1
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Biglari-Moghadam N, Najafzadehvarzi H, Gorgani-Firouzjaee T, Ghasemi-Kasman M. Efficacy of clofazimine against acute and chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. Microb Pathog 2023:106206. [PMID: 37331670 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic protozoal disease affecting approximately one-third of the world's population. The lack of current treatment options necessitates the development of drugs with good tolerance and effectiveness on the active and cystic stages of the parasite. The present study was established to investigate, for the first time, the potential potency of clofazimine (CFZ) against acute and chronic experimental toxoplasmosis. For this purpose, the type II T. gondii (Me49 strain) was used for induction acute (20 cysts in each mouse) and chronic (10 cysts in each mouse) experimental toxoplasmosis. The mice were treated with 20 mg/kg of CFZ intraperitoneally and orally. The histopathological changes, brain cyst count, total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA) assay, and the level of INF-γ were also evaluated. In the acute toxoplasmosis, both IP and oral administration of CFZ induced a significant reduction in brain parasite burden by 90.2 and 89%, respectively, and increased the survival rate to 100% compared with 60% in untreated controls. In the chronic infection, cyst burden decreased at 85.71 and 76.18% in CFZ-treated subgroups in comparison to infected untreated controls. In addition, 87.5% and 100% of CFZ-treated subgroups survived versus untreated control 62.5%. Moreover, CFZ significantly increased INF-γ levels in acute and chronic toxoplasmosis. Tissue inflammatory lesions were considerably reduced in the CFZ-treated chronic subgroups. CFZ treatment significantly reduced MDA levels and elevated TAC in both acute and chronic infections. In conclusion, CFZ showed a promising finding regarding the ability to reduce cyst burden in acute and chronic infection. Further studies are needed to investigate the therapeutic role of CFZ on toxoplasmosis using the long-term treatment and more advanced approaches. In addition, clofazimine may need to be accompanied by another drug to augment its effect and prevent the regrowth of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Najafzadehvarzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Tahmineh Gorgani-Firouzjaee
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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2
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Bassanini I, Grosso S, Tognoli C, Fronza G, Riva S. Studies on the Oxidation of Aromatic Amines Catalyzed by Trametes versicolor Laccase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043524. [PMID: 36834934 PMCID: PMC9963649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The bio-oxidation of a series of aromatic amines catalyzed by T. versicolor laccase has been investigated exploiting either commercially available nitrogenous substrates [(E)-4-vinyl aniline and diphenyl amine] or ad hoc synthetized ones [(E)-4-styrylaniline, (E)-4-(prop-1-en-1-yl)aniline and (E)-4-(((4-methoxyphenyl)imino)methyl)phenol]. At variance to their phenolic equivalents, the investigated aromatic amines were not converted into the expected cyclic dimeric structures under T. versicolor catalysis. The formation of complex oligomeric/polymeric or decomposition by-products was mainly observed, with the exception of the isolation of two interesting but unexpected chemical skeletons. Specifically, the biooxidation of diphenylamine resulted in an oxygenated quinone-like product, while, to our surprise, in the presence of T. versicolor laccase (E)-4-vinyl aniline was converted into a 1,2-substited cyclobutane ring. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of an enzymatically triggered [2 + 2] olefin cycloaddition. Possible reaction mechanisms to explain the formation of these products are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bassanini
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche-SCITEC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (I.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Simone Grosso
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche-SCITEC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Tognoli
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche-SCITEC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fronza
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche-SCITEC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche-SCITEC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (I.B.); (S.R.)
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3
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Matos AL, Figueiredo C, Alves F, Pereira N, Gonçalo M. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis complicating systemic lupus erythematosus and responding to high dose amphotericin B. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:e756-e758. [PMID: 34057771 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A L Matos
- Dermatology Department, Coimbra University Hospital Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C Figueiredo
- Dermatology Department, Coimbra University Hospital Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - F Alves
- Dermatology Department, Coimbra University Hospital Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - N Pereira
- Dermatology Department, Cova da Beira University Hospital Centre, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - M Gonçalo
- Dermatology Department, Coimbra University Hospital Centre, Coimbra, Portugal.,Dermatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Koval A, Bassanini I, Xu J, Tonelli M, Boido V, Sparatore F, Amant F, Annibali D, Leucci E, Sparatore A, Katanaev VL. Optimization of the clofazimine structure leads to a highly water-soluble C3-aminopyridinyl riminophenazine endowed with improved anti-Wnt and anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113562. [PMID: 34116325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a cancer subtype critically dependent upon excessive activation of Wnt pathway. The anti-mycobacterial drug clofazimine is an efficient inhibitor of canonical Wnt signaling in TNBC, reducing tumor cell proliferation in vitro and in animal models. These properties make clofazimine a candidate to become first targeted therapy against TNBC. In this work, we optimized the clofazimine structure to enhance its water solubility and potency as a Wnt inhibitor. After extensive structure-activity relationships investigations, the riminophenazine 5-(4-(chlorophenyl)-3-((2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)imino)-N-(pyridin-3-yl)-3,5-dihydrophenazin-2-amine (MU17) was identified as the new lead compound for the riminophenazine-based targeted therapy against TNBC and Wnt-dependent cancers. Compared to clofazimine, the water-soluble MU17 displayed a 7-fold improved potency against Wnt signaling in TNBC cells resulting in on-target suppression of tumor growth in a patient-derived mouse model of TNBC. Moreover, allowing the administration of reduced yet effective dosages, MU17 displayed no adverse effects, most notably no clofazimine-related skin coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Koval
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Bassanini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy; Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazonale delle Ricerche, 20131, Milano, Italy
| | - Jiabin Xu
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, 1011, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Vito Boido
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Sparatore
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Frederic Amant
- Gynecological Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven and Department of Oncology, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute (AvL-NKI), University Medical Center (UMC), 1066, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniela Annibali
- Gynecological Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eleonora Leucci
- Laboratory for RNA Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Trace, LKI Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Sparatore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Vladimir L Katanaev
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922, Vladivostok, Russia.
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5
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Katanaev VL, Blagodatski A, Xu J, Khotimchenko Y, Koval A. Mining Natural Compounds to Target WNT Signaling: Land and Sea Tales. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 269:215-248. [PMID: 34455487 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
WNT signaling plays paramount roles in organism development, physiology, and disease, representing a highly attractive target for drug development. However, no WNT-modulating drugs have been approved, with several candidates trudging through the early clinical trials. This delay instigates alternative approaches to discover WNT-modulating drugs. Natural products were the source of therapeutics for centuries, but the chemical diversity they offer, especially when looking at different taxonomic groups and habitats, is still to a large extent unexplored. These considerations urge researchers to screen natural compounds for the WNT-modulatory activities. Since several reviews on such endeavors exist, we here have attempted to present these efforts as "Land and sea tales" (citing the book title by Rudyard Kipling) superimposing them onto the traditional pipeline of drug discovery and early development. In doing so, we illustrate each step of the pipeline with case studies stemming from our own research. It will become obvious that several steps of the pipeline need to be modified when applied to natural products rather than to synthetic libraries. Yet the main message of this chapter is that natural compounds represent a powerful source for the WNT signaling modulators and can be developed towards drug candidates against WNT-dependent maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir L Katanaev
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.
| | - Artem Blagodatski
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences Pushchino, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jiabin Xu
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yuri Khotimchenko
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
- National Scientific Center for Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alexey Koval
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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6
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Quinolizidine-Derived Lucanthone and Amitriptyline Analogues Endowed with Potent Antileishmanial Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110339. [PMID: 33113777 PMCID: PMC7694037 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected diseases that are endemic in many tropical and sub-tropical Countries. Therapy is based on different classes of drugs which are burdened by severe side effects, occurrence of resistance and high costs, thereby creating the need for more efficacious, safer and inexpensive drugs. Herein, sixteen 9-thioxanthenone derivatives (lucanthone analogues) and four compounds embodying the diarylethene substructure of amitriptyline (amitriptyline analogues) were tested in vitro for activity against Leishmania tropica and L. infantum promastigotes. All compounds were characterized by the presence of a bulky quinolizidinylalkyl moiety. All compounds displayed activity against both species of Leishmania with IC50 values in the low micromolar range, resulting in several fold more potency than miltefosine, comparable to that of lucanthone, and endowed with substantially lower cytotoxicity to Vero-76 cells, for the best of them. Thus, 4-amino-1-(quinolizidinylethyl)aminothioxanthen-9-one (14) and 9-(quinolizidinylmethylidene)fluorene (17), with selectivity index (SI) in the range 16-24, represent promising leads for the development of improved antileishmanial agents. These two compounds also exhibited comparable activity against intramacrophagic amastigotes of L. infantum. Docking studies have suggested that the inhibition of trypanothione reductase (TryR) may be at the basis (eventually besides other mechanisms) of the observed antileishmanial activity. Therefore, these investigated derivatives may deserve further structural improvements and more in-depth biological studies of their mechanisms of action in order to develop more efficient antiparasitic agents.
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7
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Repurposing Drugs to Fight Hepatic Malaria Parasites. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153409. [PMID: 32731386 PMCID: PMC7435416 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide, primarily affecting some of the most vulnerable populations around the globe. Despite achievements in the treatment of this devastating disease, there is still an urgent need for the discovery of new drugs that tackle infection by Plasmodium parasites. However, de novo drug development is a costly and time-consuming process. An alternative strategy is to evaluate the anti-plasmodial activity of compounds that are already approved for other purposes, an approach known as drug repurposing. Here, we will review efforts to assess the anti-plasmodial activity of existing drugs, with an emphasis on the obligatory and clinically silent liver stage of infection. We will also review the current knowledge on the classes of compounds that might be therapeutically relevant against Plasmodium in the context of other communicable diseases that are prevalent in regions where malaria is endemic. Repositioning existing compounds may constitute a faster solution to the current gap of prophylactic and therapeutic drugs that act on Plasmodium parasites, overall contributing to the global effort of malaria eradication.
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Bassanini I, Parapini S, Basilico N, Sparatore A. Novel Hydrophilic Riminophenazines as Potent Antiprotozoal Agents. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1940-1949. [PMID: 31658408 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SAR studies on a set of novel hydrophilic C-2 aminopyridinyl riminophenazines bearing variously functionalized basic side chains at C-3 were conducted. The novel compounds were evaluated for in vitro activity against two different species of Leishmania promastigotes, intramacrophage Leishmania amastigotes, chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum, and also against mature-stage P. falciparum gametocytes. Their cytotoxicity was evaluated as well on BMDM cell lines. Most of the new compounds potently inhibited the growth of both genera of protozoa with IC50 values in the high nanomolar range and good selectivities versus mammalian cells. Besides their potent activity against asexual intraerythrocytic stages of P. falciparum, three compounds showed potential as transmission-blocking agents. The key role of the hydrophilic C-2 aminopyridinyl substituent to improve the leishmanicidal activity and the influence of the length and the nature of the basic side chain on the antiprotozoal activity and cytotoxicity were underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bassanini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal, 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal, 36, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Sparatore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milan, Italy
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9
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Lee SM, Kim MS, Hayat F, Shin D. Recent Advances in the Discovery of Novel Antiprotozoal Agents. Molecules 2019; 24:E3886. [PMID: 31661934 PMCID: PMC6864685 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases have serious health, social, and economic impacts, especially in the tropical regions of the world. Diseases caused by protozoan parasites are responsible for considerable mortality and morbidity, affecting more than 500 million people worldwide. Globally, the burden of protozoan diseases is increasing and is been exacerbated because of a lack of effective medication due to the drug resistance and toxicity of current antiprotozoal agents. These limitations have prompted many researchers to search for new drugs against protozoan parasites. In this review, we have compiled the latest information (2012-2017) on the structures and pharmacological activities of newly developed organic compounds against five major protozoan diseases, giardiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, trichomoniasis, and trypanosomiasis, with the aim of showing recent advances in the discovery of new antiprotozoal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Min Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea.
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea.
| | - Faisal Hayat
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea.
| | - Dongyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Korea.
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Ahmed K, Koval A, Xu J, Bodmer A, Katanaev VL. Towards the first targeted therapy for triple-negative breast cancer: Repositioning of clofazimine as a chemotherapy-compatible selective Wnt pathway inhibitor. Cancer Lett 2019; 449:45-55. [PMID: 30771433 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is overactivated in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and several other cancers, and its suppression emerges as an effective anticancer treatment. However, no drugs targeting the Wnt pathway exist on the market nor in advanced clinical trials. Here we provide a comprehensive body of preclinical evidence that an anti-leprotic drug clofazimine is effective against TNBC. Clofazimine specifically inhibits canonical Wnt signaling in a panel of TNBC cells in vitro. In several mouse xenograft models of TNBC, clofazimine efficiently suppresses tumor growth, correlating with in vivo inhibition of the Wnt pathway in the tumors. Clofazimine is well compatible with doxorubicin, exerting additive effects on tumor growth suppression, producing no adverse effects. Its excellent and well-characterized pharmacokinetics profile, lack of serious adverse effects at moderate (yet therapeutically effective) doses, its combinability with cytotoxic therapeutics, and the novel mechanistic mode of action make clofazimine a prime candidate for the repositioning clinical trials. Our work may bring forward the anti-Wnt targeted therapy, desperately needed for thousands of patients currently lacking targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Koval
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jiabin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Bodmer
- Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir L Katanaev
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.
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Makgatho EM, Mbajiorgu EF. In vitro investigation of clofazimine analogues for antiplasmodial, cytotoxic and pro-oxidative activities. Afr Health Sci 2017; 17:191-198. [PMID: 29026393 PMCID: PMC5636247 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v17i1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetramethyl-piperidine-substituted, B4119 and B4158 have been shown to exhibit antiplasmodial activity. OBJECTIVES The in vitro antiplasmodial, cytotoxic and oxidative activities of clofazimine and its analogues, all TMP (tetramethylpiperidyl)-substituted phenazines except B669, were evaluated in this study. METHODS The antiplasmodial activity of the compounds against RB-1 and pfUP10 laboratory strains of Plasmodium falciparum was investigated by flow cytometry. The cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells and oxidative activity were studied employing colorimetric and cytochrome C reduction assays respectively. RESULTS The riminophenazine agents exhibited antiplasmodial action of varying degrees: B669, B4100 and B4103 showed the best activity while B4121 and B4169 exhibited significant activity at 2µg/ml. Clofazimine had no antiplasmodial activity. The compounds B4100, B4103, B4121 and B4169 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells at concentrations of 0.5µg/ml and above while B669 was active at 2µg/ml. Clofazimine and B669 tested at a concentration of 0.5µg/ml caused enhancement (p ≤ 0.05) of neutrophil superoxide production when compared to the FMLP control while all the other TMP-derivatives had no effect (p ≥ 0.05). CONCLUSION Tetramethylpiperidyl-subsituted phenazines may potentially be useful antimalarial/antitumor agents with no pro-oxidative properties. In vivo studies on the agents relative to these properties are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- EM Makgatho
- Department of Pathology and Medical Sciences, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, South Africa
| | - EF Mbajiorgu
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa
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12
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Guttenberger N, Blankenfeldt W, Breinbauer R. Recent developments in the isolation, biological function, biosynthesis, and synthesis of phenazine natural products. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6149-6166. [PMID: 28094222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phenazines are natural products which are produced by bacteria or by archaeal Methanosarcina species. The tricyclic ring system enables redox processes, which producing organisms use for oxidation of NADH or for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), giving them advantages over other microorganisms. In this review we summarize the progress in the field since 2005 regarding the isolation of new phenazine natural products, new insights in their biological function, and particularly the now almost completely understood biosynthesis. The review is complemented by a description of new synthetic methods and total syntheses of phenazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Guttenberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Chemistry-Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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13
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Cholo MC, Mothiba MT, Fourie B, Anderson R. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacies of the lipophilic antimycobacterial agents clofazimine and bedaquiline. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 72:338-353. [PMID: 27798208 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant (DR)-TB is the major challenge confronting the global TB control programme, necessitating treatment with second-line anti-TB drugs, often with limited therapeutic efficacy. This scenario has resulted in the inclusion of Group 5 antibiotics in various therapeutic regimens, two of which promise to impact significantly on the outcome of the therapy of DR-TB. These are the 're-purposed' riminophenazine, clofazimine, and the recently approved diarylquinoline, bedaquiline. Although they differ structurally, both of these lipophilic agents possess cationic amphiphilic properties that enable them to target and inactivate essential ion transporters in the outer membrane of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the case of bedaquiline, the primary target is the key respiratory chain enzyme F1/F0-ATPase, whereas clofazimine is less selective, apparently inhibiting several targets, which may underpin the extremely low level of resistance to this agent. This review is focused on similarities and differences between clofazimine and bedaquiline, specifically in respect of molecular mechanisms of antimycobacterial action, targeting of quiescent and metabolically active organisms, therapeutic efficacy in the clinical setting of DR-TB, resistance mechanisms, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moloko C Cholo
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Maborwa T Mothiba
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Bernard Fourie
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Ronald Anderson
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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14
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Tasso B, Novelli F, Tonelli M, Barteselli A, Basilico N, Parapini S, Taramelli D, Sparatore A, Sparatore F. Synthesis and Antiplasmodial Activity of Novel Chloroquine Analogues with Bulky Basic Side Chains. ChemMedChem 2015. [PMID: 26213237 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chloroquine is commonly used in the treatment and prevention of malaria, but Plasmodium falciparum, the main species responsible for malaria-related deaths, has developed resistance against this drug. Twenty-seven novel chloroquine (CQ) analogues characterized by a side chain terminated with a bulky basic head group, i.e., octahydro-2H-quinolizine and 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-1,5-methano-8H-pyrido[1,2-a][1,5]diazocin-8-one, were synthesized and tested for activity against D-10 (CQ-susceptible) and W-2 (CQ-resistant) strains of P. falciparum. Most compounds were found to be active against both strains with nanomolar or sub-micromolar IC50 values. Eleven compounds were found to be 2.7- to 13.4-fold more potent than CQ against the W-2 strain; among them, four cytisine derivatives appear to be of particular interest, as they combine high potency with low cytotoxicity against two human cell lines (HMEC-1 and HepG2) along with easier synthetic accessibility. Replacement of the 4-NH group with a sulfur bridge maintained antiplasmodial activity at a lower level, but produced an improvement in the resistance factor. These compounds warrant further investigation as potential drugs for use in the fight against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tasso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16131 Genova (Italy).
| | - Federica Novelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16131 Genova (Italy)
| | - Michele Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16131 Genova (Italy)
| | - Anna Barteselli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano (Italy)
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano via C. Pascal 36, 20133 Milano (Italy)
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano via C. Pascal, 36, 20133 Milano (Italy)
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano via C. Pascal, 36, 20133 Milano (Italy)
| | - Anna Sparatore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano (Italy)
| | - Fabio Sparatore
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16131 Genova (Italy)
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