A quencher-free molecular beacon design based on pyrene excimer fluorescence using pyrene-labeled UNA (unlocked nucleic acid)

Fluorescence detection of α-amylase based on a host-guest complex between a pyrene-derived amphiphile and γ-cyclodextrin

A fluorescence detection platform for α-amylase was developed by exploiting the host-guest inclusion complex formed between γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) and a pyrene-functionalized amphiphile (P10CG). Spectroscopic analysis revealed that the pyrene moiety was encapsulated within the γ-CD cavity in a 2:2 stoichiometric ratio, inducing characteristic excimer fluorescence. Upon enzymatic hydrolysis of γ-CD by α-amylase, the subsequent release of P10CG led to a marked decrease in excimer emission intensity. A quantitative linear relationship (R2 > 0.99) was observed between the monomer-to-excimer intensity ratio and α-amylase concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 U/mL, with a calculated detection limit of 0.135 U/mL (S/N = 3). The γ-CD/P10CG supramolecular system demonstrated satisfactory sensitivity and selectivity for α-amylase in both buffer solutions and diluted serum matrices, thus providing a potential sensing system for α-amylase in complex biological systems.

Design and Hybridization Properties of Acyclic Xeno Nucleic Acid Oligomers

Xeno nucleic acids (XNAs) are analogues of DNA and RNA that have a non-ribose artificial scaffold. XNAs are possible prebiotic genetic carriers as well as alternative genetic systems in artificial life. In addition, XNA oligomers can be used as biological tools. Acyclic XNAs, which do not have cyclic scaffolds, are attractive due to facile their synthesis and remarkably high nuclease resistance. To maximize the performance of XNAs, a negatively charged backbone is preferable to provide sufficient water solubility; however, acyclic XNAs containing polyanionic backbones suffer from high entropy cost upon duplex formation, because of the high flexibility of the acyclic nature. Herein, we review the relationships between the structure and duplex hybridization properties of various acyclic XNA oligomers with polyanion backbones.

5'-Monopyrene and 5'-Bispyrene 2'-O-methyl RNA Probes for Detection of RNA Mismatches

Progress in synthesis of novel fluorescent oligonucleotides has provided effective instruments for nucleic acid detection. Pyrene conjugated oligonucleotides have demonstrated their effectiveness as fluorescent hybridization probes. Here we describe the synthesis, isolation, and analysis of 5'-monopyrene and 5'-bispyrene conjugates of oligo(2'-O-methylribonucleotides) and their application as probes for fluorescent detection of mismatches in RNA targets.

The linkers in fluorene-labeled 2′-deoxyuridines affect fluorescence discriminating phenomena upon duplex formation

Three fluorene-labeled 2′-deoxyuridines that differ in terms of their linkers—U^F (without linker), U^FL (with ethynyl linker), and U^DF (with diethynyl linker)—have been introduced at the central positions of oligodeoxynucleotides to examine the effects that their linkers have on the fluorescence emission properties upon duplex formation with fully matched and single-base-mismatched targets. Here, we describe the influence of the linkers on the emission behavior, the intramolecular electron transfer between the fluorene moiety and the uracil base after photoexcitation, and the structural stability upon duplex formation. The probe containing the U^FL residue (with an ethynyl linker) and cytosine residues as flanking bases exhibited the greatest fluorescence turn-on selective behavior toward the perfectly matched target.

Three fluorene-labeled 2′-deoxyuridines that differ in terms of their linkers have been introduced at the central positions of oligodeoxynucleotides to examine the effects that their linkers have on the emission properties upon duplex formations.

Formation of i-motifs from acyclic (l)-threoninol nucleic acids

Acyclic (l)-threoninol nucleic acids ((l)-aTNA) containing poly-cytosines are prepared and investigated at various pH values, revealing the formation of a highly stable structure at lower pH that have the characteristics of an i-motif. Depending on the sequence, the aTNA forms inter-, bi- and intra-molecular i-motif structures. Pyrene was conjugated to aTNA sequences and both monomeric and excimer fluorescence were efficiently quenched by the i-motif structures and thus demonstrated that the aTNA i-motif can serve as a pH switch.

Recent Advances in Nucleic Acid Targeting Probes and Supramolecular Constructs Based on Pyrene-Modified Oligonucleotides

In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the use of pyrene-modified oligonucleotides as a platform for functional nucleic acid-based constructs. Pyrene is of special interest for the development of nucleic acid-based tools due to its unique fluorescent properties (sensitivity of fluorescence to the microenvironment, ability to form excimers and exciplexes, long fluorescence lifetime, high quantum yield), ability to intercalate into the nucleic acid duplex, to act as a π-π-stacking (including anchoring) moiety, and others. These properties of pyrene have been used to construct novel sensitive fluorescent probes for the sequence-specific detection of nucleic acids and the discrimination of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), aptamer-based biosensors, agents for binding of double-stranded DNAs, and building blocks for supramolecular complexes. Special attention is paid to the influence of the design of pyrene-modified oligonucleotides on their properties, i.e., the structure-function relationships. The perspectives for the applications of pyrene-modified oligonucleotides in biomolecular studies, diagnostics, and nanotechnology are discussed.

Fine Tuning of Pyrene Excimer Fluorescence in Molecular Beacons by Alteration of the Monomer Structure

Oligonucleotide probes labeled with pyrene pairs that form excimers have a number of applications in hybridization analysis of nucleic acids. A long excited state lifetime, large Stokes shift, and chemical stability make pyrene excimer an attractive fluorescent label. Here we report synthesis of chiral phosphoramidite building blocks based on (R)-4-amino-2,2-dimethylbutane-1,3-diol, easily available from an inexpensive d-(-)-pantolactone. 1-Pyreneacetamide, 1-pyrenecarboxamide, and DABCYL derivatives have been used in preparation of molecular beacon (MB) probes labeled with one or two pyrenes/quenchers. We observed significant difference in the excimer emission maxima (475-510 nm; Stokes shifts 125-160 nm or 7520-8960 cm^-1) and excimer/monomer ratio (from 0.5 to 5.9) in fluorescence spectra depending on the structure and position of monomers in the pyrene pair. The pyrene excimer formed by two rigid 1-pyrenecarboxamide residues showed the brightest emission. This is consistent with molecular dynamics data on excimer stability. Increase of the excimer fluorescence for MBs after hybridization with DNA was up to 24-fold.

3'-Pyrene-modified unlocked nucleic acids: synthesis, fluorescence properties and a surprising stabilization effect on duplexes and triplexes

Efficient synthesis of a new 3'-O-amino-UNA monomer was developed as a scaffold for further functionalization and incorporation into oligonucleotides (ONs). Pyrene-functionalized 3'-O-amino-UNA was incorporated one, two or three times into 21-mer DNA and 2'-O-Me-RNA ONs. Duplex melting temperatures, circular dichroism (CD) spectra, steady-state fluorescence emission spectra, UV/Vis absorption spectra and triplex melting temperatures were measured for the modified duplexes. The presence of the pyrene-modified UNA monomer lead to a surprising and unprecedented thermal stabilization of especially DNA:DNA duplexes when compared to the corresponding unmodified DNA:DNA duplexes. Improved mismatch discrimination was also seen for some of the modified duplexes. CD spectra revealed no major differences between modified and unmodified duplexes. Molecular modeling showed that the pyrene moieties were located in the minor groove of DNA:DNA duplexes as confirmed by CD and UV/Vis absorption studies. Upon multiple incorporations of the monomer in single-stranded ONs, steady-state fluorescence emission studies revealed the formation of a pyrene excimer which in most cases was quenched upon duplex hybridization, and fluorescence-based detection of mismatched hybridization was observed for some modified strand constitutions. Incorporation of the monomer in a triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO) strand lead to an increase of triplex melting temperature both at pH 6.0 and pH 7.0 for parallel triplexes - again an effect that has not been reported earlier for UNA-containing ONs. Steady-state fluorescence emission studies revealed significant differences in fluorescence for single-stranded ONs and triplexes.

Rational design and studies of excimer forming novel dual probes to target RNA

In this paper, we report structure-based rational design and physico-chemical and biological studies of novel pyrene excimer forming dual probes for visualization of intracellular RNAs. Herein, the probes based on 2'-O-methyl RNA with linkers of different structure and length between pyrene moiety and ribose are studied with respect to their hybridization and spectral properties. We found optimal linkers that provide more intense excimer emission (at ∼480nm) of RNA-bound probes; particularly, the length of the linker arm of the 3'-component of dual probes plays a key role in formation of pyrene excimer. Calculated molecular dynamics trajectories and probability distributions of pyrene-pyrene dimer formation upon hybridization of the dual probes with RNA target are in agreement with the obtained fluorescence spectroscopy data for the corresponding duplexes. Our study demonstrates the excellent binding properties of new dual probes to structured RNA and their feasibility for the visualization of intracellular RNA targets.

Microenvironmental Effect of 2'-O-(1-Pyrenylmethyl)uridine Modified Fluorescent Oligonucleotide Probes on Sensitive and Selective Detection of Target RNA

2'-O-(1-Pyrenylmethyl)uridine modified oligoribonucleotides provide highly sensitive pyrene fluorescent probes for detecting specific nucleotide mutation of RNA targets. To develop more stable and cost-effective oligonucleotide probes, we investigated the local microenvironmental effects of nearby nucleobases on pyrene fluorescence in duplexes of RNAs and 2'-O-(1-pyrenylmethyl)uridine modified oligonucleotides. By incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, 2'-MeO-nucleotides and 2'-F-nucleotides at both sides of 2'-O-(1-pyrenylmethyl)uridine (U(p)) in oligodeoxynucleotide probes, we synthesized a series of pyrene modified oligonucleotide probes. Their pyrene fluorescence emission spectra indicated that only two proximal nucleotides have a substantial effect on the pyrene fluorescence properties of these oligonucleotide probes hybridized with target RNA with an order of fluorescence sensitivity of 2'-F-nucleotides > 2'-MeO-nucleotides > ribonucleotides ≫ deoxyribonucleotides. While based on circular dichroism spectra, overall helix conformations (either A- or B-form) of the duplexes have marginal effects on the sensitivity of the probes. Instead, the local substitution reflected the propensity of the nucleotide sugar ring to adopt North type conformation and, accordingly, shifted their helix geometry toward a more A-type like conformation in local microenvironments. Thus, higher enhancement of pyrene fluorescence emission favored local A-type helix structures and more polar and hydrophobic environments (F > MeO > OH at 2' substitution) of duplex minor grooves of probes with the target RNA. Further dynamic simulation revealed that local microenvironmental effect of 2'-F-nucleotides or ribonucleotides was enough for pyrene moiety to move out of nucleobases to the minor groove of duplexes; in addition, 2'-F-nucleotide had less effect on π-stack of pyrene-modified uridine with upstream and downstream nucleobases. The present oligonucleotide probes successfully distinguished target RNA from single-mutated RNA analyte during an in vitro assay of RNA synthesis.

Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding of unlocked nucleic acids

We herein describe the synthesis of two new unlocked nucleic acid building blocks containing hypoxanthine and 2,6-diaminopurine as nucleobase moieties and their incorporation into oligonucleotides. The modified oligonucleotides were used to examine the thermodynamic properties of UNA against unmodified oligonucleotides and the resulting thermodynamic data support that the hydrogen bonding face of UNA is Watson-Crick like.

PNA Molecular Beacons Assembled by Post-Synthetic Click Chemistry Functionalization

To avoid the tedious synthesis of functionalized peptide nucleic acid (PNA) monomers for probe development, we proposed a simple approach to modify PNA oligomers by post-synthetic on-resin click chemistry. PNA molecular beacons (MBs) were prepared by incorporation of azide-containing monomers into the oligomer by automatic solid-phase peptide synthesis and subsequent derivatization with pyrene moieties by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Two pyrene-based quencher-free PNA molecular beacons, a stemless MB and one possessing a stem-loop structure, targeting a portion of the cystic fibrosis gene, were successfully synthesized by using this method. Fluorescence studies showed that the stem-loop MB exhibited better discrimination of changes in excimer/monomer ratios as compared to the stemless MB construct.

Unlocked nucleic acids with a pyrene-modified uracil: synthesis, hybridization studies, fluorescent properties and i-motif stability

The synthesis of two new phosphoramidite building blocks for the incorporation of 5-(pyren-1-yl)uracilyl unlocked nucleic acid (UNA) monomers into oligonucleotides has been developed. Monomers containing a pyrene-modified nucleobase component were found to destabilize an i-motif structure at pH 5.2, both under molecular crowding and noncrowding conditions. The presence of the pyrene-modified UNA monomers in DNA strands led to decreases in the thermal stabilities of DNA*/DNA and DNA*/RNA duplexes, but these duplexes' thermal stabilities were better than those of duplexes containing unmodified UNA monomers. Pyrene-modified UNA monomers incorporated in bulges were able to stabilize DNA*/DNA duplexes due to intercalation of the pyrene moiety into the duplexes. Steady-state fluorescence emission studies of oligonucleotides containing pyrene-modified UNA monomers revealed decreases in fluorescence intensities upon hybridization to DNA or RNA. Efficient quenching of fluorescence of pyrene-modified UNA monomers was observed after formation of i-motif structures at pH 5.2. The stabilizing/destabilizing effect of pyrene-modified nucleic acids might be useful for designing antisense oligonucleotides and hybridization probes.

Bis-pyrene-modified unlocked nucleic acids: synthesis, hybridization studies, and fluorescent properties

Efficient synthesis of a building block for the incorporation of a bis-pyrene-modified unlocked nucleic acid (UNA) into oligonucleotides (DNA*) was developed. The presence of bis-pyrene-modified UNA within a duplex leads to duplex destabilization that is more profound in DNA*/RNA and less distinct in DNA*/DNA duplexes. Nevertheless, the destabilization effect of bis-pyrene-modified UNA is weaker than that of unmodified UNA. Some oligonucleotides with bis-pyrene-modified UNA incorporations displayed superior mismatch discrimination capabilities. UV/Vis absorption and molecular modeling studies indicate that the pyrene groups of bis-pyrene-modified UNA are located in the major groove of a duplex. Oligonucleotides containing two bis-pyrene-modified UNA monomers showed low pyrene monomer emission in bulge-containing duplexes, high pyrene monomer emission in fully matched duplexes, and 5-(pyrenyl)uracil:pyrene exciplex emission in the single-stranded form. Such fluorescent properties enable the application of bis-pyrene-modified UNA in the development of fluorescence probes for DNA/RNA detection and for detection of deletions at specific positions.

A color-tunable molecular beacon to sense miRNA-9 expression during neurogenesis

A typical molecular beacon (MB) composing of a fluorophore and a quencher has been used to sense various intracellular biomolecules including microRNAs (miRNA, miR). However, the on/off-tunable miRNA MB is difficult to distinguish whether the observed low fluorescence brightness results from low miRNA expression or low transfection of the miRNA MB. We developed a color-tunable miRNA-9 MB (ColoR9 MB) to sense miR-9 expression-dependent color change. The ColoR9 MB was synthesized by a partially double-stranded DNA oligonucleotide containing a miR-9 binding site and a reporter probe with Cy3/black hole quencher 1 (BHQ1) at one end and a reference probe with Cy5.5 at the other end. The ColoR9 MB visualized CHO and P19 cells with red color in the absence of miR-9 and yellow color in the presence of miR-9. In vivo imaging demonstrated that the green fluorescence recovery of the reporter probe from the ColoR9 MB increased gradually during neuronal differentiation of P19 cells, whereas red fluorescence activity of the reference probe remained constant. These results showed the great specificity of sensing miR-9 expression- and neurogenesis-dependent color change.