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Liang C, Qiao G, Liu Y, Tian L, Hui N, Li J, Ma Y, Li H, Zhao Q, Cao W, Liu H, Ren X. Overview of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and its analogues: Structures, activities, and mechanisms in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113451. [PMID: 33895500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) is effective for preventing cancer and treating skin diseases and acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL). These pharmacological effects of ATRA are mainly mediated by retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and retinoic acid receptors (RARs). This article provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical progress on and the molecular mechanisms of ATRA in the treatment of APL. ATRA can promote the transcriptional activation of differentiation-related genes and regulate autophagy by inhibiting mTOR, which results in anti-APL effects. In detail, the structures, pharmacological effects, and clinical studies of 68 types of ATRA analogues are described. These compounds have excellent antitumour therapeutic potential and could be used as lead compounds for further development and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Liang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China.
| | - Guaiping Qiao
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Lei Tian
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Nan Hui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Yuling Ma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Han Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaodong Ren
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
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Conda-Sheridan M, Park EJ, Beck DE, Reddy PVN, Nguyen TX, Hu B, Chen L, White JJ, van Breemen RB, Pezzuto JM, Cushman M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of indenoisoquinoline rexinoids with chemopreventive potential. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2581-605. [PMID: 23472886 DOI: 10.1021/jm400026k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors, such as the retinoid X receptor (RXR), are proteins that regulate a myriad of cellular processes. Molecules that function as RXR agonists are of special interest for the prevention and control of carcinogenesis. The majority of these ligands possess an acidic moiety that is believed to be key for RXR activation. This communication presents the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of both acidic and nonacidic indenoisoquinolines as new RXR ligands. In addition, a comprehensive structure-activity relationship study is presented that identifies the important features of the indenoisoquinoline rexinoids. The ease of modification of the indenoisoquinoline core and the lack of the necessity of a carboxyl group for activity make them an attractive and unusual family of RXR agonists. This work establishes a structural foundation for the design of new and novel rexinoid cancer chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Conda-Sheridan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and the Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Dawson MI, Xia Z. The retinoid X receptors and their ligands. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:21-56. [PMID: 22020178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the current status of studies on the structural and molecular biology of the retinoid X receptor subtypes α, β, and γ (RXRs, NR2B1-3), their nuclear and cytoplasmic functions, post-transcriptional processing, and recently reported ligands. Points of interest are the different changes in the ligand-binding pocket induced by variously shaped agonists, the communication of the ligand-bound pocket with the coactivator binding surface and the heterodimerization interface, and recently identified ligands that are natural products, those that function as environmental toxins or drugs that had been originally designed to interact with other targets, as well as those that were deliberately designed as RXR-selective transcriptional agonists, synergists, or antagonists. Of these synthetic ligands, the general trend in design appears to be away from fully aromatic rigid structures to those containing partial elements of the flexible tetraene side chain of 9-cis-retinoic acid. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in High Density Lipoprotein Formation and Metabolism: A Tribute to John F. Oram (1945-2010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia I Dawson
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burn Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 93207, USA.
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Replacement of the hydrophobic part of 9-cis-retinoic acid with cyclic terpenoid moiety results in RXR-selective agonistic activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2939-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Magoulas GE, Bariamis SE, Athanassopoulos CM, Haskopoulos A, Dedes PG, Krokidis MG, Karamanos NK, Kletsas D, Papaioannou D, Maroulis G. Syntheses, antiproliferative activity and theoretical characterization of acitretin-type retinoids with changes in the lipophilic part. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 46:721-37. [PMID: 21208698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acitretin analogs, incorporating changes in the lipophilic part, were efficiently synthesized from commercially available aromatic aldehydes or methyl ketones using the Wittig or Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. Their antiproliferative activity was evaluated against human breast MCF-7 epithelial cells. Analogs 3, 4, 8 and 11 exhibited strong, dose-dependent, antiproliferative activity on the tested cell line. Analog 3, incorporating three methoxy groups in the aromatic ring, exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect at 10 μM. High-level all electron conventional ab initio and density functional theory quantum chemical calculations were performed to obtain the molecular structure, electron charge distribution and polarization properties of all compounds of interest in this work. The most active analogs were planar and were characterized by larger dipole moments than the other synthesized molecules. Another factor of importance to the analysis of the activity of these molecules is the dipole polarizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Magoulas
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-265 04 Patras, Greece
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Santín E, Khanwalkar H, Voegel J, Collette P, Mauvais P, Gronemeyer H, de Lera Á. Highly Potent Naphthofuran-Based Retinoic Acid Receptor Agonists. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:780-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Christie VB, Barnard JH, Batsanov AS, Bridgens CE, Cartmell EB, Collings JC, Maltman DJ, Redfern CPF, Marder TB, Przyborski S, Whiting A. Synthesis and evaluation of synthetic retinoid derivatives as inducers of stem cell differentiation. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:3497-507. [PMID: 19082150 DOI: 10.1039/b808574a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and its associated analogues are important mediators of cell differentiation and function during the development of the nervous system. It is well known that ATRA can induce the differentiation of neural tissues from human pluripotent stem cells. However, it is not always appreciated that ATRA is highly susceptible to isomerisation when in solution, which can influence the effective concentration of ATRA and subsequently its biological activity. To address this source of variability, synthetic retinoid analogues have been designed and synthesised that retain stability during use and maintain biological function in comparison to ATRA. It is also shown that subtle modifications to the structure of the synthetic retinoid compound impacts significantly on biological activity, as when exposed to cultured human pluripotent stem cells, synthetic retinoid 4-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylethynyl)benzoic acid, 4a (para-isomer), induces neural differentiation similarly to ATRA. In contrast, stem cells exposed to synthetic retinoid 3-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylethynyl)benzoic acid, 4b (meta-isomer), produce very few neurons and large numbers of epithelial-like cells. This type of structure-activity-relationship information for such synthetic retinoid compounds will further the ability to design more targeted systems capable of mediating robust and reproducible tissue differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria B Christie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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Caselli E, Galvan M, Santoni F, Alvarez S, de Lera AR, Ivanova D, Gronemeyer H, Caruso A, Guidoboni M, Cassai E, Dolcetti R, Di Luca D. Retinoic Acid Analogues Inhibit Human Herpesvirus 8 Replication. Antivir Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350801300205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Retinoids have a pronounced antiviral effect against several viruses. In this study we aimed to investigate the effect of retinoids on human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). Methods A panel of retinoic acid compounds were tested for their antiviral activity against HHV-8 in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in a human epithelial cell line. The presence, transcription and antigen expression of HHV-8 in infected cells – in the presence or absence of retinoic acid compounds – were evaluated by PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR and immunofluorescence assays; HHV-8 viral load was determined by real-time quantitative PCR. Angiogenesis induced by HHV-8 was also assessed using Cultrex® basement membrane extract. Results The compounds tested specifically inhibited viral promoters, during the early and late phases of infection in both cell systems tested, and resulted in up to 100fold reduction of viral titre and release of progeny virus. The inhibition of viral replication induced by retinoids in endothelial cells, the primary target of HHV-8-driven transformation in Kaposi's Sarcoma, prevented endothelial cells from developing spindle morphology and in vitro tube formation, characteristic changes associated with HHV-8 infection and transformation. Conclusions We show that retinoids inhibit HHV-8 replication and identify new retinoid compounds with a strong antiviral effect. Selective retinoids, particularly those with retinoic acid receptor agonist activity, may be good candidates for the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Caselli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Galvan
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Santoni
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Susana Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgànica, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgànica, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Diana Ivanova
- Departamento de Química Orgànica, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
- Department of Cancer Biology, IGBMC, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Guidoboni
- Immunovirology and Biotherapy Unit, CRO – IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
- Present address: Division of Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
| | - Enzo Cassai
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Immunovirology and Biotherapy Unit, CRO – IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Dario Di Luca
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
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Garattini E, Gianni' M, Terao M. Cytodifferentiation by retinoids, a novel therapeutic option in oncology: rational combinations with other therapeutic agents. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2007; 75:301-54. [PMID: 17368321 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(06)75012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) and derivatives are promising antineoplastic agents endowed with both therapeutic and chemopreventive potential. Although the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with all-trans retinoic acid is an outstanding example, the full potential of retinoids in oncology has not yet been explored and a more generalized use of these compounds is not yet a reality. One way to enhance the therapeutic and chemopreventive activity of RA and derivatives is to identify rational combinations between these compounds and other pharmacological agents. This is now possible given the information available on the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the biological activity of retinoids. At the cellular level, the antileukemia and anticancer activity of retinoids is the result of three main actions, cytodifferentiation, growth inhibition, and apoptosis. Cytodifferentiation is a particularly attractive modality of treatment and differentiating agents promise to be less toxic and more specific than conventional chemotherapy. This is the result of the fact that cytotoxicity is not the primary aim of differentiation therapy. At the molecular level, retinoids act through the activation of nuclear retinoic acid receptor-dependent and -independent pathways. The cellular pathways and molecular networks relevant for retinoid activity are modulated by a panoply of other intracellular and extracellular pathways that may be targeted by known drugs and other experimental therapeutics. This chapter aims to summarize and critically discuss the available knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Garattini
- Laboratorio di Biologia Molecolare, Centro Catullo e Daniela Borgomainerio, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milano, Italy
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