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Gambino A, Burnett JC, Koide K. Methyl Scanning and Revised Binding Mode of 2-Pralidoxime, an Antidote for Nerve Agent Poisoning. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1893-1898. [PMID: 33062170 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and, despite the Chemical Weapons Convention arms control treaty, continue to represent a threat to both military personnel and civilians. 2-Pralidoxime (2-PAM) is currently the only therapeutic countermeasure approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for treating OPNA poisoning. However, 2-PAM is not centrally active due to its hydrophilicity and resulting poor blood-brain barrier permeability; hence, these deficiencies warrant the development of more hydrophobic analogs. Specifically, gaps exist in previously published structure activity relationship (SAR) studies for 2-PAM, thereby making it difficult to rationally design novel analogs that are concomitantly more permeable and more efficacious. In this study, we methodically performed a methyl scan on the core pyridinium of 2-PAM to identify ring positions that could tolerate both additional steric bulk and hydrophobicity. Subsequently, SAR-guided molecular docking was used to rationalize hydropathically feasible binding modes for 2-PAM and the reported derivatives. Overall, the data presented herein provide new insights that may facilitate the rational design of more efficacious 2-PAM analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Gambino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - James C. Burnett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kazunori Koide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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2
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Bharate SB, Chao CK, Thompson CM. Comparison of the reactivation rates of acetylcholinesterase modified by structurally different organophosphates using novel pyridinium oximes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 71:103218. [PMID: 31302432 PMCID: PMC6736693 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel panel of oximes were synthesized, which have displayed varying degree of reactivation ability towards different organophosphorus (OP) modified cholinesterases. In the present article, we report a comparative reactivation profile of a series of quaternary pyridinium-oximes for electric eel acetylcholinesterase (EEAChE) inhibited by the organophosphorus (OP) inhibitors methyl paraoxon (MePOX), ethyl paraoxon (POX; paraoxon) and diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) that are distinguishable as dimethoxyphosphoryl, diethoxyphosphoryl and diisopropoxyphosphoryl AChE-OP-adducts. Most of the 59-oximes tested led to faster and more extensive reactivation of MePOX- and POX-inhibited EEAChE as compared to DFP-modified EEAChE. All were effective reactivators of three OP-modified EEAChE conjugates showing 18-21% reactivation for DFP-inhibited AChE and ≥45% reactivation for MePOX- and POX-inhibited EEAChE. Oximes 7 and 8 showed kr values better than pralidoxime (1) for DFP-inhibited EEAChE. Reactivation rates determined at different inhibition times showed no significant change in kr values during 0-90 min incubation with three OPs. However, a 34-72% decrease in kr for MePOX and POX and > 95% decrease in kr for DFP-inhibited EEAChE was observed after 24 h of OP-exposure (aging).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip B Bharate
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA; Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.
| | - Chih-Kai Chao
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Charles M Thompson
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.
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3
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de Paula RL, de Almeida JSFD, Cavalcante SFA, Gonçalves AS, Simas ABC, Franca TCC, Valis M, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Granjeiro JM. Molecular Modeling and In Vitro Studies of a Neutral Oxime as a Potential Reactivator for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited by Paraoxon. Molecules 2018; 23:E2954. [PMID: 30424582 PMCID: PMC6278417 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed to compare the small, neutral and monoaromatic oxime, isatin-3-oxime (isatin-O), to the commercial ones, pralidoxime (2-PAM) and obidoxime, in a search for a new potential reactivator for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by the pesticide paraoxon (AChE/POX) as well as a novel potential scaffold for further synthetic modifications. The multicriteria decision methods (MCDM) allowed the identification of the best docking poses of those molecules inside AChE/POX for further molecular dynamic (MD) studies, while Ellman's modified method enabled in vitro inhibition and reactivation assays. In corroboration with the theoretical studies, our experimental results showed that isatin-O have a reactivation potential capable of overcoming 2-PAM at the initial moments of the assay. Despite not achieving better results than obidoxime, this molecule is promising for being an active neutral oxime with capacity of crossing the blood⁻brain barrier (BBB), to reactivate AChE/POX inside the central and peripheral nervous systems. Moreover, the fact that isatin-O can also act as anticonvulsant makes this molecule a possible multipotent reactivator. Besides, the MCDM method showed to be an accurate method for the selection of the best docking poses generated in the docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuel L de Paula
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Avenida Nossa Senhora das Graças 50, Duque de Caxias 25250-020, Brazil.
- IDQBRN (Brazilian Army CBRN Defense Institute), Avenida das Américas 28705, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil.
| | - Joyce S F D de Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil.
| | - Samir F A Cavalcante
- IDQBRN (Brazilian Army CBRN Defense Institute), Avenida das Américas 28705, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil.
- Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS Bloco H Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Arlan S Gonçalves
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Avenida Ministro Salgado Filho S/N, Vila Velha 29106-010, Brazil.
| | - Alessandro B C Simas
- Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS Bloco H Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Tanos C C Franca
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil.
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Valis
- Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital, Simkova 870, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - José M Granjeiro
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Avenida Nossa Senhora das Graças 50, Duque de Caxias 25250-020, Brazil.
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Manda S, Sharma S, Wani A, Joshi P, Kumar V, Guru SK, Bharate SS, Bhushan S, Vishwakarma RA, Kumar A, Bharate SB. Discovery of a marine-derived bis-indole alkaloid fascaplysin, as a new class of potent P-glycoprotein inducer and establishment of its structure–activity relationship. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 107:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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5
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Valiveti AK, Acharya J, Pratap A, Halve AK, Kaushik MP. Synthesis and in vitro screening of N-phenacylpyridinium oximes as reactivators of organophosphorus (OP)-inhibited electric eel acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fischer A, Wolman M, Granato M, Parsons M, McCallion AS, Proescher J, English E. Carbamate nerve agent prophylatics exhibit distinct toxicological effects in the zebrafish embryo model. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 50:1-10. [PMID: 25968237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pyridostigmine bromide (PB) is an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of myasthenia gravis and a prophylactic pre-treatment for organophosphate nerve agent poisoning. Current methods for evaluating nerve agent treatments include enzymatic studies and mammalian models. Rapid whole animal screening tools for assessing the effects of nerve agent pre-treatment and post-exposure drugs represent an underdeveloped area of research. We used zebrafish as a model for acute and chronic developmental exposure to PB and two related carbamate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, neostigmine bromide (NB) and physostigmine (PS). Lethal doses and gross morphological phenotypes resulting from exposure to sub-lethal doses of these compounds were determined. Quantitative analyses of motility impairment and AChE enzyme inhibition were used to determine optimal dosing conditions for evaluation of the effects of carbamate exposures on neuronal development; ~50% impairment of response to startle stimuli and >50% inhibition of AChE activity were observed at 80 mMPB, 20 mM NB and 0.1 mM PS. PB induced stunted somite length, but no other phenotypic effects were observed. In contrast, NB and PS induced more severe phenotypic morphological defects than PB as well as neurite outgrowth mislocalization. Additionally, NB induced mislocalization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, resulting in impaired synapse formation. Taken together, these data suggest that altered patterns of neuronal connectivity contribute to the developmental neurotoxicity of carbamates and demonstrate the utility of the zebrafish model for distinguishing subtle structure-based differential effects of AChE inhibitors, which include nerve agents, pesticides and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Fischer
- Asymmetric Operations Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, United States; McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Marc Wolman
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Michael Granato
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Michael Parsons
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Andrew S McCallion
- McKusick Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Jody Proescher
- Asymmetric Operations Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, United States
| | - Emily English
- Research and Exploratory Development Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, United States.
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Pooja P, Aggarwal S, Tiwari AK, Kumar V, Pratap R, Singh G, Mishra AK. Novel pyridinium oximes: synthesis, molecular docking and in vitro reactivation studies. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14696d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A computational approach has been attempted for the screening of 4-pyridoxinium (4P) ring based reactivators for paraoxon inhibited AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Pooja
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Delhi-110054
- India
- Department of Chemistry
| | - S. Aggarwal
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Delhi-110054
- India
- Department of Chemistry
| | - A. K. Tiwari
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Delhi-110054
- India
| | - V. Kumar
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Delhi-110054
- India
| | - R. Pratap
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110054
- India
| | - G. Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110054
- India
| | - A. K. Mishra
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Delhi-110054
- India
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Chadha N, Tiwari AK, Kumar V, Lal S, Milton MD, Mishra AK. Oxime-dipeptides as anticholinesterase, reactivator of phosphonylated-serine of AChE catalytic triad: probing the mechanistic insight by MM-GBSA, dynamics simulations and DFT analysis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2014; 33:978-90. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.921793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Konidaris KF, Dalkas GA, Katsoulakou E, Pairas G, Raptopoulou CP, Lamari FN, Spyroulias GA, Manessi-Zoupa E. ZnII/pyridyloxime complexes as potential reactivators of OP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase: In vitro and docking simulation studies. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 134:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Sharma R, Gupta B, Acharya J, Kaushik M, Ghosh KK. Interactions between xylene-linked carbamoyl bis-pyridinium mono-oximes and organophosphates inhibited-AChE: A kinetic study. Toxicology 2014; 316:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gupta B, Sharma R, Singh N, Kuca K, Acharya JR, Ghosh KK. In vitro reactivation kinetics of paraoxon- and DFP-inhibited electric eel AChE using mono- and bis-pyridinium oximes. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:381-90. [PMID: 24065055 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxime-assisted reactivation of organophosphate (OP)-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a crucial step in the post-inhibitory treatment of OP intoxication. The limited efficacy of oxime reactivators for all OP nerve agents and pesticides led to the development of various novel oximes and their thorough kinetic investigations. Hence, in the present investigation, we have tested 10 structurally different pyridinium oxime-based reactivators for their in vitro potency to reactivate paraoxon- and DFP-inhibited electric eel AChE. From structure activity relationship point of view, various oximes such as mono-quaternary (2-PAM, K100, K024) and bis-quaternary symmetric (obidoxime, TMB-4) and asymmetric (K027, K048, K203, K618, K628) oximes bearing different connecting linkers (oxybismethylene, trimethylene, propane, butane, butene, and xylene) have been studied. The observed kinetic data demonstrate that not only the position of oxime group is decisive for the increased reactivation ability of oximes, but the role of connecting linker is also significant. Oximes with aliphatic linkers are superior reactivators than the oximes with unsaturated and aromatic linkers. The optimal chain length for plausible reactivation ability for paraoxon- and DFP-inhibited AChE is 3 or 4 carbon-carbon connecting linker between prydinium rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanushree Gupta
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492010, CG, India
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da Cunha Xavier Soares SF, Vieira AA, Delfino RT, Figueroa-Villar JD. NMR determination of Electrophorus electricus acetylcholinesterase inhibition and reactivation by neutral oximes. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5923-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Nagase S, Kohguchi K, Tohyama K, Watanabe M, Iwatani Y. Interference by pralidoxime (PAM) salts in clinical laboratory tests. Clin Chim Acta 2012. [PMID: 23195028 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drugs sometimes alter the results of clinical laboratory tests. We examined the effects of pralidoxime (PAM) salts, a medicine used to treat organophosphorus poisoning, on clinical laboratory test results for the first time. METHODS The effects of PAM salts on glucose (GLU) measurements were examined using a point-of-care testing (POCT) meter, four self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) meters, and two biochemical autoanalyzers. The effects of PAM salts on other clinical tests were also evaluated. RESULTS The addition of PAM iodide or potassium iodide, but not of PAM chloride or potassium chloride, to blood samples increased the GLU values measured by one POCT meter and 4 SMBG meters using the enzyme electrode (hydrogen peroxidase or oxygen electrode) method. On the other hand, PAM iodide or PAM chloride, but not KI or KCl, affected the values measured at 340 nm by an autoanalyzer using absorption spectrophotometry in 8 of 14 clinical laboratory tests. The absorption spectrum of PAM changed from 294 to 338 nm due to the reaction between PAM and the alkaline buffer, a component of the measuring reagents. CONCLUSIONS PAM iodide increases the GLU values measured by the enzyme electrode method, and PAM salts affected the values measured at 340 nm by absorption spectrophotometry in many other clinical test items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumika Nagase
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Voicu V, Rădulescu FŞ, Medvedovici A. Toxicological considerations of acetylcholinesterase reactivators. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 9:31-50. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.736489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Worek F, Wille T, Koller M, Thiermann H. Reactivation kinetics of a series of related bispyridinium oximes with organophosphate-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase—Structure–activity relationships. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1700-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Bharate SB, Manda S, Joshi P, Singh B, Vishwakarma RA. Total synthesis and anti-cholinesterase activity of marine-derived bis-indole alkaloid fascaplysin. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20076g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Kalisiak J, Ralph EC, Zhang J, Cashman JR. Amidine-oximes: reactivators for organophosphate exposure. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3319-30. [PMID: 21438612 DOI: 10.1021/jm200054r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new class of amidine-oxime reactivators of organophosphate (OP)-inhibited cholinesterases (ChE) were designed, synthesized, and tested. These compounds represent a novel group of oximes with enhanced capabilities of crossing the blood-brain barrier. Lack of brain penetration is a major limitation for currently used oximes as antidotes of OP poisoning. The concept described herein relies on a combination of an amidine residue and oxime functionality whereby the amidine increases the binding affinity to the ChE and the oxime is responsible for reactivation. Amidine-oximes were tested in vitro and reactivation rates for OP-BuChE were greater than pralidoxime (2-PAM) or monoisonitrosoacetone (MINA). Amidine-oxime reactivation rates for OP-AChE were lower compared to 2-PAM but greater compared with MINA. After pretreatment for 30 min with oximes 15c and 15d (145 μmol/kg, ip) mice were challenged with a soman model compound. In addition, 15d was tested in a post-treatment experiment (145 μmol/kg, ip, administration 5 min after sarin model compound exposure). In both cases, amidine-oximes afforded 100% 24 h survival in an animal model of OP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Kalisiak
- Human BioMolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, California 92121, United States.
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Mercey G, Verdelet T, Saint-André G, Gillon E, Wagner A, Baati R, Jean L, Nachon F, Renard PY. First efficient uncharged reactivators for the dephosphylation of poisoned human acetylcholinesterase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:5295-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc10787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bharate SB, Thompson CM. Antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antileishmanial activities of mono- and bis-quaternary pyridinium compounds. Chem Biol Drug Des 2010; 76:546-51. [PMID: 21040494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2010.01035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyridinium-based oxime compounds have been utilized worldwide as antidotes following exposure to anticholinesterase agents. In the event of combined chemical and biological incident, it is of vital importance to know the ability of antidotes to provide additional protection against biological threats. This paper reports results of in vitro antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of a series of quaternary pyridinium oximes against a number of lower pathogenicity BSL-1 and 2 agents. In general, our compound panel had little to no antimicrobial action except for thiophene- and benzothiophene-substituted monoquaternary pyridinium compounds 21 and 24 that showed moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus with IC(50) values ranging from 12.2 to 17.7 μg/mL. Compounds 21 and 24 also exhibited antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani with IC(50) values of 19 and 18 μg/mL, respectively. Another monoquaternary pyridinium compound with a bromobutyl side chain 17 showed antimalarial activity against both a chloroquine sensitive and resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum with IC(50) values of 3.7 and 4.0 μg/mL, respectively. None of the bisquaternary pyridinium compounds showed antimicrobial or antiprotozoal activity. None of the compounds showed cytotoxic effects toward mammalian kidney fibroblasts. Results of this study indicate that the pyridinium compounds, some of which are already in use as antidotes, do not have significant antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities and cannot be relied upon for additional protection in the event of combined chemical-biological incident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip B Bharate
- NIH COBRE Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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