1
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Das A, Maji B. Direct C(3)5-H Polyfluoroarylation of 2-Amino/alkoxy Pyridines Enabled by a Transient and Electron-deficient Palladium Intermediate. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301436. [PMID: 37154162 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present an unprecedented azine-limited C5-H polyfluoroarylation of 2-aminopyridines enabled by a transient and electron-deficient perfluoroaryl-Pd species via C-H/C-H coupling. The protocol further allows C3(5)-H polyfluoroarylation of 2-alkoxypyridines guided by sterics and electronics for the first time. The late-stage C-H functionalization of drugs, drug derivatives, and natural product derivatives and synthesis of C5-aryl drug derivatives further demonstrated the method's utility. The preliminary mechanistic studies reveal that the synergistic combination of the bulky yet electrophilic perfluoroaryl-Pd species and the partial nucleophilicity of the C5-position of 2-amino/alkoxy-pyridines is the origin of reactivity and selectivity. Importantly, the first experimental evidence for the role of diisopropyl sulfide is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Biplab Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, West Bengal, India
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2
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Habib I, Singha K, Hossain M. Recent Progress on Pyridine
N
‐Oxide in Organic Transformations: A Review. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Habib
- Synthetic Organic Research Laboratory UGC-HRDC (Chemistry) University of North Bengal Siliguri Darjeeling 734013 India
| | - Koustav Singha
- Synthetic Organic Research Laboratory UGC-HRDC (Chemistry) University of North Bengal Siliguri Darjeeling 734013 India
| | - Mossaraf Hossain
- Synthetic Organic Research Laboratory UGC-HRDC (Chemistry) University of North Bengal Siliguri Darjeeling 734013 India
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3
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Miao W, Jia D, Rui Y, Liang W, Chen Y, Liu H, Yi Z. Interaction Mechanisms of the Binding of Polychlorinated Biphenyls to Thyroid Hormone Transporters Revealed based on Quantum Chemistry and Spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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4
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Palani V, Perea MA, Sarpong R. Site-Selective Cross-Coupling of Polyhalogenated Arenes and Heteroarenes with Identical Halogen Groups. Chem Rev 2021; 122:10126-10169. [PMID: 34402611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Methods to functionalize arenes and heteroarenes in a site-selective manner are highly sought after for rapidly constructing value-added molecules of medicinal, agrochemical, and materials interest. One effective approach is the site-selective cross-coupling of polyhalogenated arenes bearing multiple, but identical, halogen groups. Such cross-coupling reactions have proven to be incredibly effective for site-selective functionalization. However, they also present formidable challenges due to the inherent similarities in the reactivities of the halogen substituents. In this Review, we discuss strategies for site-selective cross-couplings of polyhalogenated arenes and heteroarenes bearing identical halogens, beginning first with an overview of the reaction types that are more traditional in nature, such as electronically, sterically, and directing-group-controlled processes. Following these examples is a description of emerging strategies, which includes ligand- and additive/solvent-controlled reactions as well as photochemically initiated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Palani
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Melecio A Perea
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Valarmathi T, Premkumar R, Meera MR, Milton Franklin Benial A. Spectroscopic, quantum chemical and molecular docking studies on 1-amino-5-chloroanthraquinone: A targeted drug therapy for thyroid cancer. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 255:119659. [PMID: 33751957 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The DFT studies of the 1-Amino-5-chloro-anthraquinone (ACAQ) molecule have been carried out with extensive and accurate investigations of detailed vibrational and spectroscopic investigations and validated by experimentally. The optimized molecular structure and harmonic resonance frequencies were computed based on DFT/B3LYP method with 6-311G++(d,p) basis set using the Gaussian 09 program. The experimental and calculated vibrational wavenumbers were assigned on the basis of PED calculations using VEDA 4.0 program. The 13C NMR isotropic chemical shifts of the molecule were calculated using Gauge-Invariant-Atomic Orbital (GIAO) method in DMSO solution and compared with the experimental data. The absorption spectrum of the molecule was computed in liquid phase (ethanol), which exhibits л to л* electronic transition and compared with observed UV-Vis spectrum. Frontier molecular orbitals analysis shows the molecular reactivity and kinetic stability of the molecule. The Mulliken atomic charge distribution and molecular electrostatic potential surface analysis of the molecule validate the reactive site of the molecule. The natural bond orbital analysis proves the bioactivity of the molecule. Molecular docking analysis indicate that ACAQ molecule inhibits the action of c-Met Kinase protein, which is associated with the thyroid cancer. Hence, the present study pave the way for the development of novel drugs in the treatment of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Valarmathi
- P.G. and Research Department of Physics, N.M.S.S.V.N. College, Madurai 625019, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Premkumar
- P.G. and Research Department of Physics, N.M.S.S.V.N. College, Madurai 625019, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M R Meera
- Department of Physics, Sree Ayyappa College for Women, Chunkankadai, Kanyakumari 629003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Milton Franklin Benial
- P.G. and Research Department of Physics, N.M.S.S.V.N. College, Madurai 625019, Tamil Nadu, India.
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6
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Valarmathi T, Premkumar R, Franklin Benial AM. Spectroscopic and molecular docking studies on 1-Hydroxyanthraquinone: A potent ovarian cancer drug. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Sanzhiev AN, Potapova MI, Krasnokutskaya EA, Filimonov VD. A Novel One-Pot Synthesis of N,N-Dimethylaminopyridines by Diazotization of Aminopyridines in Dimethylformamide in the Presence of Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428020060093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Kumaran S, Parthasarathy K. Cobalt(III)-Catalyzed Synthesis of Fused Quinazolinones by C-H/N-H Annulation of 2-Arylquinazolinones with Alkynes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramani Kumaran
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Madras; Guindy Campus -600025 Chennai Tamilnadu India
| | - Kanniyappan Parthasarathy
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Madras; Guindy Campus -600025 Chennai Tamilnadu India
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9
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Siva V, Bahadur SA, Shameem A, Athimoolam S, Lakshmi KU, Vinitha G. Synthesis, structural, vibrational, thermal, dielectric and optical properties of third order nonlinear optical single crystal for optical power limiting applications. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Karunakaran J, Dhatchana Moorthy N, Chowdhury SR, Iqbal S, Majumder HK, Gunasekaran K, Vellaichamy E, Mohanakrishnan AK. Divergent Synthesis and Evaluation of the in vitro Cytotoxicity Profiles of 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophenyl-2-propen-1-one Analogues. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1418-1430. [PMID: 31343838 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT)-appended propenones were prepared by condensation reaction and their in vitro cytotoxicity effects were evaluated against five human cancer cell lines. Preliminary structure-activity relationships of EDOT-incorporated 2-propenone derivatives were also established. The EDOT-appended enones demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines. The most active analogue, (E)-3-(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (3 p, GI50 =110 nm), severely inhibited the clonogenic potential of cancer cells, and induced cell-cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and caused an accumulation of HCT116 colon cancer cells with >4 N DNA content. Also, 3 p exhibited weak inhibition of the enzymatic activity of human topoisomerase I. Molecular docking studies indicated preferential binding of the compounds to the ATP-binding pocket of the human checkpoint 2 kinase (Chk2) catalytic domain, thus, identifying a novel diaryl 2-propenone chemotype for the development of potent inhibitors of Chk2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayachandran Karunakaran
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nachiappan Dhatchana Moorthy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Orchid Pharma Limited, Orchid Towers #313, Valluvar Kottam High Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai, 600034, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Somenath Roy Chowdhury
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Saleem Iqbal
- Center for Advanced studies in Crystallography & Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hemanta K Majumder
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mallick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Krishnasamy Gunasekaran
- Center for Advanced studies in Crystallography & Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Elangovan Vellaichamy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arasambattu K Mohanakrishnan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
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11
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Bairy G, Das S, Begam HM, Jana R. Exceedingly Fast, Direct Access to Dihydroisoquinolino[1,2-b]quinazolinones through a Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Redox-Neutral C–H Allylation/Hydroamination Cascade. Org Lett 2018; 20:7107-7112. [PMID: 30407020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gurupada Bairy
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Suvankar Das
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Hasina Mamataj Begam
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranjan Jana
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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12
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Almond-Thynne J, Blakemore DC, Pryde DC, Spivey AC. Site-selective Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of heteroaryl halides - understanding the trends for pharmaceutically important classes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:40-62. [PMID: 28451148 PMCID: PMC5304707 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02118b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of heteroaryl polyhalides with aryl boronates are surveyed. Drawing on data from literature sources as well as bespoke searches of Pfizer's global chemistry RKB and CAS Scifinder® databases, the factors that determine the site-selectivity of these reactions are discussed with a view to rationalising the trends found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Almond-Thynne
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW& 2AZ , UK .
| | - David C Blakemore
- Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry , The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington , Cambridge , CB21 6GS , UK
| | - David C Pryde
- Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry , The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington , Cambridge , CB21 6GS , UK
| | - Alan C Spivey
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London , SW& 2AZ , UK .
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13
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Ronco C, Martin AR, Demange L, Benhida R. ATM, ATR, CHK1, CHK2 and WEE1 inhibitors in cancer and cancer stem cells. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016; 8:295-319. [PMID: 30108746 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00439c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA inevitably undergoes a high number of damages throughout the cell cycle. To preserve the integrity of the genome, cells have developed a complex enzymatic machinery aimed at sensing and repairing DNA lesions, pausing the cell cycle to provide more time to repair, or induce apoptosis if damages are too severe. This so-called DNA-damage response (DDR) is yet considered as a major source of resistance to DNA-damaging treatments in oncology. Recently, it has been hypothesized that cancer stem cells (CSC), a sub-population of cancer cells particularly resistant and with tumour-initiating ability, allow tumour re-growth and cancer relapse. Therefore, DDR appears as a relevant target to sensitize cancer cells and cancer stem cells to classical radio- and chemotherapies as well as to overcome resistances. Moreover, the concept of synthetic lethality could be particularly efficiently exploited in DDR. Five kinases play pivotal roles in the DDR: ATM, ATR, CHK1, CHK2 and WEE1. Herein, we review the drugs targeting these proteins and the inhibitors used in the specific case of CSC. We also suggest molecules that may be of interest for preclinical and clinical researchers studying checkpoint inhibition to sensitize cancer and cancer stem cells to DNA-damaging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Ronco
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Institut de Chimie de Nice , UMR7272 - Parc Valrose , 06108 Nice Cedex 2 , France . ; ; Tel: +33 4 92076143
| | - Anthony R Martin
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Institut de Chimie de Nice , UMR7272 - Parc Valrose , 06108 Nice Cedex 2 , France . ; ; Tel: +33 4 92076143
| | - Luc Demange
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Institut de Chimie de Nice , UMR7272 - Parc Valrose , 06108 Nice Cedex 2 , France . ; ; Tel: +33 4 92076143.,Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques , 4 avenue de l'Observatoire , Paris Fr-75006 , France.,Université Paris Descartes , Sorbonne Paris Cité , UFR Biomédicale des Saints Pères , 45 rue des Saints Pères , France
| | - Rachid Benhida
- Université Côte d'Azur , CNRS , Institut de Chimie de Nice , UMR7272 - Parc Valrose , 06108 Nice Cedex 2 , France . ; ; Tel: +33 4 92076143
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14
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Kumar D, Vemula SR, Cook GR. Merging C–H Bond Functionalization with Amide Alcoholysis: En Route to 2-Aminopyridines. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Sandeep R. Vemula
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Gregory R. Cook
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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15
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Dube D, Tiwari P, Kaur P. The hunt for antimitotic agents: an overview of structure-based design strategies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:579-97. [PMID: 27077683 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1174689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Structure-based drug discovery offers a rational approach for the design and development of novel anti-mitotic agents which target specific proteins involved in mitosis. This strategy has paved the way for development of a new generation of chemotypes which selectively interfere with the target proteins. The interference of these anti-mitotic targets implicated in diverse stages of mitotic cell cycle progression culminates in cancer cell apoptosis. AREAS COVERED This review covers the various mitotic inhibitors developed against validated mitotic checkpoint protein targets using structure-based design and optimization strategies. The protein-ligand interactions and the insights gained from these studies, culminating in the development of more potent and selective inhibitors, have been presented. EXPERT OPINION The advent of structure-based drug design coupled with advances in X-ray crystallography has revolutionized the discovery of candidate lead molecules. The structural insights gleaned from the co-complex protein-drug interactions have provided a new dimension in the design of anti-mitotic molecules to develop drugs with a higher selectivity and specificity profile. Targeting non-catalytic domains has provided an alternate approach to address cross-reactivity and broad selectivity among kinase inhibitors. The elucidation of structures of emerging mitotic drug targets has opened avenues for the design of inhibitors that target cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dube
- a Department of Biophysics , All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - P Tiwari
- a Department of Biophysics , All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
| | - P Kaur
- a Department of Biophysics , All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi , India
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16
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Hashimoto T, Ishii S, Yano R, Miura H, Sakata K, Takeuchi R. Iridium-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of α,ω-Diynes with Cyanamides. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Mohedas AH, Wang Y, Sanvitale CE, Canning P, Choi S, Xing X, Bullock AN, Cuny GD, Yu PB. Structure-activity relationship of 3,5-diaryl-2-aminopyridine ALK2 inhibitors reveals unaltered binding affinity for fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva causing mutants. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7900-15. [PMID: 25101911 PMCID: PMC4191596 DOI: 10.1021/jm501177w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
There
are currently no effective therapies for fibrodysplasia ossificans
progressiva (FOP), a debilitating and progressive heterotopic ossification
disease caused by activating mutations of ACVR1 encoding the BMP type
I receptor kinase ALK2. Recently, a subset of these same mutations
of ACVR1 have been identified in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma
(DIPG) tumors. Here we describe the structure–activity relationship
for a series of novel ALK2 inhibitors based on the 2-aminopyridine
compound K02288. Several modifications increased potency
in kinase, thermal shift, or cell-based assays of BMP signaling and
transcription, as well as selectivity for ALK2 versus closely related
BMP and TGF-β type I receptor kinases. Compounds in this series
exhibited a wide range of in vitro cytotoxicity that was not correlated
with potency or selectivity, suggesting mechanisms independent of
BMP or TGF-β inhibition. The study also highlights a potent
2-methylpyridine derivative 10 (LDN-214117) with a high
degree of selectivity for ALK2 and low cytotoxicity that could provide
a template for preclinical development. Contrary to the notion that
activating mutations of ALK2 might alter inhibitor efficacy due to
potential conformational changes in the ATP-binding site, the compounds
demonstrated consistent binding to a panel of mutant and wild-type
ALK2 proteins. Thus, BMP inhibitors identified via activity against
wild-type ALK2 signaling are likely to be of clinical relevance for
the diverse ALK2 mutant proteins associated with FOP and DIPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin H Mohedas
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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18
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Premkumar S, Jawahar A, Mathavan T, Kumara Dhas M, Sathe VG, Milton Franklin Benial A. DFT calculation and vibrational spectroscopic studies of 2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) -amino)-5-bromopyridine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 129:74-83. [PMID: 24727165 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The molecular structure of 2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) -amino)-5-bromopyridine (BABP) was optimized by the DFT/B3LYP method with 6-311G (d,p), 6-311++G (d,p) and cc-pVTZ basis sets using the Gaussian 09 program. The most stable optimized structure of the molecule was predicted by the DFT/B3LYP method with cc-pVTZ basis set. The vibrational frequencies, Mulliken atomic charge distribution, frontier molecular orbitals and thermodynamical parameters were calculated. These calculations were done at the ground state energy level of BABP without applying any constraint on the potential energy surface. The vibrational spectra were experimentally recorded using Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) and micro-Raman spectrometer. The computed vibrational frequencies were scaled by scale factors to yield a good agreement with observed experimental vibrational frequencies. The complete theoretically calculated and experimentally observed vibrational frequencies were assigned on the basis of Potential Energy Distribution (PED) calculation using the VEDA 4.0 program. The vibrational modes assignments were performed by using the animation option of GaussView 05 graphical interface for Gaussian program. The Mulliken atomic charge distribution was calculated for BABP molecule. The molecular reactivity and stability of BABP were also studied by frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Premkumar
- Department of Physics, N.M.S.S.V.N. College, Madurai, 625 019 Tamilnadu, India
| | - A Jawahar
- Department of Chemistry, N.M.S.S.V.N. College, Madurai, 625 019 Tamilnadu, India
| | - T Mathavan
- Department of Physics, N.M.S.S.V.N. College, Madurai, 625 019 Tamilnadu, India
| | - M Kumara Dhas
- Department of Physics, N.M.S.S.V.N. College, Madurai, 625 019 Tamilnadu, India
| | - V G Sathe
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, University Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore 452 017, India
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19
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Qi X, Xiang H, He Q, Yang C. Synthesis of Multisubstituted 2-Aminopyrroles/pyridines via Chemoselective Michael Addition/Intramolecular Cyclization Reaction. Org Lett 2014; 16:4186-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol5018855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Haoyue Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qian He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chunhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
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20
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Lin CY, Wang YL. Novel design strategy for checkpoint kinase 2 inhibitors using pharmacophore modeling, combinatorial fusion, and virtual screening. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:359494. [PMID: 24864236 PMCID: PMC4017722 DOI: 10.1155/2014/359494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) has a great effect on DNA-damage and plays an important role in response to DNA double-strand breaks and related lesions. In this study, we will concentrate on Chk2 and the purpose is to find the potential inhibitors by the pharmacophore hypotheses (PhModels), combinatorial fusion, and virtual screening techniques. Applying combinatorial fusion into PhModels and virtual screening techniques is a novel design strategy for drug design. We used combinatorial fusion to analyze the prediction results and then obtained the best correlation coefficient of the testing set (r test) with the value 0.816 by combining the Best(train)Best(test) and Fast(train)Fast(test) prediction results. The potential inhibitors were selected from NCI database by screening according to Best(train)Best(test) + Fast(train)Fast(test) prediction results and molecular docking with CDOCKER docking program. Finally, the selected compounds have high interaction energy between a ligand and a receptor. Through these approaches, 23 potential inhibitors for Chk2 are retrieved for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yuan Lin
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
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Wang YL, Lin CY, Shih KC, Huang JW, Tang CY. Design checkpoint kinase 2 inhibitors by pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening techniques. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6286-91. [PMID: 24144850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Damage to DNA is caused by ionizing radiation, genotoxic chemicals or collapsed replication forks. When DNA is damaged or cells fail to respond, a mutation that is associated with breast or ovarian cancer may occur. Mammalian cells control and stabilize the genome using a cell cycle checkpoint to prevent damage to DNA or to repair damaged DNA. Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) is one of the important kinases, which strongly affects DNA-damage and plays an important role in the response to the breakage of DNA double-strands and related lesions. Therefore, this study concerns Chk2. Its purpose is to find potential inhibitors using the pharmacophore hypotheses (PhModels) and virtual screening techniques. PhModels can identify inhibitors with high biological activities and virtual screening techniques are used to screen the database of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to retrieve compounds that exhibit all of the pharmacophoric features of potential inhibitors with high interaction energy. Ten PhModels were generated using the HypoGen best algorithm. The established PhModel, Hypo01, was evaluated by performing a cost function analysis of its correlation coefficient (r), root mean square deviation (RMSD), cost difference, and configuration cost, with the values 0.955, 1.28, 192.51, and 16.07, respectively. The result of Fischer's cross-validation test for the Hypo01 model yielded a 95% confidence level, and the correlation coefficient of the testing set (rtest) had a best value of 0.81. The potential inhibitors were then chosen from the NCI database by Hypo01 model screening and molecular docking using the cdocker docking program. Finally, the selected compounds exhibited the identified pharmacophoric features and had a high interaction energy between the ligand and the receptor. Eighty-three potential inhibitors for Chk2 are retrieved for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ling Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
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Steinig AG, Li AH, Wang J, Chen X, Dong H, Ferraro C, Jin M, Kadalbajoo M, Kleinberg A, Stolz KM, Tavares-Greco PA, Wang T, Albertella MR, Peng Y, Crew L, Kahler J, Kan J, Schulz R, Cooke A, Bittner M, Turton RW, Franklin M, Gokhale P, Landfair D, Mantis C, Workman J, Wild R, Pachter J, Epstein D, Mulvihill MJ. Novel 6-aminofuro[3,2-c]pyridines as potent, orally efficacious inhibitors of cMET and RON kinases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4381-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Silva-Santisteban MC, Westwood IM, Boxall K, Brown N, Peacock S, McAndrew C, Barrie E, Richards M, Mirza A, Oliver AW, Burke R, Hoelder S, Jones K, Aherne GW, Blagg J, Collins I, Garrett MD, van Montfort RLM. Fragment-based screening maps inhibitor interactions in the ATP-binding site of checkpoint kinase 2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65689. [PMID: 23776527 PMCID: PMC3680490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) is an important serine/threonine kinase in the cellular response to DNA damage. A fragment-based screening campaign using a combination of a high-concentration AlphaScreen™ kinase assay and a biophysical thermal shift assay, followed by X-ray crystallography, identified a number of chemically different ligand-efficient CHK2 hinge-binding scaffolds that have not been exploited in known CHK2 inhibitors. In addition, it showed that the use of these orthogonal techniques allowed efficient discrimination between genuine hit matter and false positives from each individual assay technology. Furthermore, the CHK2 crystal structures with a quinoxaline-based fragment and its follow-up compound highlight a hydrophobic area above the hinge region not previously explored in rational CHK2 inhibitor design, but which might be exploited to enhance both potency and selectivity of CHK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Cris Silva-Santisteban
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac M. Westwood
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathy Boxall
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Brown
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Peacock
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Craig McAndrew
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Barrie
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Meirion Richards
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Amin Mirza
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Antony W. Oliver
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Burke
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Swen Hoelder
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Jones
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - G. Wynne Aherne
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Blagg
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Collins
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle D. Garrett
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Rob L. M. van Montfort
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London, United Kingdom
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Sanvitale CE, Kerr G, Chaikuad A, Ramel MC, Mohedas AH, Reichert S, Wang Y, Triffitt JT, Cuny GD, Yu PB, Hill CS, Bullock AN. A new class of small molecule inhibitor of BMP signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62721. [PMID: 23646137 PMCID: PMC3639963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth factor signaling pathways are tightly regulated by phosphorylation and include many important kinase targets of interest for drug discovery. Small molecule inhibitors of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor kinase ALK2 (ACVR1) are needed urgently to treat the progressively debilitating musculoskeletal disease fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). Dorsomorphin analogues, first identified in zebrafish, remain the only BMP inhibitor chemotype reported to date. By screening an assay panel of 250 recombinant human kinases we identified a highly selective 2-aminopyridine-based inhibitor K02288 with in vitro activity against ALK2 at low nanomolar concentrations similar to the current lead compound LDN-193189. K02288 specifically inhibited the BMP-induced Smad pathway without affecting TGF-β signaling and induced dorsalization of zebrafish embryos. Comparison of the crystal structures of ALK2 with K02288 and LDN-193189 revealed additional contacts in the K02288 complex affording improved shape complementarity and identified the exposed phenol group for further optimization of pharmacokinetics. The discovery of a new chemical series provides an independent pharmacological tool to investigate BMP signaling and offers multiple opportunities for pre-clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgina Kerr
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Christine Ramel
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Agustin H. Mohedas
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sabine Reichert
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - You Wang
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James T. Triffitt
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory D. Cuny
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul B. Yu
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Caroline S. Hill
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex N. Bullock
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Matthews TP, Jones AM, Collins I. Structure-based design, discovery and development of checkpoint kinase inhibitors as potential anticancer therapies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:621-40. [PMID: 23594139 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.788496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Checkpoint kinase (CHK) inhibitors offer the promise of enhancing the effectiveness of widely prescribed cancer chemotherapies and radiotherapy by inhibiting the DNA damage response, as well as the potential for single agent efficacy. AREAS COVERED This article surveys structural insights into the checkpoint kinases CHK1 and CHK2 that have been exploited to enhance the selectivity and potency of small molecule inhibitors. Furthermore, the authors review the use of mechanistic cellular assays to guide the optimisation of inhibitors. Finally, the authors discuss the status of the current clinical candidates and emerging new clinical contexts for CHK1 and CHK2 inhibitors, including the prospects for single agent efficacy. EXPERT OPINION Protein-bound water molecules play key roles in structural features that can be targeted to gain high selectivity for either enzyme. The results of early phase clinical trials of checkpoint inhibitors have been mixed, but significant progress has been made in testing the combination of CHK1 inhibitors with genotoxic chemotherapy. Second-generation CHK1 inhibitors are likely to benefit from increased selectivity and oral bioavailability. While the optimum therapeutic context for CHK2 inhibition remains unclear, the emergence of single agent preclinical efficacy for CHK1 inhibitors in specific tumour types exhibiting constitutive replication stress represents exciting progress in exploring the therapeutic potential of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Matthews
- Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, London SM2 5NG, UK
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26
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Sonogashira reaction on pyridinium N-haloheteroarylaminides: regioselective synthesis of N-alkyl-3-alkynyl-5-arylpyridin-2-yl amines. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kandalkar SR, Kaduskar RD, Ramaiah PA, Barawkar DA, Bhuniya D, Deshpande AM. Highly efficient one-pot amination of carboxylate-substituted nitrogen-containing heteroaryl chlorides via Staudinger reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Matijssen C, Silva-Santisteban MC, Westwood IM, Siddique S, Choi V, Sheldrake P, van Montfort RL, Blagg J. Benzimidazole inhibitors of the protein kinase CHK2: clarification of the binding mode by flexible side chain docking and protein-ligand crystallography. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6630-9. [PMID: 23058106 PMCID: PMC3778940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two closely related binding modes have previously been proposed for the ATP-competitive benzimidazole class of checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) inhibitors; however, neither binding mode is entirely consistent with the reported SAR. Unconstrained rigid docking of benzimidazole ligands into representative CHK2 protein crystal structures reveals an alternative binding mode involving a water-mediated interaction with the hinge region; docking which incorporates protein side chain flexibility for selected residues in the ATP binding site resulted in a refinement of the water-mediated hinge binding mode that is consistent with observed SAR. The flexible docking results are in good agreement with the crystal structures of four exemplar benzimidazole ligands bound to CHK2 which unambiguously confirmed the binding mode of these inhibitors, including the water-mediated interaction with the hinge region, and which is significantly different from binding modes previously postulated in the literature.
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Key Words
- adp, adenosine diphosphate
- atm, ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- atp, adenosine triphosphate
- chk2, checkpoint kinase 2
- gold, genetic optimisation for ligand docking
- gst, glutathione s-transferase
- kd, kinase domain
- moe, molecular operating environment
- parp, poly adp-ribose polymerase
- pdb, protein data bank
- plif, protein ligand interaction fingerprints
- sar, structure activity relationship
- sift, structural interaction fingerprints
- kinase
- chk2
- flexible docking
- crystallography
- inhibitor
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis Matijssen
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - M. Cris Silva-Santisteban
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Isaac M. Westwood
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Samerene Siddique
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Vanessa Choi
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Peter Sheldrake
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Rob L.M. van Montfort
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Chelsea, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Julian Blagg
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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Bryndal I, Kucharska E, Sąsiadek W, Wandas M, Lis T, Lorenc J, Hanuza J. Molecular and crystal structures, vibrational studies and quantum chemical calculations of 3 and 5-nitroderivatives of 2-amino-4-methylpyridine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 96:952-962. [PMID: 22939283 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.07.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structures of 2-amino-4-methyl-3-nitropyridine (I), 2-amino-4-methyl-3,5-dinitropyridine (II) and 2-amino-4-methyl-5-nitropyridine (III) have been determined. The compounds crystallize in the monoclinic P2(1)/n, triclinic P-1 and monoclinic C2/c space groups, respectively. These structures are stabilized by a combination of N-H···N and N-H···O hydrogen bonds and exhibit layered arrangement with a dimeric N-H···N motif in which the molecular units are related by inversion centre. The molecular structures of the studied compounds have been determined using the DFT B3LYP/6-311G(2d,2p) approach and compared to those derived from X-ray studies. The IR and Raman wavenumbers have been calculated from the optimized geometry of monomers and dimers formed in the unit cell and compared to the experimental values obtained from the spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bryndal
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Economics, Wrocław University of Economics, 118/120 Komandorska, Wrocław 53-345, Poland.
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Erić S, Ke S, Barata T, Solmajer T, Antić Stanković J, Juranić Z, Savić V, Zloh M. Target fishing and docking studies of the novel derivatives of aryl-aminopyridines with potential anticancer activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5220-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lane TK, D'Souza BR, Louie J. Iron-catalyzed formation of 2-aminopyridines from diynes and cyanamides. J Org Chem 2012; 77:7555-63. [PMID: 22845666 DOI: 10.1021/jo3012418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Diynes and cyanamides undergo an iron-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition to form highly substituted 2-aminopyridines in an atom-efficient manner that is both high yielding and regioselective. This system was also used to cyclize two terminal alkynes and a cyanamide to afford a 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyridine product regioselectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Lane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, USA
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32
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Chen D, Wang Y, Ma Y, Xiong B, Ai J, Chen Y, Geng M, Shen J. Discovery of 3H-Imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines as Potent c-Met Kinase Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1057-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rossi R, Bellina F, Lessi M. Selective Palladium-Catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura Reactions of Polyhalogenated Heteroarenes. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Innocenti P, Cheung KMJ, Solanki S, Mas-Droux C, Rowan F, Yeoh S, Boxall K, Westlake M, Pickard L, Hardy T, Baxter JE, Aherne GW, Bayliss R, Fry AM, Hoelder S. Design of potent and selective hybrid inhibitors of the mitotic kinase Nek2: structure-activity relationship, structural biology, and cellular activity. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3228-41. [PMID: 22404346 PMCID: PMC3935458 DOI: 10.1021/jm201683b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report herein a series of Nek2 inhibitors based on an aminopyridine scaffold. These compounds have been designed by combining key elements of two previously discovered chemical series. Structure based design led to aminopyridine (R)-21, a potent and selective inhibitor able to modulate Nek2 activity in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Innocenti
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Kwai-Ming J. Cheung
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Savade Solanki
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Corine Mas-Droux
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Structural Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Rowan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Structural Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Yeoh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Kathy Boxall
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Maura Westlake
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Pickard
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Tara Hardy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne E. Baxter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - G. Wynne Aherne
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Bayliss
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Structural Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Fry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Swen Hoelder
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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Nguyen TNT, Saleem RSZ, Luderer MJ, Hovde S, Henry RW, Tepe JJ. Radioprotection by hymenialdisine-derived checkpoint kinase 2 inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:172-84. [PMID: 22004065 DOI: 10.1021/cb200320c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation activates the ataxia telangiectasia mutated pathway, resulting in apoptosis or DNA repair. The serine/threonine checkpoint kinase (Chk2) is an important transducer of this DNA damage signaling pathway and mediates the ultimate fate of the cell. Chk2 is an advantageous target for the development of adjuvant drugs for cancer therapy, because inhibition of Chk2 allows normal cells to enter cell cycle arrest and DNA repair, whereas many tumors bypass cell cycle checkpoints. Chk2 inhibitors may thus have a radioprotective effect on normal cells. We report herein a class of natural product derived Chk2 inhibitors, exemplified by indoloazepine 1, that elicit a strong ATM-dependent Chk2-mediated radioprotection effect in normal cells and p53 wt cells, but not p53 mutant cells (>50% of all cancers). This study represents the first example of a radioprotective effect in human cells other than T-cells and implicates a functional ATM pathway as a requirement for IR-induced radioprotection by this class of Chk2 inhibitors. Several of the hymenialdisine-derived analogues inhibit Chk2 at nanomolar concentrations, inhibit autophosphorylation of Chk2 at Ser516 in cells, and increase the survival of normal cells following ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu N. T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Rahman S. Z. Saleem
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Micah J. Luderer
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Stacy Hovde
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - R. William Henry
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jetze J. Tepe
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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36
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Saleem RSZ, Lansdell TA, Tepe JJ. Synthesis and evaluation of debromohymenialdisine-derived Chk2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:1475-81. [PMID: 22285028 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been the subject of interest for drug discovery and as tools for understanding the underlying cellular pathways in various diseases. We present herein the synthesis and evaluation of new analogs of the marine sponge metabolite, debromohymenialdisine, as checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) inhibitors. We illustrate herein that slight modifications to the natural product scaffold can induce strong selectivity for Chk2 over Chk1. These Chk2 inhibitors can serve as drug templates or molecular tools to gain insight in Chk2 mediated radioprotection.
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37
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Analysis of conditions affecting auto-phosphorylation of human kinases during expression in bacteria. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 81:136-143. [PMID: 21985771 PMCID: PMC3445812 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial over-expression of kinases is often associated with high levels of auto-phosphorylation resulting in heterogeneous recombinant protein preparations or sometimes in insoluble protein. Here we present expression systems for nine kinases in Escherichia coli and, for the most heavily phosphorylated, the characterisation of factors affecting auto-phosphorylation. Experiments showed that the level of auto-phosphorylation was proportional to the rate of expression. Comparison of phosphorylation states following in vitro phosphorylation with phosphorylation states following expression in E. coli showed that the non-physiological ‘hyper-phosphorylation’ was occurring at sites that would require local unfolding to be accessible to a kinase active site. In contrast, auto-phosphorylation on unphosphorylated kinases that had been expressed in bacteria overexpressing λ-phosphatase was only observed on distinct exposed sites. Remarkably, the Ser/Thr kinase PLK4 auto-phosphorylated on a tyrosine residue (Tyr177) located in the activation segment. The results give support to a mechanism in which auto-phosphorylation occurs before or during protein folding. In addition, the expression systems and protocols presented will be a valuable resource to the research community.
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38
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Lountos GT, Jobson AG, Tropea JE, Self CR, Zhang G, Pommier Y, Shoemaker RH, Waugh DS. Structural characterization of inhibitor complexes with checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2), a drug target for cancer therapy. J Struct Biol 2011; 176:292-301. [PMID: 21963792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chk2 (checkpoint kinase 2) is a serine/threonine kinase that participates in a series of signaling networks responsible for maintaining genomic integrity and responding to DNA damage. The development of selective Chk2 inhibitors has recently attracted much interest as a means of sensitizing cancer cells to current DNA-damaging agents used in the treatment of cancer. Additionally, selective Chk2 inhibitors may reduce p53-mediated apoptosis in normal tissues, thereby helping to mitigate adverse side effects from chemotherapy and radiation. Thus far, relatively few selective inhibitors of Chk2 have been described and none have yet progressed into clinical trials. Here, we report crystal structures of the catalytic domain of Chk2 in complex with a novel series of potent and selective small molecule inhibitors. These compounds exhibit nanomolar potencies and are selective for Chk2 over Chk1. The structures reported here elucidate the binding modes of these inhibitors to Chk2 and provide information that can be exploited for the structure-assisted design of novel chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T Lountos
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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39
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Londregan AT, Jennings S, Wei L. Mild Addition of Nucleophiles to Pyridine-N-Oxides. Org Lett 2011; 13:1840-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol200352g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allyn T. Londregan
- CVMED Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, United States
| | - Sandra Jennings
- CVMED Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, United States
| | - Liuqing Wei
- CVMED Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, United States
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40
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Whelligan DK, Solanki S, Taylor D, Thomson DW, Cheung KMJ, Boxall K, Mas-Droux C, Barillari C, Burns S, Grummitt CG, Collins I, van Montfort RLM, Aherne GW, Bayliss R, Hoelder S. Aminopyrazine inhibitors binding to an unusual inactive conformation of the mitotic kinase Nek2: SAR and structural characterization. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7682-98. [PMID: 20936789 PMCID: PMC2972649 DOI: 10.1021/jm1008727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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We report herein the first systematic exploration of inhibitors of the mitotic kinase Nek2. Starting from HTS hit aminopyrazine 2, compounds with improved activity were identified using structure-based design. Our structural biology investigations reveal two notable observations. First, 2 and related compounds bind to an unusual, inactive conformation of the kinase which to the best of our knowledge has not been reported for other types of kinase inhibitors. Second, a phenylalanine residue at the center of the ATP pocket strongly affects the ability of the inhibitor to bind to the protein. The implications of these observations are discussed, and the work described here defines key features for potent and selective Nek2 inhibition, which will aid the identification of more advanced inhibitors of Nek2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Whelligan
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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41
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Caldwell JJ, Welsh EJ, Matijssen C, Anderson VE, Antoni L, Boxall K, Urban F, Hayes A, Raynaud FI, Rigoreau LJM, Raynham T, Aherne GW, Pearl LH, Oliver AW, Garrett MD, Collins I. Structure-based design of potent and selective 2-(quinazolin-2-yl)phenol inhibitors of checkpoint kinase 2. J Med Chem 2010; 54:580-90. [PMID: 21186793 DOI: 10.1021/jm101150b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based design was applied to the optimization of a series of 2-(quinazolin-2-yl)phenols to generate potent and selective ATP-competitive inhibitors of the DNA damage response signaling enzyme checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2). Structure-activity relationships for multiple substituent positions were optimized separately and in combination leading to the 2-(quinazolin-2-yl)phenol 46 (IC(50) 3 nM) with good selectivity for CHK2 against CHK1 and a wider panel of kinases and with promising in vitro ADMET properties. Off-target activity at hERG ion channels shown by the core scaffold was successfully reduced by the addition of peripheral polar substitution. In addition to showing mechanistic inhibition of CHK2 in HT29 human colon cancer cells, a concentration dependent radioprotective effect in mouse thymocytes was demonstrated for the potent inhibitor 46 (CCT241533).
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Caldwell
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK.
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42
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Hikawa H, Yokoyama Y. Cross-coupling reaction on N-(3,5-dibromo-2-pyridyl)piperazines: regioselective synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted pyridylpiperazines. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Hayward DG, Newbatt Y, Pickard L, Byrne E, Mao G, Burns S, Sahota NK, Workman P, Collins I, Aherne W, Fry AM. Identification by high-throughput screening of viridin analogs as biochemical and cell-based inhibitors of the cell cycle-regulated nek2 kinase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:918-927. [PMID: 20664067 DOI: 10.1177/1087057110376537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nek2 is a serine/threonine protein kinase that localizes to the centrosome and is implicated in mitotic regulation. Overexpression of Nek2 induces premature centrosome separation and nuclear defects indicative of mitotic errors, whereas depletion of Nek2 interferes with cell growth. As Nek2 expression is upregulated in a range of cancer cell lines and primary human tumors, inhibitors of Nek2 may have therapeutic value in cancer treatment. The authors used a radiometric proximity assay in a high-throughput screen to identify small-molecule inhibitors of Nek2 kinase activity. The assay was based on the measurement of the radiolabeled phosphorylated product of the kinase reaction brought into contact with the surface of wells of solid scintillant-coated microplates. Seventy nonaggregating hits were identified from approximately 73,000 compounds screened and included a number of toxoflavins and a series of viridin/wortmannin-like compounds. The viridin-like compounds were >70-fold selective for Nek2 over Nek6 and Nek7 and inhibited the growth of human tumor cell lines at concentrations consistent with their biochemical potencies. An automated mechanism-based microscopy assay in which centrosomes were visualized using pericentrin antibodies confirmed that 2 of the viridin inhibitors reduced centrosome separation in a human tumor cell line. The data presented show that pharmacological inhibition of Nek2 kinase results in the expected phenotype of disruption to centrosome function associated with growth inhibition and further supports Nek2 as a target for cancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Hayward
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Yvette Newbatt
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Lisa Pickard
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Eilis Byrne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Guojie Mao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Samantha Burns
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Navdeep K Sahota
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Paul Workman
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Ian Collins
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Wynne Aherne
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Andrew M Fry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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