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Zhu Y, Shuai W, Zhao M, Pan X, Pei J, Wu Y, Bu F, Wang A, Ouyang L, Wang G. Unraveling the Design and Discovery of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Inhibitors and Their Therapeutic Potential in Human Diseases. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3758-3775. [PMID: 35200035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, are encoded by three genes: jnk1, jnk2, and jnk3. JNKs are involved in the pathogenesis and development of many diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, and cancers. Therefore, JNKs have become important therapeutic targets. Many JNK inhibitors have been discovered, and some have been introduced into clinical trials. However, the study of isoform-selective JNK inhibitors is still a challenging task. To further develop novel JNK inhibitors with clinical value, a comprehensive understanding of JNKs and their corresponding inhibitors is required. In this Perspective, we introduced the JNK signaling pathways and reviewed different chemical types of JNK inhibitors, focusing on their structure-activity relationships and biological activities. The challenges and strategies for the development of JNK inhibitors are also discussed. It is hoped that this Perspective will provide valuable references for the development of novel selective JNK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Zhu
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wen Shuai
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junping Pei
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongya Wu
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Faqian Bu
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Aoxue Wang
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Li G, Qi W, Li X, Zhao J, Luo M, Chen J. Recent Advances in c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:607-627. [PMID: 32039671 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200210144114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
c-Jun N-Terminal Kinases (JNKs), members of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, play a key role in the pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer, inflammation, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes. Therefore, JNKs represent new and excellent target by therapeutic agents. Many JNK inhibitors based on different molecular scaffolds have been discovered in the past decade. However, only a few of them have advanced to clinical trials. The major obstacle for the development of JNK inhibitors as therapeutic agents is the JNKisoform selectivity. In this review, we describe the recent development of JNK inhibitors, including ATP competitive and ATP non-competitive (allosteric) inhibitors, bidentatebinding inhibitors and dual inhibitors, the challenges, and the future direction of JNK inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Oncology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan 528300, China
| | - Wenqing Qi
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN 38105, United States
| | - Xiaoxun Li
- Chengdu Easton Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Jinwu Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Science and Technology Industry Park, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Meihua Luo
- Department of Oncology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan 528300, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), Foshan 528300, China
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Gouda MA, Al‐Ghorbani M, Al‐Zaqri N. Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of some new heterocycles incorporating cyclohepta[b]thiophene‐3‐carboxamide derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa A. Gouda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Ulla Taibah University Medina Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt
| | - Mohammed Al‐Ghorbani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Ulla Taibah University Medina Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education Thamar University Dhamar Yemen
| | - Nabil Al‐Zaqri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science Ibb University Ibb Yemen
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The Chemistry of Sulfur-Containing [5,5]-Fused Ring Systems With a Bridgehead Nitrogen. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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JNK pathway signaling: a novel and smarter therapeutic targets for various biological diseases. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:2065-86. [PMID: 26505831 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
JNK pathway regulates various physiological processes including inflammatory responses, cell differentiation, cell proliferation, cell death, cell survival and expression of proteins. Deregulation of JNK is linked with various diseases including neurodegenerative disease, autoimmune disease, diabetes, cancer, cardiac hypertrophy and asthma. Three distinct genes JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3 have been identified as regulator of JNK pathway. JNK1 and JNK2 have broad tissue distribution and play a potential role in insulin resistance, inflammation and cell signaling. JNK3 is predominantly found in the CNS neurons, making it an attractive target for neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we summarize the evidence supporting JNK as a potent therapeutic target, and small molecules from various chemical classes as JNK inhibitors.
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Veltri L, Mancuso R, Altomare A, Gabriele B. Divergent Multicomponent Tandem Palladium-Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation-Cyclization Approaches to Functionalized Imidazothiazinones and Imidazothiazoles. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Gehringer M, Muth F, Koch P, Laufer SA. c-JunN-terminal kinase inhibitors: a patent review (2010 – 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:849-72. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1039984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are serine/threonine kinases implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Recent advances in the development of novel inhibitors of JNKs will be reviewed. Significant progress in the design of JNK inhibitors displaying selectivity versus other kinases has been achieved within the past 4 years. However, the development of isoform selective JNK inhibitors is still an open task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Koch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
JNK is involved in a broad range of physiological processes. Several inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease have been linked with the dysregulated JNK pathway. Research on disease models using the relevant knockout mice has highlighted the importance of specific JNK isoformsin-particular disorders and has stimulated further efforts in the drug-discovery area. However, most of the experimental evidence for the efficacy of JNK inhibition in animal models is from studies using JNK inhibitors, which are not isoform selective. Some of the more recent compounds exhibit good oral bioavailability, CNS penetration and selectivity against the rest of the kinome. Efforts to design isoform-selective inhibitors have produced a number of examples with various selectivity profiles. This article presents recent progress in this area and comment on the role of isoform selectivity for efficacy.
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Ngoei KRW, Ng DCH, Gooley PR, Fairlie DP, Stoermer MJ, Bogoyevitch MA. Identification and characterization of bi-thiazole-2,2'-diamines as kinase inhibitory scaffolds. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:1077-88. [PMID: 23410953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on bioinformatics interrogation of the genome, >500 mammalian protein kinases can be clustered within seven different groups. Of these kinases, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family forms part of the CMGC group of serine/threonine kinases that includes extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERKs), cJun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and p38 MAPKs. With the JNKs considered attractive targets in the treatment of pathologies including diabetes and stroke, efforts have been directed to the discovery of new JNK inhibitory molecules that can be further developed as new therapeutics. Capitalizing on our biochemical understanding of JNK, we performed in silico screens of commercially available chemical databases to identify JNK1-interacting compounds and tested their in vitro JNK inhibitory activity. With in vitro and cell culture studies, we showed that the compound, 4'-methyl-N(2)-3-pyridinyl-4,5'-bi-1,3-thiazole-2,2'-diamine (JNK Docking (JD) compound 123, but not the related compound (4'-methyl-N~2~-(6-methyl-2-pyridinyl)-4,5'-bi-1,3-thiazole-2,2'-diamine (JD124), inhibited JNK1 activity towards a range of substrates. Molecular docking, saturation transfer difference NMR experiments and enzyme kinetic analyses revealed both ATP- and substrate-competitive inhibition of JNK by JD123. In characterizing JD123 further, we noted its ATP-competitive inhibition of the related p38-γ MAPK, but not ERK1, ERK2, or p38-α, p38-β or p38-δ. Further screening of a broad panel of kinases using 10μM JD123, identified inhibition of kinases including protein kinase Bβ (PKBβ/Aktβ). Appropriately modified thiazole diamines, as typified by JD123, thus provide a new chemical scaffold for development of inhibitors for the JNK and p38-γ MAPKs as well as other kinases that are also potential therapeutic targets such as PKBβ/Aktβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R W Ngoei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Li J, Kaoud TS, LeVieux J, Gilbreath B, Moharana S, Dalby KN, Kerwin SM. A fluorescence-based assay for p38α recruitment site binders: identification of rooperol as a novel p38α kinase inhibitor. Chembiochem 2013; 14:66-71. [PMID: 23225637 PMCID: PMC3775607 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A new p38α inhibitor: Using a D-recruitment site (DRS) probe for p38α which exploits covalent interaction with Cys119 and alkyne-azide "click" chemistry to identify small molecules that recognize the p38α DRS, the anti-inflammatory natural product rooperol was identified as a novel p38α inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamer S. Kaoud
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, 107 W. Dean Keaton, Austin, TX 78712 (USA), Fax: (+) 1-512-232-2606
| | - Jake LeVieux
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, 107 W. Dean Keaton, Austin, TX 78712 (USA), Fax: (+) 1-512-232-2606
| | - Brad Gilbreath
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, 107 W. Dean Keaton, Austin, TX 78712 (USA), Fax: (+) 1-512-232-2606
| | - Swapna Moharana
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, 107 W. Dean Keaton, Austin, TX 78712 (USA), Fax: (+) 1-512-232-2606
| | - Kevin N. Dalby
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, 107 W. Dean Keaton, Austin, TX 78712 (USA), Fax: (+) 1-512-232-2606
| | - Sean M. Kerwin
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, 107 W. Dean Keaton, Austin, TX 78712 (USA), Fax: (+) 1-512-232-2606
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Survey of recent advances of in the field of π-conjugated heterocyclic azomethines as materials with tuneable properties. Sci China Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-012-4778-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Schnieders MJ, Kaoud TS, Yan C, Dalby KN, Ren P. Computational insights for the discovery of non-ATP competitive inhibitors of MAP kinases. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:1173-85. [PMID: 22316156 DOI: 10.2174/138161212799436368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to their role in cellular signaling mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases represent targets of pharmaceutical interest. However, the majority of known MAP kinase inhibitors compete with cellular ATP and target an ATP binding pocket that is highly conserved in the 500 plus representatives of the human protein kinase family. Here we review progress toward the development of non-ATP competitive MAP kinase inhibitors for the extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK1/2), the c-jun N-terminal kinases (JNK1/2/3) and the p38 MAPKs (α, β, γ, and δ). Special emphasis is placed on the role of computational methods in the drug discovery process for MAP kinases. Topics include recent advances in X-ray crystallography theory that improve the MAP kinase structures essential to structurebased drug discovery, the use of molecular dynamics to understand the conformational heterogeneity of the activation loop and inhibitors discovered by virtual screening. The impact of an advanced polarizable force field such as AMOEBA used in conjunction with sophisticated kinetic and thermodynamic simulation methods is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Schnieders
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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