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Ward RM, Hu Y, Tu NP, Schomaker JM. Solvent Effects on the Chemo- and Site-Selectivity of Transition Metal-Catalyzed Nitrene Transfer Reactions: Alternatives to Chlorinated Solvents. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202300964. [PMID: 37696772 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed, non-enzymatic nitrene transfer (NT) reactions to selectively transform C-H and C=C bonds to new C-N bonds are a powerful strategy to streamline the preparation of valuable amine building blocks. However, many catalysts for these reactions use environmentally unfriendly solvents that include dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane and benzene. We developed a high-throughput experimentation (HTE) protocol for heterogeneous NT reaction mixtures to enable rapid screening of a broad range of solvents for this chemistry. Coupled with the American Chemical Society Pharmaceutical Roundtable (ACSPR) solvent tool, we identified several attractive replacements for chlorinated solvents. Selected catalysts for NT were compared and contrasted using our HTE protocol, including silver supported by N-dentate ligands, dinuclear Rh complexes and Fe/Mn phthalocyanine catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yun Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Noah P Tu
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 N. Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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2
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Choi I, Trenerry MJ, Lee KS, King N, Berry JF, Schomaker JM. Divergent C-H Amidations and Imidations by Tuning Electrochemical Reaction Potentials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201662. [PMID: 36166327 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical C-H functionalizations are attractive transformations, as they are capable of avoiding the use of transition metals, pre-oxidized precursors, or suprastoichiometric amounts of terminal oxidants. Herein an electrochemically tunable method was developed that enabled the divergent formation of cyclic amines or imines by applying different reaction potentials. Detailed cyclic voltammetry analyses, coupled with chronopotentiometry experiments, were carried out to provide insight into the mechanism, while atom economy was assessed through a paired electrolysis. Selective C-H amidations and imidations were achieved to afford five- to seven-membered sulfonamide motifs that could be employed for late-stage modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
- Present address, Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael J Trenerry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Ken S Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Nicholas King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - John F Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
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3
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Fu Y, Zerull EE, Schomaker JM, Liu P. Origins of Catalyst-Controlled Selectivity in Ag-Catalyzed Regiodivergent C-H Amination. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2735-2746. [PMID: 35130697 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ag-catalyzed nitrene transfer (NT) converts C-H bonds into valuable C-N bonds. These reactions offer a promising strategy for catalyst-controlled regiodivergent functionalization of different types of reactive C-H bonds, as the regioselectivity is tunable by varying the steric and electronic environments around the Ag nitrene, as well as the identity of the nitrene precursors and the tether length. Therefore, a unified understanding of how these individual factors affect the regioselectivity is key to the rational design of highly selective and regiodivergent C-H amination reactions. Herein, we report a computational study of various Ag-catalyzed NT reactions that indicates a concerted H-atom transfer (HAT)/C-N bond formation mechanism. A detailed analysis was carried out on the effects of the C-H bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE), charge transfer, ligand-substrate steric repulsions, and transition state ring strain on the stability of the C-H insertion transition states with different Ag nitrene complexes. The ancillary ligands on the Ag and the nitrene precursor identity both affect transition state geometries to furnish differing sensitivities to the BDE, tether length, and electronic effects of the reactive C-H bonds. Based on our understanding of the dominant factors that control selectivity, we established a rational catalyst and precursor selection approach for regiodivergent amination of diverse C-H bonds. The computationally predicted regiodivergent amination of β- and γ-C-H bonds of aliphatic alcohol derivatives was validated by experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Emily E Zerull
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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4
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Feng T, Tang Z, Luo X, Mo J. An efficient imidation of thioethers with nitrene in water. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6497-6501. [PMID: 32789387 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01539c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first imidation of thioethers with free nitrene in water was realized. N-Cbz sulfilimines are formed via imidation of thioethers with free nitrene generated from α elimination of nosyloxycarbamates. In this work, water is successfully applied as solvent for free nitrene, and transition metal catalyst is not needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Feng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Zhihui Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Xiaoli Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Junming Mo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China.
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5
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Locher J, Watt FA, Neuba AG, Schoch R, Munz D, Hohloch S. Molybdenum(VI) bis-imido Complexes of Dipyrromethene Ligands. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:9847-9856. [PMID: 32639151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of high-valent molybdenum(VI) bis-imido complexes 1-4 with dipyrromethene (DPM) supporting ligands of the general formula (DPMR)Mo(NR')2Cl (R, R' = mesityl (Mes) or tert-butyl (tBu)). The electrochemical and chemical properties of 1-4 reveal unexpected ligand noninnocence and reactivity. 15N NMR spectroscopy is used to assess the electronic properties of the imido ligands in the tert-butyl complexes 1 and 3. Complex 1 is inert toward ligand (halide) exchange with bulky phenolates such as KOMes or amides (e.g., KN(SiMe3)2), whereas the use of the lithium alkyl LiCH2SiMe3 results in a rare nucleophilic β-alkylation of the DPM ligand. While the reductions of the complexes occur at molybdenum, the oxidation is centered at the DPM ligand. Quantum-chemical calculations (complete active space self-consistent field, density functional theory) suggest facile (near-infrared) interligand charge transfer to the imido ligand, which might preclude the isolation of the oxidized complex [1]+ in the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Locher
- Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Fabian A Watt
- Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Adam G Neuba
- Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Roland Schoch
- Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Saarland, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Hohloch
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Betz KN, Chiappini ND, Du Bois J. Intermolecular sp3-C–H Amination for the Synthesis of Saturated Azacycles. Org Lett 2019; 22:1687-1691. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry N. Betz
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Nicholas D. Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - J. Du Bois
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Tunable catalyst-controlled syntheses of β- and γ-amino alcohols enabled by silver-catalysed nitrene transfer. Nat Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-019-0339-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Gryaznova TV, Kholin KV, Nikanshina EO, Khrizanforova VV, Strekalova SO, Fayzullin RR, Budnikova YH. Copper or Silver-Mediated Oxidative C(sp2)–H/N–H Cross-Coupling of Phthalimide and Heterocyclic Arenes: Access to N-Arylphthalimides. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V. Gryaznova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill V. Kholin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Elizaveta O. Nikanshina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Vera V. Khrizanforova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Sofia O. Strekalova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Robert R. Fayzullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia H. Budnikova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov str. 8, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
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