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Wei J, Cao B, Tse CW, Chang XY, Zhou CY, Che CM. Chiral cis-iron(ii) complexes with metal- and ligand-centered chirality for highly regio- and enantioselective alkylation of N-heteroaromatics. Chem Sci 2019; 11:684-693. [PMID: 34123041 PMCID: PMC8145867 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04858h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron-catalyzed highly regio- and enantioselective organic transformations with generality and broad substrate scope have profound applications in modern synthetic chemistry; an example is herein described based on cis-FeII complexes having metal- and ligand-centered chirality. The cis-β FeII(N4) complex [FeII(L)(OTf)2] (L = N,N′-bis(2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta-[b]quinoline-5-yl)-N,N′-dimethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine) is an effective chiral catalyst for highly regio- and enantioselective alkylation of N-heteroaromatics with α,β-unsaturated 2-acyl imidazoles, including asymmetric N1, C2, C3 alkylations of a broad range of indoles (34 examples) and alkylation of pyrroles and anilines (14 examples), all with high product yields (up to 98%), high enantioselectivity (up to >99% ee) and high regioselectivity. DFT calculations revealed that the “chiral-at-metal” cis-β configuration of the iron complex and a secondary π–π interaction are responsible for the high enantioselectivity. A cis-β FeII complex having metal- and ligand-centered chirality catalyzes highly regio- and enantioselective alkylation of indoles (at the N1, C2, or C3 position), pyrroles and anilines with α,β-unsaturated 2-acyl imidazoles (48 examples, up to 99% ee).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Bei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Chun-Wai Tse
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Xiao-Yong Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Cong-Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR China .,Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China.,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research & Innovation Shenzhen 518055 China
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2
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Ravichandiran P, Lai B, Gu Y. Aldo-X Bifunctional Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Heterocycles. CHEM REC 2016; 17:142-183. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Palanisamy Ravichandiran
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Bingbing Lai
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Yanlong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation; Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics; Lanzhou 730000 P.R. China
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Wang W, Feng X, Du H. Borane-catalyzed metal-free hydrogenation of 2,7-disubstituted 1,8-naphthyridines. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6683-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal-free hydrogenation of 2,7-disubstituted 1,8-naphthyridines was realized to furnish 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridines in high yields with up to 74% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Xiangqing Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Haifeng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
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4
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Delouvrié B, Al-Kadhimi K, Arnould JC, Barry ST, Cross DAE, Didelot M, Gavine PR, Germain H, Harris CS, Hughes AM, Jude DA, Kendrew J, Lambert-van der Brempt C, Lohmann JJ, Ménard M, Mortlock AA, Pass M, Rooney C, Vautier M, Vincent JL, Warin N. Structure-activity relationship of a series of non peptidic RGD integrin antagonists targeting α5β1: part 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4111-6. [PMID: 22575869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Potent antagonists of the integrin α(5)β(1), which are RGD mimetics built from tyrosine are described. This letter describes the optimization of in vitro potency obtained by variation of two parts of the molecule, the basic group and the linker between the basic group and the phenyl central core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Delouvrié
- AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z.I. La Pompelle, B.P. 1050, Chemin de Vrilly, 51689 Reims, Cedex 2, France.
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5
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Kim JG, Yang EH, Youn WS, Choi JW, Ha DC, Ha JD. Microwave-assisted amination of 3-bromo-2-chloropyridine with various substituted aminoethanols. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Stanley LM, Hartwig JF. Iridium-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective N-allylation of indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7841-4. [PMID: 19760689 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Levi M Stanley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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7
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Stanley L, Hartwig J. Iridium-Catalyzed Regio- and Enantioselective N-Allylation of Indoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Joucla L, Djakovitch L. Transition Metal-Catalysed, Direct and Site-Selective N1-, C2- or C3-Arylation of the Indole Nucleus: 20 Years of Improvements. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Murai K, Hayashi S, Takaichi N, Kita Y, Fujioka H. Tandem β-Enamino Ester Formation and Cyclization with o-Alkynyl Anilines Catalyzed by InBr3: Efficient Synthesis of β-(N-Indolyl)-α,β-unsaturated Esters. J Org Chem 2008; 74:1418-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802435b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Murai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Shoko Hayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Takaichi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hiromichi Fujioka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
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10
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Letourneau JJ, Liu J, Ohlmeyer MHJ, Riviello C, Rong Y, Li H, Appell KC, Bansal S, Jacob B, Wong A, Webb ML. Synthesis and initial evaluation of novel, non-peptidic antagonists of the alpha(v)-integrins alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 19:352-5. [PMID: 19081719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery, synthesis and preliminary SAR of a novel class of non-peptidic antagonists of the alpha(v)-integrins alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5) is described. High-throughput screening of an extensive series of ECLiPStrade mark compound libraries led to the identification of compound 1 as a dual inhibitor of the alpha(v)-integrins alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5). Optimization of compound 1 involving, in part, introduction of two novel constraints led to the discovery of compounds 15a and 15b with reduced PSA and much improved potency for both the alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5) integrins. Compounds 15a and 15b were shown to have promising activity in functional cellular assays and compound 15a also exhibited a promising Caco-2 permeability profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Letourneau
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmacopeia, Inc., PO Box 5350, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Efforts to couple 4 with 12 employing base mediation are problematic due to the formation of 6. To circumvent this issue, 12 was converted to the pyridine borane complex (13). Alkylation of 4 with 13 provided 3 after removal of the borane under acidic conditions and saponification of the ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Zajac
- GlaxoSmithKline, Synthetic Chemistry 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA.
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12
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Hari Y, Date K, Kondo R, Aoyama T. New synthesis of t-butyl arylpropiolates using diazo(trimethylsilyl)methylmagnesium bromide. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.05.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Boisbrun M, Vanderesse R, Engrand P, Olié A, Hupont S, Regnouf-de-Vains JB, Frochot C. Design and photophysical properties of new RGD targeted tetraphenylchlorins and porphyrins. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.01.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Chen Y, Cheng D, Marugan JJ, Manthey C, Tomczuk B, Huebert N. Pharmacokinetics of TDP223206 following intravenous and oral administration to intact rats and intravenous administration to bile duct-cannulated rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2008; 29:219-30. [PMID: 18260095 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of TDP223206 was studied following single intravenous and oral administrations in rats. A mixture of TDP223206 and (14)C-TDP223206 were administered to intact and bile duct-cannulated rats. Following intravenous administration, plasma concentrations declined biphasically. The AUC(inf) increased linearly with dose but was not dose proportional. The PK parameters of TDP223206 indicated low clearance (254-386 ml/h/kg) and a moderate volume of distribution (968-1883 ml/kg). The bioavailability was 32.95% and 24.46% for 10 and 50 mg/kg oral doses, respectively. (14)C-TDP223206 was distributed widely into different tissues with small intestine, liver, kidneys and large intestine having large tissue to plasma ratios. (14)C-TDP223206 was the major circulating component in the plasma. A total of 91.2% of administered radioactivity of (14)C-TDP223206 was recovered in bile indicating that biliary excretion was the major pathway for drug elimination. (14)C-TDP223206-acyl glucuronides were the major metabolites in bile. The oxo-(14)C-TDP223206 was the major metabolite in plasma and an important metabolite in bile. Two forms of diastereomeric acyl glucuronides of (14)C-TDP223206 were detected in bile with similar LC/MS intensities suggesting a similar biotransformation capacity. Only one form of these (14)C-TDP223206-acyl glucuronides was detected in plasma suggesting that enterohepatic recirculation was related to the nature of the stereo-isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Chen
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development LLC, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
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15
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Raboisson P, Desjarlais RL, Reed R, Lattanze J, Chaikin M, Manthey CL, Tomczuk BE, Marugán JJ. Identification of novel short chain 4-substituted indoles as potent αvβ3 antagonist using structure-based drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 42:334-43. [PMID: 17184884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The vitronectin receptor alpha(v)beta(3) has been identified as a promising potential target for the treatment of osteoporosis, diabetic retinopathy and cancer. We have recently reported 5-substituted indoles 3-[5-[2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,8]naphthyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]indol-1-yl]-3-(3-pyridyl)propionic acid 3 and 3-[5-[2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,8]naphthyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]indol-1-yl]-3-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propionic acid 4, as an original series of potent alpha(v)beta(3) antagonists with subnanomolar activity. Ligand-protein docking analyses have been performed to generate binding models of three different chemical classes of known alpha(v)beta(3) antagonists with alpha(v)beta(3). Results of this docking study suggested that indoles bearing the basic tetrahydronaphthyridine group at position 4 can easily adopt the correct binding conformation and should be as potent as our current 5-substituted indole leads 3 and 4. This hypothesis was nicely demonstrated by the synthesis of a series of 1,4-disubstituted indoles through a tandem of reactions involving: (i) the N-alkylation of indoles 15 and 22 with propargyl esters and cesium fluoride, and (ii) a Heck coupling reaction between 4-bromoindole and 7-vinyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,8]naphthyridine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester 12, or (iii) a reductive amination involving the N-substituted-4-aminoindole 23 and the BOC-protected tetrahydro[1,8]naphthyridine aldehyde 13. Among the compounds assayed, 3-(3-pyridyl)-3-[4-[2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,8]naphthyridin-2-yl)ethyl]indol-1-yl]propionic acid 21 showed the most promising activity on alpha(v)beta(3) (IC(50)=0.5 nM), and was found to have the same potency as our current leads 3 and 4, while maintaining selectivity over alpha(IIb)beta(IIIa). Moreover, based on the reasonable apparent permeability coefficient in an in vitro CACO-2 cell monolayer assay (P(app) apical/basolateral=2.2 x 10(-6)cm/s, P(app) basolateral/apical=2.5 x 10(-6)cm/s), compound 21 is expected to be absorbed through the intestine in human. Thus, 1,4-disubstituted indole 21 represents a new lead for this novel class of conformationally restricted alpha(v)beta(3) antagonists. Additionally, this study validates the pharmacophore model previously postulated and provides an improved basis for further structure-based drug design in the field of alpha(v)beta(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Raboisson
- Drug Discovery, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., 665 Stockton Drive, Exton, PA 19341, USA.
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Aoyama T, Hari Y, Date K. Facile One-Pot Synthesis of Functionalized Acetylenes from Aryl and Heteroaryl Aldehydes Using Lithium Trimethylsilyldiazomethane. HETEROCYCLES 2007. [DOI: 10.3987/com-07-s(w)32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Raboisson P, Manthey CL, Chaikin M, Lattanze J, Crysler C, Leonard K, Pan W, Tomczuk BE, Marugán JJ. Novel potent and selective αvβ3/αvβ5 integrin dual antagonists with reduced binding affinity for human serum albumin. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:847-61. [PMID: 16697080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The binding of lead compounds and drugs to human serum albumin (HSA) is a ubiquitous problem in drug discovery since it modulates the availability of the leads and drugs to their intended target, which is linked to biological efficacy. In our continuing efforts to identify small molecule alpha(V)beta(3) and alpha(V)beta(5) dual antagonists, we recently reported indoles 2-4 as potent and selective alpha(V)beta(3)/alpha(V)beta(5) antagonists with good oral bioavailability profile. In spite of subnanomolar binding affinity of these compounds to human alpha(V)beta(3) and alpha(V)beta(5) integrins, high HSA binding (96.5-97.3%) emerged as a limiting feature for these leads. Structure-activity HSA binding data of organic acids reported in the literature have demonstrated that the incorporation of polar groups into a given molecule can dramatically decrease the affinity toward HSA. We sought to apply this strategy by examining the effects of such modifications in both the central core constrain and the substituent beta to the carboxylate. Most of these derivatives were prepared in good yields through a cesium fluoride-catalyzed coupling reaction. This reaction was successful with a variety of nitrogen-containing scaffolds (20, 33, and 43) and selected acetylenic derivatives (16, 19, and 34). Among the compounds synthesized, the 3-[5-[2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro [1,8]naphthyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]indol-1-yl]-3-[5-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-3-pyridyl]propionic acid (25) was found to be the most promising derivative within this novel series with a subnanomolar affinity for both alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5) (IC(50) = 0.29 and 0.16 nM, respectively), similar to our initial lead receptor antagonists 2-4, and exhibiting a low HSA protein binding (40% bound, K(d) = 1.1+/-0.4 x 10(3) microM) and an improved in vitro stability profile toward human and mouse microsomes (99.9% and 98.7% remaining after 10 min). Moreover, the selectivity of 25 toward alpha(5)beta(1) and IIbIIIa integrins was perfectly maintained when compared to the parent leads 2-4. Thus, compound 25 was selected as a new lead with improved drug-like properties for further evaluations in the field of oncology and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Raboisson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, Exton, PA 19341, USA
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Chaikin MA, Marugan JJ, De Vries GW, Baciu P, Edelman J, Ni M, Tomczuk BE, Pan W, Guo Z, Anaclerio B, Leonard K, Eisennagel SH, Molloy CJ, Manthey CL. A functional radioreceptor assay of alpha-V-beta-3 (αvβ3) inhibitors in plasma: Application as an ex vivo pharmacodynamic model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 65:107-20. [PMID: 16325916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Development of alphavbeta3-integrin inhibitors has been hampered by a lack of pharmacodynamic endpoints to identify doses that inhibit alphavbeta3 in vivo. To address this need, we developed an alphavbeta3 radioreceptor assay (RRA) that could be performed in 100% plasma. The RRA was based on 125I-echistatin binding to plate-immobilized alphavbeta3. Small molecule alphavbeta3 inhibitors efficiently competed echistatin binding to alphavbeta3 when the assay was carried out in buffer. However, when carried out in 100% plasma, the RRA revealed a 45 to >3000-fold loss in compound potencies. The losses in potency reflected, in part, the high plasma protein binding by the compounds examined. The RRA was adapted as an ex vivo pharmacodynamic model. Echistatin binding was measured in the presence of plasma harvested at timed intervals from rats dosed with select compounds. Using this pharmacodynamic model, compound and dose selection was optimized for further testing in models of corneal angiogenesis. Moderate anti-angiogenic activity was achieved when rats were dosed sufficient to achieve sustained (>50%) plasma inhibition through the trough interval. Thus, the RRA provided a simple technique to rank order compound potency in plasma, and could find general use as an ex vivo pharmacodynamic assay to select compounds and doses for preclinical and clinical proof-of-principle studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margery A Chaikin
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 665 Stockton Drive, Exton, PA 19341, USA
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