1
|
Negm WA, Ezzat SM, Zayed A. Marine organisms as potential sources of natural products for the prevention and treatment of malaria. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4436-4475. [PMID: 36760290 PMCID: PMC9892989 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07977a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are a worldwide critical concern accounting for 17% of the estimated global burden of all infectious diseases in 2020. Despite the various medicines available for the management, the deadliest VBD malaria, caused by Plasmodium sp., has resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths in sub-Saharan Africa only. This finding may be explained by the progressive loss of antimalarial medication efficacy, inherent toxicity, the rise of drug resistance, or a lack of treatment adherence. As a result, new drug discoveries from uncommon sources are desperately needed, especially against multi-drug resistant strains. Marine organisms have been investigated, including sponges, soft corals, algae, and cyanobacteria. They have been shown to produce many bioactive compounds that potentially affect the causative organism at different stages of its life cycle, including the chloroquine (CQ)-resistant strains of P. falciparum. These compounds also showed diverse chemical structures belonging to various phytochemical classes, including alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, macrolides, and others. The current article presents a comprehensive review of marine-derived natural products with antimalarial activity as potential candidates for targeting different stages and species of Plasmodium in both in vitro and in vivo and in comparison with the commercially available and terrestrial plant-derived products, i.e., quinine and artemisinin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walaa A. Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Tanta University, College of PharmacyEl-Guish StreetTanta 31527Egypt
| | - Shahira M. Ezzat
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo UniversityKasr El-Aini StreetCairo 11562Egypt,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA)Giza 12451Egypt
| | - Ahmed Zayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Tanta University, College of Pharmacy El-Guish Street Tanta 31527 Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rathod GK, Jain M, Sharma KK, Das S, Basak A, Jain R. New structural classes of antimalarials. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 242:114653. [PMID: 35985254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a major vector borne disease claiming millions of lives worldwide due to infections caused by Plasmodium sp. Discovery and development of antimalarial drugs have previously been dominated majorly by single drug therapy. The malaria parasite has developed resistance against first line and second line antimalarial drugs used in the single drug therapy. This has drawn attention to find ways to alleviate the disease burden supplanted by combination therapy with multiple drugs to overcome drug resistance. Emergence of resistant strains even against the combination therapy has now mandated the revision of the current antimalarial pharmacotherapy. Research efforts of the past decade led to the discovery and identification of several new structural classes of antimalarial agents with improved biological attributes over the older ones. The following is a comprehensive review, addressed to the new structural classes of heterocyclic and natural compounds that have been identified during the last decade as antimalarial agents. Some of the classes included herein contain one or more pharmacophores amalgamated into a single bioactive scaffold as antimalarial agents, which act upon the conventional and novel targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan K Rathod
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Meenakshi Jain
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Krishna K Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Samarpita Das
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Ahana Basak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Rahul Jain
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kingston DGI, Cassera MB. Antimalarial Natural Products. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 117:1-106. [PMID: 34977998 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89873-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have made a crucial and unique contribution to human health, and this is especially true in the case of malaria, where the natural products quinine and artemisinin and their derivatives and analogues, have saved millions of lives. The need for new drugs to treat malaria is still urgent, since the most dangerous malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has become resistant to quinine and most of its derivatives and is becoming resistant to artemisinin and its derivatives. This volume begins with a short history of malaria and follows this with a summary of its biology. It then traces the fascinating history of the discovery of quinine for malaria treatment and then describes quinine's biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use, concluding with a discussion of synthetic antimalarial agents based on quinine's structure. The volume then covers the discovery of artemisinin and its development as the source of the most effective current antimalarial drug, including summaries of its synthesis and biosynthesis, its mechanism of action, and its clinical use and resistance. A short discussion of other clinically used antimalarial natural products leads to a detailed treatment of other natural products with significant antiplasmodial activity, classified by compound type. Although the search for new antimalarial natural products from Nature's combinatorial library is challenging, it is very likely to yield new antimalarial drugs. The chapter thus ends by identifying over ten natural products with development potential as clinical antimalarial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G I Kingston
- Department of Chemistry and the Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Maria Belen Cassera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases (CTEGD), University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wong HPH, Mokkawes T, de Visser SP. Can the isonitrile biosynthesis enzyme ScoE assist with the biosynthesis of isonitrile groups in drug molecules? A computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:27250-27262. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03409c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Computational studies show that the isonitrile synthesizing enzyme ScoE can catalyse the conversion of γ-Gly substituents in substrates to isonitrile. This enables efficient isonitrile substitution into target molecules such as axisonitrile-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik P. H. Wong
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Thirakorn Mokkawes
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sam P. de Visser
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Massarotti A, Brunelli F, Aprile S, Giustiniano M, Tron GC. Medicinal Chemistry of Isocyanides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10742-10788. [PMID: 34197077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In eons of evolution, isocyanides carved out a niche in the ecological systems probably thanks to their metal coordinating properties. In 1859 the first isocyanide was synthesized by humans and in 1950 the first natural isocyanide was discovered. Now, at the beginning of XXI century, hundreds of isocyanides have been isolated both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and thousands have been synthesized in the laboratory. For some of them their ecological role is known, and their potent biological activity as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antifouling, and antitumoral compounds has been described. Notwithstanding, the isocyanides have not gained a good reputation among medicinal chemists who have erroneously considered them either too reactive or metabolically unstable, and this has restricted their main use to technical applications as ligands in coordination chemistry. The aim of this review is therefore to show the richness in biological activity of the isocyanide-containing molecules, to support the idea of using the isocyanide functional group as an unconventional pharmacophore especially useful as a metal coordinating warhead. The unhidden hope is to convince the skeptical medicinal chemists of the isocyanide potential in many areas of drug discovery and considering them in the design of future drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Massarotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Brunelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Silvio Aprile
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Giustiniano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gian Cesare Tron
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xanthohumol and Gossypol Are Promising Inhibitors against Babesia microti by In Vitro Culture via High-Throughput Screening of 133 Natural Products. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040613. [PMID: 33081295 PMCID: PMC7711813 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human babesiosis caused by Babesia microti is an emerging threat for severe illness and even death, with an increasing impact worldwide. Currently, the regimen of atovaquone and azithromycin is considered as the standard therapy for treating human babesiosis, which, however, may result in drug resistance and relapse, suggesting the necessity of developing new drugs to control B. microti. In this regard, natural products are promising candidates for drug design against B. microti due to their active therapeutic efficacy, lower toxicity, and fewer adverse reactions to host. Here, the potential inhibitors against B. microti were preliminarily screened from 133 natural products, and 47 of them were selected for further screening. Gossypol (Gp) and xanthohumol (Xn) were finally shown to effectively inhibit the growth of B. microti with IC50 values of 8.47 μm and 21.40 μm, respectively. The cytotoxicity results showed that Gp and Xn were non-toxic to erythrocytes at a concentration below 100 μm. Furthermore, both of them were confirmed to be non-toxic to different types of cells in previous studies. Our findings suggest the potential of Gp and Xn as effective drugs against B. microti infection.
Collapse
|