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Kamalian A, Sohrabi Asl M, Dolatshahi M, Afshari K, Shamshiri S, Momeni Roudsari N, Momtaz S, Rahimi R, Abdollahi M, Abdolghaffari AH. Interventions of natural and synthetic agents in inflammatory bowel disease, modulation of nitric oxide pathways. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:3365-3400. [PMID: 32655263 PMCID: PMC7327787 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i24.3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The elevated levels of nitric oxide (NO) in serum and affected tissues; mainly synthesized by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme; can exacerbate GI inflammation and is one of the major biomarkers of GI inflammation. Various natural and synthetic agents are able to ameliorate GI inflammation and decrease iNOS expression to the extent comparable with some IBD drugs. Thereby, the purpose of this study was to gather a list of natural or synthetic mediators capable of modulating IBD through the NO pathway. Electronic databases including Google Scholar and PubMed were searched from 1980 to May 2018. We found that polyphenols and particularly flavonoids are able to markedly attenuate NO production and iNOS expression through the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Prebiotics and probiotics can also alter the GI microbiota and reduce NO expression in IBD models through a broad array of mechanisms. A number of synthetic molecules have been found to suppress NO expression either dependent on the NF-κB signaling pathway (i.e., dexamethasone, pioglitazone, tropisetron) or independent from this pathway (i.e., nicotine, prednisolone, celecoxib, β-adrenoceptor antagonists). Co-administration of natural and synthetic agents can affect the tissue level of NO and may improve IBD symptoms mainly by modulating the Toll like receptor-4 and NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Kamalian
- Department of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Masoud Sohrabi Asl
- Department of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mahsa Dolatshahi
- Department of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Khashayar Afshari
- Department of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Shiva Shamshiri
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Nazanin Momeni Roudsari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1941933111, Iran
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
- Gastrointestinal Pharmacology Interest Group, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1941933111, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
- Gastrointestinal Pharmacology Interest Group, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
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Mota FVB, de Araújo Neta MS, de Souza Franco E, Bastos IVGA, da Araújo LCC, da Silva SC, de Oliveira TB, Souza EK, de Almeida VM, Ximenes RM, de Sousa Maia MB, Junior FJBM, Marchand P, de Faria AR, da Silva TG. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity and molecular docking study of new aza-bicyclic isoxazoline acylhydrazone derivatives. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1916-1925. [PMID: 32133104 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00276f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of two new isoxazoline-acylhydrazone derivatives: N'-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-6-(4-nitro-benzoyl)-3a,5,6,6a-tetrahydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]isoxazole-3-carbohydrazide (R-123) and N'-(4-chlorobenzylidene)-6-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-3a,5,6,6a-tetrahydro-4H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]isoxazole-3-carbohydrazide (R-99). An air pouch induced by carrageenan was used for screening the best dose of R-99 and R-123. Using this mouse model, leukocyte migration and cytokine levels (TNF-α and IL-1β) were determined. Paw edema induced by several phlogistic agents and vascular permeability induced by acetic acid were employed to investigate the mechanism of action of the isoxazoline-acylhydrazone derivatives. A docking study was performed with the human histamine H1 receptor to investigate potential antihistaminic activity. Treatment with the compounds reduced leukocyte migration in the air pouch at all doses tested. TNF-α and IL-1β levels were similarly reduced by the two compounds. Vasoactive amines were inhibited in models of paw edema induced by several agents and vascular permeability induced by acetic acid. The docking study suggests that R-99 and R-123 may be inhibitors of the histamine H1 receptor. In conclusion, the results indicate that R-99 and R-123 exhibit promising anti-inflammatory activity related to their ability to inhibit TNF-α, IL-1β, and vasoactive amine production, as well as reduce leukocyte migration and inhibit mast cell degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Virginia Barreto Mota
- Departamento de Antibióticos , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) , Rua Prof. Arthur Sá, s/n , CEP 50560-901 , Recife-PE , Brazil . ;
| | - Marlene Saraiva de Araújo Neta
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE , Rua Prof. Arthur de Sá, s/n , CEP 50470-521 , Recife-PE , Brazil
| | - Eryvelton de Souza Franco
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) , Rua Prof. Arthur Sá, 1235, Cidade Universitária , Recife , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | - Isla Vanessa Gomes Alves Bastos
- Departamento de Antibióticos , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) , Rua Prof. Arthur Sá, s/n , CEP 50560-901 , Recife-PE , Brazil . ;
| | - Larissa Cardoso Correia da Araújo
- Departamento de Antibióticos , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) , Rua Prof. Arthur Sá, s/n , CEP 50560-901 , Recife-PE , Brazil . ;
| | - Sandra Cabral da Silva
- Departamento de Antibióticos , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) , Rua Prof. Arthur Sá, s/n , CEP 50560-901 , Recife-PE , Brazil . ;
| | - Tatiane Bezerra de Oliveira
- Departamento de Antibióticos , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) , Rua Prof. Arthur Sá, s/n , CEP 50560-901 , Recife-PE , Brazil . ;
| | - Eduarda Karynne Souza
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE , Rua Prof. Arthur de Sá, s/n , CEP 50470-521 , Recife-PE , Brazil
| | - Valderes Moraes de Almeida
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE , Rua Prof. Arthur de Sá, s/n , CEP 50470-521 , Recife-PE , Brazil
| | - Rafael Matos Ximenes
- Departamento de Antibióticos , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) , Rua Prof. Arthur Sá, s/n , CEP 50560-901 , Recife-PE , Brazil . ;
| | - Maria Bernadete de Sousa Maia
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) , Rua Prof. Arthur Sá, 1235, Cidade Universitária , Recife , Pernambuco , Brazil
| | | | - Pascal Marchand
- Université de Nantes , Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et du Cancer, IICiMed, EA 1155 , F-44000 Nantes , France
| | - Antônio Rodolfo de Faria
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE , Rua Prof. Arthur de Sá, s/n , CEP 50470-521 , Recife-PE , Brazil
| | - Teresinha Gonçalves da Silva
- Departamento de Antibióticos , Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) , Rua Prof. Arthur Sá, s/n , CEP 50560-901 , Recife-PE , Brazil . ;
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Minhas R, Bansal Y, Bansal G. Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors: A comprehensive update. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:823-855. [PMID: 31502681 DOI: 10.1002/med.21636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which is expressed in response to bacterial/proinflammatory stimuli, generates nitric oxide (NO) that provides cytoprotection. Overexpression of iNOS increases the levels of NO, and this increased NO level is implicated in pathophysiology of complex multifactorial diseases like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Selective inhibition of iNOS is an effective approach in treatment of such complex diseases. l-Arginine, being a substrate for iNOS, is the natural lead to develop iNOS inhibitors. More than 200 research reports on development of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors by different research groups across the globe have appeared in literature so far. The first review on iNOS, in 2002, discussed the iNOS inhibitors under two classes that is, amino acid and non-amino acid derivatives. Other review articles discussing specific chemical classes of iNOS inhibitors also appeared during last decade. In the present review, all reports on both natural and synthetic iNOS inhibitors, published 2002 onwards, are studied, classified, and discussed to provide comprehensive information on iNOS inhibitors. The synthetic inhibitors are broadly classified into two categories that is, arginine and non-arginine analogs. The latter are further classified into amidines, five- or six-membered heterocyclics, fused cyclics, steroidal type, and chalcones analogs. Structures of the most/significantly potent compounds from each report are provided to know the functional groups important for incurring iNOS inhibitory activity and selectivity. This review is aimed to provide a comprehensive view to the medicinal chemists for rational designing of novel and potent iNOS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Minhas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Yogita Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Gulshan Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
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Kok T, Wasiel AA, Cool RH, Melgert BN, Poelarends GJ, Dekker FJ. Small-molecule inhibitors of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as an emerging class of therapeutics for immune disorders. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1910-1918. [PMID: 29936245 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an important cytokine for which an increasing number of functions is being described in the pathogenesis of inflammation and cancer. Nevertheless, the availability of potent and druglike MIF inhibitors that are well-characterized in relevant disease models remains limited. Development of highly potent and selective small-molecule MIF inhibitors and validation of their use in relevant disease models will advance drug discovery. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in the identification of MIF as a pharmacological target in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and cancer. We also give an overview of the current developments in the discovery and design of small-molecule MIF inhibitors and define future aims in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjie Kok
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Jalan Raya Kalirungkut Surabaya, 60292, Indonesia
| | - Anna A Wasiel
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert H Cool
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbro N Melgert
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Iqbal MS, Siddiqui AA, Banerjee C, Nag S, Mazumder S, De R, Saha SJ, Karri SK, Bandyopadhyay U. Detection of retromer assembly in Plasmodium falciparum by immunosensing coupled to Surface Plasmon Resonance. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:722-730. [PMID: 29654975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Retromer complex plays a crucial role in intracellular protein trafficking and is conserved throughout the eukaryotes including malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, where it is partially conserved. The assembly of retromer complex in RBC stages of malarial parasite is extremely difficult to explore because of its complicated physiology, small size, and intra-erythrocytic location. Nonetheless, understanding of retromer assembly may pave new ways for the development of novel antimalarials targeting parasite-specific protein trafficking pathways. Here, we investigated the assembly of retromer complex in P. falciparum, by an immunosensing method through highly sensitive Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technique. After taking leads from the bioinformatics search and literature, different interacting proteins were identified and specific antibodies were raised against them. The sensor chip was prepared by covalently linking antibody specific to one component and the whole cell lysate was passed through it in order to trap the interacting complex. Antibodies raised against other interacting components were used to detect them in the trapped complex on the SPR chip. We were able to detect three different components in the retromer complex trapped by the immobilized antibody specific against a different component on a sensor chip. The assay was reproduced and validated in a different two-component CD74-MIF system in mammalian cells. We, thus, illustrate the assembly of retromer complex in P. falciparum through a bio-sensing approach that combines SPR with immunosensing requiring a very small amount of sample from the native source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shameel Iqbal
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Asim Azhar Siddiqui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Chinmoy Banerjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Shiladitya Nag
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Somnath Mazumder
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Rudranil De
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Shubhra Jyoti Saha
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Karri
- Central Instrumentation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Uday Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
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Barald KF, Shen YC, Bianchi LM. Chemokines and cytokines on the neuroimmunoaxis: Inner ear neurotrophic cytokines in development and disease. Prospects for repair? Exp Neurol 2018; 301:92-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kok T, Wapenaar H, Wang K, Neochoritis CG, Zarganes-Tzitzikas T, Proietti G, Eleftheriadis N, Kurpiewska K, Kalinowska-Tłuścik J, Cool RH, Poelarends GJ, Dömling A, Dekker FJ. Discovery of chromenes as inhibitors of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:999-1005. [PMID: 29428527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an essential signaling cytokine with a key role in the immune system. Binding of MIF to its molecular targets such as, among others, the cluster of differentiation 74 (CD74) receptor plays a key role in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Therefore, the identification of MIF binding compounds gained importance in drug discovery. In this study, we aimed to discover novel MIF binding compounds by screening of a focused compound collection for inhibition of its tautomerase enzyme activity. Inspired by the known chromen-4-one inhibitor Orita-13, a focused collection of compounds with a chromene scaffold was screened for MIF binding. The library was synthesized using versatile cyanoacetamide chemistry to provide diversely substituted chromenes. The screening provided inhibitors with IC50's in the low micromolar range. Kinetic evaluation suggested that the inhibitors were reversible and did not bind in the binding pocket of the substrate. Thus, we discovered novel inhibitors of the MIF tautomerase activity, which may ultimately support the development of novel therapeutic agents against diseases in which MIF is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjie Kok
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Jalan Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya 60292, Indonesia
| | - Hannah Wapenaar
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kan Wang
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Giordano Proietti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos Eleftheriadis
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Molecular Microscopy Research Group, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Kurpiewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 3 Ingardena Street, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Robbert H Cool
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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CuBr 2 -promoted intramolecular bromocyclization of N-allylamides and aryl allyl ketone oximes. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ansary I, Das A, Sen Gupta PS, Bandyopadhyay AK. Synthesis, molecular modeling ofN-acyl benzoazetinones and their docking simulation on fungal modeled target. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2017.1328514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inul Ansary
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Arijit Das
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
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Mitra AK, Sau A, Pal U, Saha C, Basu S. Constrained Photophysics of 5,7-dimethoxy-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazol-1-one in the Bioenvironment of Serum Albumins: A Spectroscopic Endeavour Supported by Molecular Docking Analysis. J Fluoresc 2017; 27:1547-1558. [PMID: 28434063 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-017-2094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper vividly indicates that steady state as well as time-resolved fluorescence techniques can serve as highly sensitive monitors to explore the interactions of 5,7-dimethoxy-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazol-1-one with model transport proteins, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA). Besides these, we have used fluorescence anisotropy study to assess the degree of restrictions imparted by the micro-environments of serum albumins. Again, to speculate the triplet excited state interaction between such fluorophore and albumin proteins (BSA& HSA), laser flash-photolysis experiments have been carried out. Molecular docking experiments have also been performed to support the conclusions obtained from steady state experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Krishna Mitra
- Department of Chemistry, Government General Degree College, Singur, Hooghly, West Bengal, Pin:712409, India
| | - Abhishek Sau
- Chemical Sciences Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, 700064, India
| | - Uttam Pal
- Chemical Sciences Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, 700064, India
| | - Chandan Saha
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, 700073, India
| | - Samita Basu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, 700064, India.
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Martinez-Amezaga M, Delpiccolo CML, Mata EG. Immobilized boronic acid for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling: application to the generation of pharmacologically relevant molecules. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06662g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of immobilized boronic acid for the generation of a variety of biaryl biologically interesting derivatives is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Martinez-Amezaga
- Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET-UNR)
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- 2000 Rosario
- Argentina
| | - C. M. L. Delpiccolo
- Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET-UNR)
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- 2000 Rosario
- Argentina
| | - E. G. Mata
- Instituto de Química Rosario (CONICET-UNR)
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- 2000 Rosario
- Argentina
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Pal U, Pramanik SK, Bhattacharya B, Banerji B, C Maiti N. Binding interaction of a gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative with serum albumin: an insight by fluorescence and molecular modeling analysis. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1121. [PMID: 27478738 PMCID: PMC4949196 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a naturally occurring inhibitory neurotransmitter and some of its derivatives showed potential to act as neuroprotective agents. With the aim of developing potential leads for anti-Alzheimer’s drugs, in this study we synthesized a novel GABA derivative, methyl 4-(4-((2-(tert-butoxy)-2-oxoethyl)(4-methoxyphenyl)amino)benzamido)butanoate by a unique method of Buchwald–Hartwig cross coupling synthesis; with some modification the yield was significant (97 %) and spectroscopic analysis confirmed that the compound was highly pure (98.8 % by HPLC). The druglikeness properties such as logP, logS, and polar surface area were 3.87, −4.86 and 94.17 Å2 respectively and it satisfied the Lipinski’s rule of five. We examined the binding behavior of the molecule to human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) which are known as universal drug carrier proteins. The molecule binds to the proteins with low micromolar efficiency and the calculated binding constants were 3.85 and 2.75 micromolar for BSA and HSA, respectively. Temperature dependent study using van’t Hoff equation established that the binding was thermodynamically favorable and the changes in the Gibb’s free energy, ΔG for the binding process was negative. However, the binding of the molecule to HSA was enthalpy driven and the change of enthalpy (ΔH) was −10.63 kJ/mol, whereas, the binding to BSA was entropy driven and the change in entropy ΔS was 222 J/mol. The molecular docking analysis showed that the binding sites of the molecule lie in the groove between domain I and domain III of BSA, whereas it is within the domain I in case of HSA, which also supported the different thermodynamic nature of binding with HSA and BSA. Molecular dynamics analysis suggested that the binding was stable with time and provided further details of the binding interaction. Molecular dynamics study also highlighted the effect of this ligand binding on the serum albumin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Pal
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Sumit Kumar Pramanik
- Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Baisali Bhattacharya
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Biswadip Banerji
- Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Nakul C Maiti
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata, West Bengal India
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Pal U, Pramanik SK, Bhattacharya B, Banerji B, Maiti NC. Binding interaction of a novel fluorophore with serum albumins: steady state fluorescence perturbation and molecular modeling analysis. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:548. [PMID: 26435894 PMCID: PMC4582037 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence emission and anisotropy are widely used to measure the binding parameters and kinetic behavior of reactions that cause a change in the rotational time of a fluorescent molecule. We report here fluorescence emission and anisotropy behavior of a newly synthesized novel
naphthalene base fluorophore (methyl 3-[(6-{[2-(tert-butoxy)-2-oxoethyl] (4-methoxyphenyl)amino}naphthalen-2-yl)formamido]propanoate) in several solution conditions including its binding to human and bovine serum albumin proteins both in their native and denatured states. The fluorescence yield of the compound substantially increased inside hydrophobic protein surface and ~30 nm decrease in Stokes’ shift, compared to aqueous solution, was observed. Shift in fluorescence excitation peak position from the absorption peak of the molecule was ~8 nm in protein solution. This indicated possible alteration of excited state geometry of the compound by the globular fold of albumins. In addition, we measured the steady state fluorescence anisotropy of the molecule to evaluate several thermodynamic parameters and the results suggested the binding was energetically favorable. The measured ΔG° was ~−30 kJ mol−1 and the derived dissociation constant was ~10−6 M. The molecular docking analysis further highlighted the nonspecific association of the compound with the proteins and hydrophobic forces may have a significant role in the binding processes. Under the denatured condition of the protein, the compound lost its binding efficacy and reduction in fluorescence intensity was observed. Thus, the molecule appears as a new fluorescence probe to report the nature of its binding site in terms of increased fluorescence quantum yield and decreased Stokes’ shift. It can also report the changes in the binding site due to global change in protein structure such as unfolding/misfolding often linked to several human disorder. Further it could be useful to detect and study the drug binding site of specific protein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Pal
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Sumit Kumar Pramanik
- Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Baisali Bhattacharya
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Biswadip Banerji
- Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Nakul Chandra Maiti
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata, West Bengal India
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Sarkar S, Siddiqui AA, Mazumder S, De R, Saha SJ, Banerjee C, Iqbal MS, Adhikari S, Alam A, Roy S, Bandyopadhyay U. Ellagic Acid, a Dietary Polyphenol, Inhibits Tautomerase Activity of Human Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and Its Pro-inflammatory Responses in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4988-4998. [PMID: 25929447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ellagic acid (EA), a phenolic lactone, inhibited tautomerase activity of human macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) noncompetitively (Ki = 1.97 ± 0.7 μM). The binding of EA to MIF was determined by following the quenching of tryptophan fluorescence. We synthesized several EA derivatives, and their structure-activity relationship studies indicated that the planar conjugated lactone moiety of EA was essential for MIF inhibition. MIF induces nuclear translocation of NF-κB and chemotaxis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to promote inflammation. We were interested in evaluating the effect of EA on nuclear translocation of NF-κB and chemotactic activity in human PBMCs in the presence of MIF. The results showed that EA inhibited MIF-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation in PBMCs, as evident from confocal immunofluorescence microscopic data. EA also inhibited MIF-mediated chemotaxis of PBMCs. Thus, we report MIF-inhibitory activity of EA and inhibition of MIF-mediated proinflammatory responses in PBMCs by EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Sarkar
- †Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Asim A Siddiqui
- †Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Somnath Mazumder
- †Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Rudranil De
- †Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Shubhra J Saha
- †Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Chinmoy Banerjee
- †Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Mohd S Iqbal
- †Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Susanta Adhikari
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, West Bengal, India
| | - Athar Alam
- †Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Siddhartha Roy
- §Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Uday Bandyopadhyay
- †Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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Liu K, Wu X, Kan SBJ, Shirakawa S, Maruoka K. Phase-Transfer-Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Axially Chiral Anilides. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:3214-21. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Choudhary S, Hegde P, Pruitt JR, Sielecki TM, Choudhary D, Scarpato K, Degraff DJ, Pilbeam CC, Taylor JA. Macrophage migratory inhibitory factor promotes bladder cancer progression via increasing proliferation and angiogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2891-9. [PMID: 23825153 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migratory inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine shown to promote tumorigenesis. Using the N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN) model of bladder cancer, we previously showed that MIF knockout mice display decreased angiogenesis and invasion compared with wild-type. This study examines the role of MIF in bladder cancer via use of oral inhibitors of MIF. In vitro, high-grade bladder cancer cells were treated with recombinant human MIF +/- (rhMIF+/-) inhibitor. Measurements included cell counts, proliferation by (3)H-thymidine incorporation (TdR), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation by western blot analysis, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by quantitative PCR and protein secretion by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Treatment with rhMIF increased ERK phosphorylation, cell counts, TdR and mRNA expression and protein secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor, which were blocked by specific inhibitors of ERK and MIF. In vivo, 3-month-old male C57Bl/6 mice were given BBN for 22 and 16 weeks in study 1 and study 2, respectively. Mice (n = 8-10 per group) were gavaged with vehicle or doses of MIF inhibitors daily from weeks 16-22 in both studies. Average bladder weights, reflecting tumor mass, tumor stage/burden, mitotic rate and proliferation indices, and microvessel densities were reduced in inhibitor groups versus controls. In summary, MIF promotes bladder cancer via increasing cell proliferation and angiogenesis and oral inhibitors of MIF may prove useful in treatment of this disease.
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Banerji B, Pramanik SK, Pal U, Maiti NC. Potent anticancer activity of cystine-based dipeptides and their interaction with serum albumins. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:91. [PMID: 23705891 PMCID: PMC3680302 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a severe threat to the human society. In the scientific community worldwide cancer remains a big challenge as there are no remedies as of now. Cancer is quite complicated as it involves multiple signalling pathways and it may be caused by genetic disorders. Various natural products and synthetic molecules have been designed to prevent cell proliferation. Peptide-based anticancer drugs, however, are not explored properly. Though peptides have their inherent proteolytic instability, they could act as anticancer agents. RESULTS In this present communication a suitably protected cystine based dipeptide and its deprotected form have been synthesized. Potent anticancer activities were confirmed by MTT assay (a laboratory test and a standard colorimetric assay, which measures changes in colour, for measuring cellular proliferation and phase contrast images. The IC50 value, a measure of the effectiveness of a compound in inhibiting biological or biochemical function, of these compounds ranges in the sub-micromolar level. The binding interactions with serum albumins (HSA and BSA) were performed with all these molecules and all of them show very strong binding at sub-micromolar concentration. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that the cystine-based dipeptides were potential anticancer agents. These peptides also showed very good binding with major carrier proteins of blood, the serum albumins. We are currently working on determining the detailed mechanism of anticancer activity of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswadip Banerji
- Department of Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S,C, Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India.
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Cytokine levels in the serum of healthy subjects. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:434010. [PMID: 23533306 PMCID: PMC3606775 DOI: 10.1155/2013/434010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing knowledge about the cytokine network response has led to a better comprehension of mechanisms of pathologies and to the development of new treatments with biological drugs, able to block specific molecules of the immune response. Indeed, when the cytokine production is deregulated, diseases often occur. The understanding of the physiological mechanism of the cytokine network would be useful to better comprehend pathological conditions. Moreover, since the immune system and response change their properties with development, differences in patients' age should be taken into account, both in physiological and in pathological conditions. In this study, we analyzed the profile of 48 cytokines and chemokines in the serum of healthy subjects, comparing adults (≥18 years) with young children and children (1–6 and 7–17 years). We found that a certain number of cytokines were not being produced in healthy subjects; others showed a constant serum level amongst the groups. Certain cytokines exhibited a downward or an upward trend with increasing age. The remaining cytokines were up- or downregulated in the group of the children with respect to the other groups. In conclusion, we drew some kinds of guidelines about the physiological production of cytokines and chemokines, underling the difference caused by aging.
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Dürüst Y, Altuğ C, Kaiser M, Fronczek FR, Tasdemir D. Synthesis, crystal structure, and in vitro antiprotozoal activity of some 5-phenyl(methyl)sulfonyl-substituted dihydroisoxazoles. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-012-0866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pal C, Sarkar S, Mazumder S, Adhikari S, Bandyopadhyay U. Synthesis and biological evaluation of primaquine–chloroquine twin drug: a novel heme-interacting molecule prevents free heme and hydroxyl radical-mediated protein degradation. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00019b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Anthranilic acid-based diamides derivatives incorporating aryl-isoxazoline pharmacophore as potential anticancer agents: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:549-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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MINEEVA AA, KOZHUSHNAYA OS, VOLNUKHIN VA, FRIGO NV, ZNAMENSKAYA LF, KUBANOV AA, MELEKHINA LE. Study of the genetic factors predisposing to the development of psoriasis. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2012. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background papers on psoriasis epidemiology, pathogenesis and genetics are presented. Special attention is given to genetic factors of the aptitude to psoriasis development. Were analysed researches, dedicated to the genome-wide screening of associations of polymorphic genetic locus with psoriasis development. Obtained results allow to reveal pathogenic psoriasis mechanisms, to forecast the character of the clinical course of the disease, as well as the efficiency of therapy and forecast the risk of psoriasis origination at patient’s relatives.
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Alam A, Haldar S, Thulasiram HV, Kumar R, Goyal M, Iqbal MS, Pal C, Dey S, Bindu S, Sarkar S, Pal U, Maiti NC, Bandyopadhyay U. Novel anti-inflammatory activity of epoxyazadiradione against macrophage migration inhibitory factor: inhibition of tautomerase and proinflammatory activities of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:24844-61. [PMID: 22645149 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.341321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is responsible for proinflammatory reactions in various infectious and non-infectious diseases. We have investigated the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of epoxyazadiradione, a limonoid purified from neem (Azadirachta indica) fruits, against MIF. Epoxyazadiradione inhibited the tautomerase activity of MIF of both human (huMIF) and malaria parasites (Plasmodium falciparum (PfMIF) and Plasmodium yoelii (PyMIF)) non-competitively in a reversible fashion (K(i), 2.11-5.23 μm). Epoxyazadiradione also significantly inhibited MIF (huMIF, PyMIF, and PfMIF)-mediated proinflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 cells. It prevented MIF-induced macrophage chemotactic migration, NF-κB translocation to the nucleus, up-regulation of inducible nitric-oxide synthase, and nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells. Epoxyazadiradione not only exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in vitro but also in vivo. We tested the anti-inflammatory activity of epoxyazadiradione in vivo after co-administering LPS and MIF in mice to mimic the disease state of sepsis or bacterial infection. Epoxyazadiradione prevented the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α when LPS and PyMIF were co-administered to BALB/c mice. The molecular basis of interaction of epoxyazadiradione with MIFs was explored with the help of computational chemistry tools and a biological knowledgebase. Docking simulation indicated that the binding was highly specific and allosteric in nature. The well known MIF inhibitor (S,R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester (ISO-1) inhibited huMIF but not MIF of parasitic origin. In contrast, epoxyazadiradione inhibited both huMIF and plasmodial MIF, thus bearing an immense therapeutic potential against proinflammatory reactions induced by MIF of both malaria parasites and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athar Alam
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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