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Long L, Zhang H, Zhou Z, Duan L, Fan D, Wang R, Xu S, Qiao D, Zhu W. Pyrrole-containing hybrids as potential anticancer agents: An insight into current developments and structure-activity relationships. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 273:116470. [PMID: 38762915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Cancer poses a significant threat to human health. Therefore, it is urgent to develop potent anti-cancer drugs with excellent inhibitory activity and no toxic side effects. Pyrrole and its derivatives are privileged heterocyclic compounds with significant diverse pharmacological effects. These compounds can target various aspects of cancer cells and have been applied in clinical settings or are undergoing clinical trials. As a result, pyrrole has emerged as a promising drug scaffold and has been further probed to get novel entities for the treatment of cancer. This article reviews recent research progress on anti-cancer drugs containing pyrrole. It focuses on the mechanism of action, biological activity, and structure-activity relationships of pyrrole derivatives, aiming to assist in designing and synthesizing innovative pyrrole-based anti-cancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Long
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, China
| | - ZhiHui Zhou
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, China
| | - Lei Duan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, China
| | - Dang Fan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, China
| | - Shan Xu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, China.
| | - Dan Qiao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, China.
| | - Wufu Zhu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, China.
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Identification of 3-Oxindole Derivatives as Small Molecule HIV-1 Inhibitors Targeting Tat-Mediated Viral Transcription. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154921. [PMID: 35956872 PMCID: PMC9370035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterocyclic indole structure has been shown to be one of the most promising scaffolds, offering various medicinal advantages from its wide range of biological activity. Nonetheless, the significance of 3-oxindole has been less known. In this study, a series of novel 3-oxindole-2-carboxylates were synthesized and their antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection was evaluated. Among these, methyl (E)-2-(3-chloroallyl)-4,6-dimethyl-one (6f) exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect on HIV-1 infection, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.4578 μM but without severe cytotoxicity (selectivity index (SI) = 111.37). The inhibitory effect of these compounds on HIV-1 infection was concordant with their inhibitory effect on the viral replication cycle. Mode-of-action studies have shown that these prominent derivatives specifically inhibited the Tat-mediated viral transcription on the HIV-1 LTR promoter instead of reverse transcription or integration. Overall, our findings indicate that 3-oxindole derivatives could be useful as a potent scaffold for the development of a new class of anti-HIV-1 agents.
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Ghouse S, Sreenivasulu C, Kishore DR, Satyanarayana G. Recent developments by zinc based reagents/catalysts promoted organic transformations. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kumar S, Ritika. A brief review of the biological potential of indole derivatives. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Various bioactive aromatic compounds containing the indole nucleus showed clinical and biological applications. Indole scaffold has been found in many of the important synthetic drug molecules which gave a valuable idea for treatment and binds with high affinity to the multiple receptors helpful in developing new useful derivatives.
Main text
Indole derivatives possess various biological activities, i.e., antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-HIV, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitubercular, antidiabetic, antimalarial, anticholinesterase activities, etc. which created interest among researchers to synthesize a variety of indole derivatives.
Conclusion
From the literature, it is revealed that indole derivatives have diverse biological activities and also have an immeasurable potential to be explored for newer therapeutic possibilities.
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Patel SB, Patel BD, Pannecouque C, Bhatt HG. Design, synthesis and anti-HIV activity of novel quinoxaline derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 117:230-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ferro S, Certo G, De Luca L, Germanò MP, Rapisarda A, Gitto R. Searching for indole derivatives as potential mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:398-403. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1029470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Jang YJ, Chen YS, Lee CJ, Chen CH, Reddy GM, Ko CT, Lin W. Asymmetric Organocatalytic Synthesis of Highly Substituted Cyclohexenols by Domino Double-Michael Reactions of 1-Hydroxy-1,4-dien-3-ones and 2-Alkylidenemalononitriles. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Buemi MR, Luca LD, Ferro S, Gitto R. Targeting GluN2B-ContainingN-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptors: Design, Synthesis, and Binding Affinity Evaluation of Novel 3-Substituted Indoles. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2014; 347:533-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201400061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa Buemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute; Università di Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Laura De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute; Università di Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Stefania Ferro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute; Università di Messina; Messina Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e Prodotti per la Salute; Università di Messina; Messina Italy
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Diketoacid chelating ligands as dual inhibitors of HIV-1 integration process. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 78:425-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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A new potential approach to block HIV-1 replication via protein-protein interaction and strand-transfer inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2269-79. [PMID: 24618511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic treatment of AIDS is recently characterized by a crescent effort towards the identification of multiple ligands able to target different steps of HIV-1 life cycle. Taking into consideration our previously obtained SAR information and combining some important chemical structural features we report herein the synthesis of novel benzyl-indole derivatives as anti-HIV agents. Through this work we identified new dual target small molecules able to inhibit both IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction and the IN strand-transfer step considered as two crucial phases of viral life cycle.
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Sadler S, Moeller AR, Jones GB. Microwave and continuous flow technologies in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:1107-28. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.727393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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De Luca L, Ferro S, Morreale F, Christ F, Debyser Z, Chimirri A, Gitto R. Fragment hopping approach directed at design of HIV IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:1002-9. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.703184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura De Luca
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina,
Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferro
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina,
Messina, Italy
| | | | - Frauke Christ
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy KU Leuven and IRC KULAK,
Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy KU Leuven and IRC KULAK,
Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Alba Chimirri
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina,
Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Messina,
Messina, Italy
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4-[1-(4-Fluorobenzyl)-4-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-2-hydroxy-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid as a prototype to develop dual inhibitors of HIV-1 integration process. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:102-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ferro S, Grazia SD, Luca LD, Gitto R, Faliti CE, Debyzer Z, Chimirri A. Microwave assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) of small molecules as potential HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Molecules 2011; 16:6858-70. [PMID: 21836543 PMCID: PMC6264142 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16086858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrase (IN) represents a clinically validated target for the development of antivirals against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In recent years our research group has been engaged in the stucture-function study of this enzyme and in the development of some three-dimensional pharmacophore models which have led to the identification of a large series of potent HIV-1 integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) bearing an indole core. To gain a better understanding of the structure-activity relationships (SARs), herein we report the design and microwave-assisted synthesis of a novel series of 1-H-benzylindole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Ferro
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy; (S.D.G.); (L.D.L.); (R.G.); (C.E.F.); (A.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed ; Tel.: +39-090-676-6465; Fax: +39-090-676-6402
| | - Sara De Grazia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy; (S.D.G.); (L.D.L.); (R.G.); (C.E.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Laura De Luca
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy; (S.D.G.); (L.D.L.); (R.G.); (C.E.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy; (S.D.G.); (L.D.L.); (R.G.); (C.E.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Caterina Elisa Faliti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy; (S.D.G.); (L.D.L.); (R.G.); (C.E.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Zeger Debyzer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy; (S.D.G.); (L.D.L.); (R.G.); (C.E.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Alba Chimirri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, I-98168 Messina, Italy; (S.D.G.); (L.D.L.); (R.G.); (C.E.F.); (A.C.)
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De Luca L, De Grazia S, Ferro S, Gitto R, Christ F, Debyser Z, Chimirri A. HIV-1 integrase strand-transfer inhibitors: Design, synthesis and molecular modeling investigation. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:756-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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