics have been used to mimic the Smac N-terminal tetrapeptide AVPI to bind to XIAP-BIR3, but these structural diverse mimetics exhibited distinct binding affinities. To get an insight into the binding nature and optimize the structures, molecular docking and dynamics simulations were used to study the binding of XIAP-BIR3 with three groups of Smac mimetics. The docking results reveal that these Smac mimetics anchored on the surface groove of XIAP-BIR3 and superimposed well with AVPI. The modifications on the seven-membered ring of bicyclic core segment do not strengthen the binding affinity, while a benzyl introduced to the five-membered ring is favorable to the binding. Molecular dynamics simulations on three typical systems show that these complexes are very stable. Hydrogen bonds between the bicyclic core segment and Thr308 play critical roles in maintaining the stability of complex. The binding free energies calculated by MM_PBSA method are consistent with the experimental results.
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30
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Servida F, Lecis D, Scavullo C, Drago C, Seneci P, Carlo-Stella C, Manzoni L, Polli E, Lambertenghi Deliliers G, Delia D, Onida F. Novel second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac) mimetic compounds sensitize human leukemic cell lines to conventional chemotherapeutic drug-induced and death receptor-mediated apoptosis. Invest New Drugs 2010; 29:1264-75. [PMID: 20614162 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs) are important regulators of programmed cell death. XIAP is the most potent among them and is over-expressed in several hematological malignancies. Its activity is endogenously antagonized by SMAC/DIABLO, and also by small molecules mimicking Smac that can induce apoptosis in tumor cells. Here we describe the activity of 56 newly synthesized Smac-mimetics in human leukemic cell lines and normal CD34(+) progenitor cells. Our compounds bind to XIAP with high affinity, reduce the levels of cIAP1 and are cytotoxic at nanomolar or low micromolar concentrations. Furthermore, the Smac-mimetics synergize with Cytarabine, Etoposide and especially with TRAIL in combination treatments. Apoptosis activation was clearly detectable by the occurrence of sub G(1) apoptotic peak and the accumulation of cleaved PARP, caspase 8 and caspase 3. Interestingly, the down-regulation of XIAP sensitized Jurkat cells to drugs too, confirming the role of this protein in drug-resistance. In conclusion, while being very active in leukemic cells, our Smac-mimetics have modest effects on normal hematopoietic progenitors, suggesting their promising therapeutic potential as a new class of anticancer drugs in onco-hematology, particularly when combined with TRAIL, to overcome the resistance of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Servida
- Fondazione Matarelli, Dipartimento di Farmacologia Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy.
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31
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Yoo JH, Lee HJ, Kang K, Jho EH, Kim CY, Baturen D, Tunsag J, Nho CW. Lignans inhibit cell growth via regulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:2247-52. [PMID: 20510325 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
As aberrant activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is one of the major mechanisms of carcinogenesis in colon cancer, identification of inhibitors of this pathway may aid in colon cancer prevention. We investigated the ability of the lignans arctiin, matairesinol and arctigenin from Saussurea salicifolia to inhibit Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in SW480 human colon cancer cells. The lignans inhibited SW480 cell growth. In addition, the transcriptional activity of a reporter construct containing the TCF binding element (TBE) was decreased after the treatment with all three lignans. Although arctiin, matairesinol and arctigenin have similar structures, arctigenin affected Wnt/beta-catenin signaling most significantly. Further, arctigenin reduced the level of beta-catenin by inducing its phosphorylation and thus its degradation. Arctigenin also decreased expression of the beta-catenin/TCF downstream genes CCND1, survivin and CTNNB1, and induced apoptosis. These results suggest that arctigenin, an aglycone with a methoxyl group, potently inhibits the growth of human colon cancer cells via the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Yoo
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 210-340, Republic of Korea
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Lecis D, Drago C, Manzoni L, Seneci P, Scolastico C, Mastrangelo E, Bolognesi M, Anichini A, Kashkar H, Walczak H, Delia D. Novel SMAC-mimetics synergistically stimulate melanoma cell death in combination with TRAIL and Bortezomib. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:1707-16. [PMID: 20461078 PMCID: PMC2883696 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) is an anti-apoptotic protein exerting its activity by binding and suppressing caspases. As XIAP is overexpressed in several tumours, in which it apparently contributes to chemoresistance, and because its activity in vivo is antagonised by second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC)/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low pI, small molecules mimicking SMAC (so called SMAC-mimetics) can potentially overcome tumour resistance by promoting apoptosis. METHODS Three homodimeric compounds were synthesised tethering a monomeric SMAC-mimetic with different linkers and their affinity binding for the baculoviral inhibitor repeats domains of XIAP measured by fluorescent polarisation assay. The apoptotic activity of these molecules, alone or in combination with tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and/or Bortezomib, was tested in melanoma cell lines by MTT viability assays and western blot analysis of activated caspases. RESULTS We show that in melanoma cell lines, which are typically resistant to chemotherapeutic agents, XIAP knock-down sensitises cells to TRAIL treatment in vitro, also favouring the accumulation of cleaved caspase-8. We also describe a new series of 4-substituted azabicyclo[5.3.0]alkane monomeric and dimeric SMAC-mimetics that target various members of the IAP family and powerfully synergise at submicromolar concentrations with TRAIL in inducing cell death. Finally, we show that the simultaneous administration of newly developed SMAC-mimetics with Bortezomib potently triggers apoptosis in a melanoma cell line resistant to the combined effect of SMAC-mimetics and TRAIL. CONCLUSION Hence, the newly developed SMAC-mimetics effectively synergise with TRAIL and Bortezomib in inducing cell death. These findings warrant further preclinical studies in vivo to verify the anticancer effectiveness of the combination of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lecis
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via G Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Mastrangelo E, Cossu F, Milani M, Sorrentino G, Lecis D, Delia D, Manzoni L, Drago C, Seneci P, Scolastico C, Rizzo V, Bolognesi M. Targeting the X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein through 4-Substituted Azabicyclo[5.3.0]alkane Smac Mimetics. Structure, Activity, and Recognition Principles. J Mol Biol 2008; 384:673-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 09/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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