1
|
Wagdy RA, Abutaleb NS, Fathalla RK, Elgammal Y, Weck S, Pal R, Fischer PD, Ducho C, Abadi AH, N Seleem M, Engel M, Abdel-Halim M. Discovery of 1,2-diaryl-3-oxopyrazolidin-4-carboxamides as a new class of MurA enzyme inhibitors and characterization of their antibacterial activity. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115789. [PMID: 37717380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic steps of peptidoglycan synthesis represent an important targeted pathway for development of new antibiotics. Herein, we report the synthesis of novel 3-oxopyrazolidin-4-carboxamide derivatives with variable amide side chains as potential antibacterial agents targeting MurA enzyme, the first committed enzyme in these cytosolic steps. Compounds 15 (isoindoline-1,3-dione-5-yl), 16 (4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl), 20 (5-cyanothiazol-2-yl), 21 and 31 (5-nitrothiazol-2-yl derivatives) exhibited the most potent MurA inhibition, with IC50 values of 9.8-12.2 μM. Compounds 15, 16 and 21 showed equipotent inhibition of the C115D MurA mutant developed by fosfomycin-resistant Escherichia coli. NMR binding studies revealed that some of the MurA residues targeted by 15 also interacted with fosfomycin, but not all, indicating an overlapping but not identical binding site. The antibacterial activity of the compounds against E. coli ΔtolC suggests that inhibition of MurA accounts for the observed effect on bacterial growth, considering that a few potent MurA inhibitors could not penetrate the bacterial outer membrane and were therefore inactive as proven by the bacterial cell uptake assay. The most promising compounds were also evaluated against a panel of Gram-positive bacteria. Remarkably, compounds 21 and 31 (MurA IC50 = 9.8 and 10.2 μM respectively) exhibited a potent activity against Clostridioides difficile strains with MIC values ranging from 0.125 to 1 μg/mL, and were also shown to be bactericidal with MBC values between 0.25 and 1 μg/mL. Furthermore, both compounds were shown to have a limited activity against human normal intestinal flora and showed high safety towards human colon cells (Caco-2) in vitro. The thiolactone derivative (compound 5) exhibited an interesting broad spectrum antibacterial activity despite its weak MurA inhibition. Altogether, the presented series provides a promising class of antibiotics that merits further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem A Wagdy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Nader S Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Reem K Fathalla
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Yehia Elgammal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Stefanie Weck
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rusha Pal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Patrick D Fischer
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Christian Ducho
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ashraf H Abadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Center for One Health Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Matthias Engel
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Mohammad Abdel-Halim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Verma A, Kumar V, Naik B, Masood Khan J, Singh P, Erik Joakim Saris P, Gupta S. Screening and molecular dynamics simulation of compounds inhibiting MurB enzyme of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An in-silico approach. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103730. [PMID: 37483837 PMCID: PMC10362793 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is becoming more and more resistant to drugs and it is a common problem, making current antimicrobials ineffective and highlighting the need for new TB drugs. One of the promising targets for treating MTB is MurB enzymes. This study aimed to identify potential inhibitors of MurB enzymes in M. tuberculosis, as drug resistance among MTB is a significant problem. Attempts are being made to conduct a virtual screening of 30,417 compounds, and thirty-two compounds were chosen for further analysis based on their binding conformations. The selected compounds were assessed for their drug-likeness, pharmacokinetics, and physiochemical characteristics, and seven compounds with binding energy lower than flavin (FAD) were identified. Further, molecular dynamics simulation analysis of these seven compounds found that four of them, namely DB12983, DB15688, ZINC084726167, and ZINC254071113 formed stable complexes with the MurB binding site, exhibiting promising inhibitory activity. These compounds have not been mentioned in any other study, indicating their novelty. The study suggests that these four compounds could be promising candidates for treating MTB, but their effectiveness needs to be validated through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Overall, the findings of this study provide new insight into potential drug targets and candidates for combating drug-resistant MTB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Verma
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India 248140
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India 248140
| | - Bindu Naik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Bell Road, Clement Town, Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Bell Road, Clement town, 248002 Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Per Erik Joakim Saris
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India 248140
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dey S, Panja D, Sau A, Thakur SD, Kundu S. Reusable Cobalt-Catalyzed Selective Transfer Hydrogenation of Azoarenes and Nitroarenes. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37390049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, control transfer hydrogenation (TH) of azoarenes to hydrazo compounds is established employing easy-to-synthesize reusable cobalt catalyst using lower amounts of N2H4·H2O under mild conditions. With this effective methodology, a library of symmetrical and unsymmetrical azoarene derivatives was successfully converted to their corresponding hydrazo derivatives. Further, this protocol was extended to the TH of nitroarenes to amines with good-to-excellent yields. Several kinetic studies along with Hammett studies were carried out to understand the plausible mechanism and the electronic effects in this transformation. This inexpensive catalyst can be recycled up to five times without considerable loss of catalytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadhan Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Panja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Anirban Sau
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Seema D Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Sabuj Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Q, Luo Y, Chen J, Xia Y. Visible-Light-Promoted Hydrogenation of Azobenzenes to Hydrazobenzenes with Thioacetic Acid as the Reductant. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2443-2452. [PMID: 36718625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A catalyst- and metal-free hydrogenation of azobenzenes to hydrazobenzenes in the presence of thioacetic acid was achieved under visible light irradiation. The transformation was carried out under mild conditions in an air atmosphere at ambient temperature, generating a variety of hydrazobenzenes with yields up to 99%. The current process is compatible with a variety of substituents and is highly chemoselective for azo reduction when other unsaturated functionalities (carbonyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, etc.) are contained. Preliminary mechanistic study indicated that the transformation could be a radical process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yanshu Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jianhui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yuanzhi Xia
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fathalla RK, Fröhner W, Bader CD, Fischer PD, Dahlem C, Chatterjee D, Mathea S, Kiemer AK, Arthanari H, Müller R, Abdel-Halim M, Ducho C, Engel M. Identification and Biochemical Characterization of Pyrrolidinediones as Novel Inhibitors of the Bacterial Enzyme MurA. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14740-14763. [PMID: 36269107 PMCID: PMC9989942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To develop novel antibiotics, targeting the early steps of cell wall peptidoglycan biosynthesis seems to be a promising strategy that is still underutilized. MurA, the first enzyme in this pathway, is targeted by the clinically used irreversible inhibitor fosfomycin. However, mutations in its binding site can cause bacterial resistance. We herein report a series of novel reversible pyrrolidinedione-based MurA inhibitors that equally inhibit wild type (WT) MurA and the fosfomycin-resistant MurA C115D mutant, showing an additive effect with fosfomycin for the inhibition of WT MurA. For the most potent inhibitor 46 (IC50 = 4.5 μM), the mode of inhibition was analyzed using native mass spectrometry and protein NMR spectroscopy. The compound class was nontoxic against human cells and highly stable in human S9 fraction, human plasma, and bacterial cell lysate. Taken together, this novel compound class might be further developed toward antibiotic drug candidates that inhibit cell wall synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem K. Fathalla
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Fröhner
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Chantal D. Bader
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Patrick D. Fischer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 02215, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 02115, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte Dahlem
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Deep Chatterjee
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mathea
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Alexandra K. Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Haribabu Arthanari
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 02215, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 02115, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Helmholtz International Lab for Antiinfectives, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mohammad Abdel-Halim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Christian Ducho
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Matthias Engel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou H, Fan R, Yang J, Sun X, Liu X, Wang XC. N, N-Diisopropylethylamine-Mediated Electrochemical Reduction of Azobenzenes in Dichloromethane. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14536-14543. [PMID: 36269896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a cathodic reduction-dominated electrochemical approach for the hydrogenation of azobenzenes in dichloromethane. With cheap and readily available N,N-diisopropylethylamine as a catalytic mediator, the reaction proceeded smoothly in a simple undivided cell under constant-current electrolysis. A series of azobenzenes were successfully reduced to the corresponding hydrazobenzenes in moderate to high yields at room temperature. Preliminarily mechanistic studies indicate that solvent dichloromethane acts as a hydrogen source. The use of a common solvent as a hydrogen source, no need for stoichiometric mediators or metallic reductants, and mild conditions make this work a more straightforward and sustainable protocol for hydrogenation of azobenzenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.,College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Rundong Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jingya Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ximei Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xi-Cun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu W, Zhang F, Liu N, Wei Z, Xu J, He Z, Guo Y, Fan B. In‐catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Azobenzenes to Hydrazobenzenes with Hydrosilanes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Yunnan Minzu University Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources CHINA
| | - Fuqin Zhang
- Yunnan Minzu University School of chemistry and environment CHINA
| | - Na Liu
- Yunnan Minzu University School of chemistry and environment CHINA
| | - Zixiang Wei
- Yunnan Minzu University School of chemistry and environment CHINA
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Yunnan Minzu University School of Chemistry and Environment Yuehua Street, Chenggong District 650504 Kunmin CHINA
| | - Zhenxiu He
- Yunnan Minzu University Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources CHINA
| | - Yafei Guo
- Yunnan Minzu University School of chemistry and environment CHINA
| | - Baomin Fan
- Yunnan Minzu University School of chemistry and environment CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Revisiting Thin-Layer Electrochemistry in a Chip-Type Cell for the Study of Electro-organic Reactions. Anal Chem 2021; 94:1248-1255. [PMID: 34964606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is important but challenging to elucidate the electrochemical reaction mechanisms of organic compounds using electroanalytical methods. Particularly, a rapid and straightforward method that provides information on reaction intermediates or other key electrochemical parameters may be useful. In this work, we exploited the advantages of classic thin-layer electrochemistry to develop a thin-layer electroanalysis microchip (TEAM). The TEAM provided better-resolved voltammetric peaks than under semi-infinite diffusion conditions owing to its small height. Importantly, rapid and accurate determination of the number of electrons transferred, n, was enabled by mechanically confining the microliter-scale volume analyte at the electrode, while securing ionic conduction using polyelectrolyte gels. The performance of the TEAM was validated using voltammetry and coulometry of standard redox couples. Utilizing the TEAM, a (spectro)electrochemical analysis of FM 1-43, an organic dye widely used in neuroscience, was successfully performed. Moreover, the TEAM was applied to study the electrochemical oxidation mechanism of pivanilides and alkyltrifluoroborate salts with different substituents and solvents. This work suggests that TEAM is a promising tool to provide invaluable mechanistic information and promote the rational design of electrosynthetic strategies.
Collapse
|
9
|
Direct access to spirocycles by Pd/WingPhos-catalyzed enantioselective cycloaddition of 1,3-enynes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5667. [PMID: 34580311 PMCID: PMC8476582 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25981-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirocycles play an important role in drug discovery and development. The direct, catalytic, and enantioselective synthesis of spirocycles from readily available starting materials and in an atom economic manner remains a highly sought-after task in organic synthesis. Herein, an enantioselective Pd-hydride-catalyzed cycloaddition method for the synthesis of spirocyclic compounds directly from two classes of commonly available starting materials, 1,3-enynes and cyclic carbon−hydrogen (C−H) bonds, is reported. The reactions employ a chiral Pd/WingPhos catalyst to both suppress the formation of bis-allenyl by-products and control the stereoselectivity. 1,3-Enynes are used as dielectrophilic four-carbon units in the cycloaddition reactions, which also enables an enyne substrate-directed enantioselectivity switch with good levels of stereocontrol. The present spirocycle synthesis tolerates a broad range of functional groups of 1,3-enyne substrates, including alcohols, esters, nitriles, halides, and olefins. A variety of diverse cyclic nucleophiles, including pharmaceutically important heterocycles and carbocycles, can be flexibly incorporated with spiro scaffolds. Spirocycles are traditionally difficult structures to synthesize due to the congested nature of the central atom. Here the authors show a method to synthesize quaternary carbon spirocycles in one step from 1,3-enynes and pyrazolidine-type heterocycles, both relatively unactivated structures, proceeding via palladium catalysis.
Collapse
|
10
|
Song M, Zhou H, Wang G, Ma B, Jiang Y, Yang J, Huo C, Wang XC. Visible-Light-Promoted Diboron-Mediated Transfer Hydrogenation of Azobenzenes to Hydrazobenzenes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4804-4811. [PMID: 33688729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-promoted transfer hydrogenation of azobenzenes has been developed. In the presence of B2pin2 and upon visible-light irradiation, the reactions proceeded smoothly in methanol at ambient temperature. The azobenzenes with diverse functional groups have been reduced to the corresponding hydrazobenzenes with a yield of up to 96%. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that the hydrogen atom comes from the solvent and the transformation is achieved through a radical pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menghui Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.,College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ganggang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ben Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yajing Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jingya Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Congde Huo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xi-Cun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mokbel SA, Fathalla RK, El-Sharkawy LY, Abadi AH, Engel M, Abdel-Halim M. Synthesis of novel 1,2-diarylpyrazolidin-3-one-based compounds and their evaluation as broad spectrum antibacterial agents. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103759. [PMID: 32220665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a continuous need to develop new antibacterial agents with non-traditional mechanisms to combat the nonstop emerging resistance to most of the antibiotics used in clinical settings. We identified novel pyrazolidinone derivatives as antibacterial hits in an in-house library screening and synthesized several derivatives in order to improve the potency and increase the polarity of the discovered hit compounds. The oxime derivative 24 exhibited promising antibacterial activity against E. coli TolC, B. subtilis and S. aureus with MIC values of 4, 10 and 20 µg/mL, respectively. The new lead compound 24 was found to exhibit a weak dual inhibitory activity against both the E. coli MurA and MurB enzymes with IC50 values of 88.1 and 79.5 µM, respectively, which could partially explain its antibacterial effect. A comparison with the previously reported, structurally related pyrazolidinediones suggested that the oxime functionality at position 4 enhanced the activity against MurA and recovered the activity against the MurB enzyme. Compound 24 can serve as a lead for further development of novel and safe antibiotics with potential broad spectrum activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salma A Mokbel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Reem K Fathalla
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lina Y El-Sharkawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt; Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ashraf H Abadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Matthias Engel
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Mohammad Abdel-Halim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shan L, Wenling Q, Mauro P, Stefano B. Antibacterial Agents Targeting the Bacterial Cell Wall. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2902-2926. [PMID: 32003656 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200128103653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections either by killing or blocking their growth has been accompanied by the studies of mechanism that allows the drugs to kill the bacteria or to stop their proliferation. In such a scenario, the emergence of antibacterial agents active on the bacterial cell wall has been of fundamental importance in the fight against bacterial agents responsible for severe diseases. As a matter of fact, the cell wall, which plays many roles during the lifecycle, is an essential constituent of most bacteria. This overview focuses on the intracellular steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis and the research of new antibacterial agents based on the enzymes involved in these early steps of the formation of cell membrane components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Shan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Wenling
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Panunzio Mauro
- Isof-CNR Chemistry Department, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Biondi Stefano
- BioVersys AG, C/o Technologiepark Basel, Hochbergerstrasse 60c, CH- 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Breising VM, Kayser JM, Kehl A, Schollmeyer D, Liermann JC, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical formation of N,N′-diarylhydrazines by dehydrogenative N–N homocoupling reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4348-4351. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical access to N,N′-diarylhydrazines is developed using commercial anilines, a simple setup, and an ecologically efficient electrolyte system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob M. Kayser
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Anton Kehl
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vinogradov MG, Turova OV, Zlotin SG. Recent advances in the asymmetric synthesis of pharmacology-relevant nitrogen heterocycles via stereoselective aza-Michael reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3670-3708. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob03034k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this review, recent applications of a stereoselective aza-Michael reaction for asymmetric synthesis of naturally occurring N-containing heterocyclic scaffolds and their usefulness to pharmacology are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim G. Vinogradov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Olga V. Turova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - Sergei G. Zlotin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hrast M, Jukič M, Patin D, Tod J, Dowson CG, Roper DI, Barreteau H, Gobec S. In silico identification, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel tetrazole inhibitors of MurB. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 91:1101-1112. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hrast
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Marko Jukič
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Delphine Patin
- Group Bacterial Cell Envelopes and Antibiotics; Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA, CNRS; Univ Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Julie Tod
- School of Life Sciences; University of Warwick; Coventry UK
| | | | - David I. Roper
- School of Life Sciences; University of Warwick; Coventry UK
| | - Hélène Barreteau
- Group Bacterial Cell Envelopes and Antibiotics; Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA, CNRS; Univ Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gieshoff T, Kehl A, Schollmeyer D, Moeller KD, Waldvogel SR. Insights into the Mechanism of Anodic N-N Bond Formation by Dehydrogenative Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12317-12324. [PMID: 28792218 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical synthesis of pyrazolidine-3,5-diones and benzoxazoles by N-N bond formation and C,O linkage, respectively, represents an easy access to medicinally relevant structures. Electrochemistry as a key technology ensures a safe and sustainable approach. We gained insights in the mechanism of these reactions by combining cyclovoltammetric and synthetic studies. The electron-transfer behavior of anilides and dianilides was studied and led to the following conclusion: The N-N bond formation involves a diradical as intermediate, whereas the benzoxazole formation is based on a cationic mechanism. Besides these studies, we developed a synthetic route to mixed dianilides as starting materials for the N-N coupling. The compatibility with valuable functionalities like triflates and mesylates for follow-up reactions as well as the comparison of different electrochemical set-ups also enhanced the applicability of this method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tile Gieshoff
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Anton Kehl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kevin D Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Terent'ev AO, Vil' VA, Gorlov ES, Rusina ON, Korlyukov AA, Nikishin GI, Adam W. Selective Oxidative Coupling of 3H-Pyrazol-3-ones, Isoxazol-5(2H)-ones, Pyrazolidine-3,5-diones, and Barbituric Acids with Malonyl Peroxides: An Effective C-O Functionalization. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O. Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Prospekt 47 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
- D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia; 9 Miusskaya square Moscow 125047 Russian Federation
- All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology; B. Vyazyomy Moscow Region 143050 Russian Federation
| | - Vera A. Vil'
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Prospekt 47 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
- D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia; 9 Miusskaya square Moscow 125047 Russian Federation
- All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology; B. Vyazyomy Moscow Region 143050 Russian Federation
| | - Evgenii S. Gorlov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Prospekt 47 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
- D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia; 9 Miusskaya square Moscow 125047 Russian Federation
| | - Olga N. Rusina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Prospekt 47 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
- D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia; 9 Miusskaya square Moscow 125047 Russian Federation
| | - Alexander A. Korlyukov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds; Russian Academy of Sciences; 28 Vavilova ul Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Ostrovitianov str. 1 Moscow 117997 Russian Federation
| | - Gennady I. Nikishin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Prospekt 47 Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Waldemar Adam
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Würzburg; Am Hubland, D- 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences; University of Puerto Rico; Rio Piedras Puerto Rico 00931 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gieshoff T, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Access to Pyrazolidin‐3,5‐diones through Anodic N–N Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9437-40. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tile Gieshoff
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
| | | | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gieshoff T, Schollmeyer D, Waldvogel SR. Zugang zu Pyrazolidin‐3,5‐dionen durch anodischen N‐N‐Bindungsaufbau. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tile Gieshoff
- Institut für Organische Chemie Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduiertenschule Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduiertenschule Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Moraes GL, Gomes GC, Monteiro de Sousa PR, Alves CN, Govender T, Kruger HG, Maguire GEM, Lamichhane G, Lameira J. Structural and functional features of enzymes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptidoglycan biosynthesis as targets for drug development. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:95-111. [PMID: 25701501 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the second leading cause of human mortality from infectious diseases worldwide. The WHO reported 1.3 million deaths and 8.6 million new cases of TB in 2012. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), the infectious bacteria that causes TB, is encapsulated by a thick and robust cell wall. The innermost segment of the cell wall is comprised of peptidoglycan, a layer that is required for survival and growth of the pathogen. Enzymes that catalyse biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan are essential and are therefore attractive targets for discovery of novel antibiotics as humans lack similar enzymes making it possible to selectively target bacteria only. In this paper, we have reviewed the structures and functions of enzymes GlmS, GlmM, GlmU, MurA, MurB, MurC, MurD, MurE and MurF from M. tuberculosis that are involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. In addition, we report homology modelled 3D structures of those key enzymes from M. tuberculosis of which the structures are still unknown. We demonstrated that natural substrates can be successfully docked into the active sites of the GlmS and GlmU respectively. It is therefore expected that the models and the data provided herein will facilitate translational research to develop new drugs to treat TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gleiciane Leal Moraes
- Laboratório de Planejamento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, CEP 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Guelber Cardoso Gomes
- Laboratório de Planejamento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, CEP 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, CEP 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Paulo Robson Monteiro de Sousa
- Laboratório de Planejamento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, CEP 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Nahum Alves
- Laboratório de Planejamento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, CEP 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Glenn E M Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Gyanu Lamichhane
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Taskforce to Study Resistance Emergence & Antimicrobial Development Technology, 1503 E. Jefferson St, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Laboratório de Planejamento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, CEP 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, CEP 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hrast M, Sosič I, Sink R, Gobec S. Inhibitors of the peptidoglycan biosynthesis enzymes MurA-F. Bioorg Chem 2014; 55:2-15. [PMID: 24755374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread emergence of resistant bacterial strains is becoming a serious threat to public health. This thus signifies the need for the development of new antibacterial agents with novel mechanisms of action. Continuous efforts in the design of novel antibacterials remain one of the biggest challenges in drug development. In this respect, the Mur enzymes, MurA-F, that are involved in the formation of UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide can be genuinely considered as promising antibacterial targets. This review provides an in-depth insight into the recent developments in the field of inhibitors of the MurA-F enzymes. Special attention is also given to compounds that act as multiple inhibitors of two, three or more of the Mur enzymes. Moreover, the reasons for the lack of preclinically successful inhibitors and the challenges to overcome these hurdles in the next years are also debated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hrast
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Sink
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nikolaidis I, Favini-Stabile S, Dessen A. Resistance to antibiotics targeted to the bacterial cell wall. Protein Sci 2014; 23:243-59. [PMID: 24375653 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is the main component of the bacterial cell wall. It is a complex, three-dimensional mesh that surrounds the entire cell and is composed of strands of alternating glycan units crosslinked by short peptides. Its biosynthetic machinery has been, for the past five decades, a preferred target for the discovery of antibacterials. Synthesis of the peptidoglycan occurs sequentially within three cellular compartments (cytoplasm, membrane, and periplasm), and inhibitors of proteins that catalyze each stage have been identified, although not all are applicable for clinical use. A number of these antimicrobials, however, have been rendered inactive by resistance mechanisms. The employment of structural biology techniques has been instrumental in the understanding of such processes, as well as the development of strategies to overcome them. This review provides an overview of resistance mechanisms developed toward antibiotics that target bacterial cell wall precursors and its biosynthetic machinery. Strategies toward the development of novel inhibitors that could overcome resistance are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Nikolaidis
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38027, Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Grenoble, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5075, Grenoble, France; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Biochemistry of Membranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Davis LO. Recent Developments in the Synthesis and Applications of Pyrazolidines. A Review. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2013.834769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
24
|
Kaur N, Khokhar M, Jain V, Bharatam PV, Sandhir R, Tewari R. Identification of druggable targets for Acinetobacter baumannii via subtractive genomics and plausible inhibitors for MurA and MurB. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:417-36. [PMID: 23846799 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of the multidrug-resistant pathogens has rendered the current therapies ineffective thereby, resulting in the need for new drugs and drug targets. The accumulating protein sequence data has initiated a drift from classical drug discovery protocols to structure-based drug designing. In the present study, in silico subtractive genomics approach was implemented to find a set of potential drug targets present in an opportunist bacterial pathogen, Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii). Out of the 43 targets identified, further studies for protein model building and lead-inhibitor identification were carried out on two cell-essential targets, MurA and MurB enzymes (of A. baumannii designated as MurAAb and MurBAb) involved in the peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathway of bacteria. The homology model built for each of them was further refined and validated using various available programs like PROCHECK, Errat, ProSA energy plots, etc. Compounds showing activity against MurA and MurB enzymes of other organisms were collected from the literature and were docked into the active site of MurAAb and MurBAb enzymes. Three inhibitors namely, T6361, carbidopa, and aesculin, showed maximum Glide score, hydrogen bonding interactions with the key amino acid residues of both the enzymes and acceptable ADME properties. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation studies on MurAAb-T6361 and MurBAb-T6361 complexes suggested that the ligand has a high binding affinity with both the enzymes and the hydrogen bonding with the key residues were stable in the dynamic condition also. Therefore, these ligands have been propsed as dual inhibitors and promising lead compounds for the drug design against MurAAb and MurBAb enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navkiran Kaur
- Centre for Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Singh SB, Young K, Miesel L. Screening strategies for discovery of antibacterial natural products. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 9:589-613. [PMID: 21819327 DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microbial-derived natural products have been a traditional source of antibiotics and antibiotic leads and continue to be effective sources of antibiotics today. The most important of these discoveries were made about 50 years ago. Chemical modifications of natural products discovered during those years continue to produce new clinical agents but their value is now, unfortunately, fading away owing to the exhaustion of opportunities of chemical modifications. The discovery of new natural antibiotics is directly linked to new screening technologies, particularly technologies that can help to eliminate the rediscovery of known antibiotics. In this article, we have reviewed the screening technologies from recent literature as well as originating from authors laboratories that were used for the screening of natural products. The article covers the entire spectrum of screening strategies, including classical empiric whole-cell assays to more sophisticated antisense based hypersensitive Staphylococcus aureus Fitness Test assays designed to screen all targets simultaneously. These technologies have led to the discovery of a series of natural product antibiotics, which have been summarized, including the discovery of platensimycin, platencin, nocathiacins, philipimycin, cyclothialidine and muryamycins. It is quite clear that natural products provide a tremendous opportunity to discover new antibiotics when combined with new hyper-sensitive whole-cell technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheo B Singh
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The synthesis of the bacterial peptidoglycan has been recognized for over 50 years as fertile ground for antibacterial discovery. Initially, empirical screening of natural products for inhibition of bacterial growth detected many chemical classes of antibiotics whose specific mechanisms of action were eventually dissected and defined. Of the nontoxic antibiotics discovered, most were found to be inhibitors of either protein synthesis or cell wall synthesis, which led to more directed screening for inhibitors of these pathways. Directed screening and design programs for cell wall inhibitors have been undertaken since the 1960s. In that time it has become clear that, while certain steps and intermediates have yielded selective inhibitors and are established targets, other potential targets have not yielded inhibitors whose antibacterial activity is proven to be solely due to that inhibition. Why has this search been so problematic? Are the established targets still worth pursuing? This review will attempt to answer these and other questions and evaluate the viability of targets related to peptidoglycan synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn L Silver
- LL Silver Consulting, LLC, Springfield, New Jersey 07081, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fernández M, Reyes E, Vicario JL, Badía D, Carrillo L. Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Pyrazolidines, Pyrazolines and Pyrazolidinones. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
28
|
Abstract
The discovery of novel small-molecule antibacterial drugs has been stalled for many years. The purpose of this review is to underscore and illustrate those scientific problems unique to the discovery and optimization of novel antibacterial agents that have adversely affected the output of the effort. The major challenges fall into two areas: (i) proper target selection, particularly the necessity of pursuing molecular targets that are not prone to rapid resistance development, and (ii) improvement of chemical libraries to overcome limitations of diversity, especially that which is necessary to overcome barriers to bacterial entry and proclivity to be effluxed, especially in Gram-negative organisms. Failure to address these problems has led to a great deal of misdirected effort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn L Silver
- LL Silver Consulting, LLC, 955 S. Springfield Ave., Unit C403, Springfield, NJ 07081, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gautam A, Vyas R, Tewari R. Peptidoglycan biosynthesis machinery: a rich source of drug targets. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010; 31:295-336. [PMID: 21091161 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.525498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The range of antibiotic therapy for the control of bacterial infections is becoming increasingly limited because of the rapid rise in multidrug resistance in clinical bacterial isolates. A few diseases, such as tuberculosis, which were once thought to be under control, have re-emerged as serious health threats. These problems have resulted in intensified research to look for new inhibitors for bacterial pathogens. Of late, the peptidoglycan (PG) layer, the most important component of the bacterial cell wall has been the subject of drug targeting because, first, it is essential for the survivability of eubacteria and secondly, it is absent in humans. The last decade has seen tremendous inputs in deciphering the 3-D structures of the PG biosynthetic enzymes. Many inhibitors against these enzymes have been developed using virtual and high throughput screening techniques. This review discusses the mechanistic and structural properties of the PG biosynthetic enzymes and inhibitors developed in the last decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Gautam
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Identification of hotspot regions of MurB oxidoreductase enzyme using homology modeling, molecular dynamics and molecular docking techniques. J Mol Model 2010; 17:939-53. [PMID: 20614148 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-010-0788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective chemotherapy and a moderately protective vaccine, new anti-tuberculosis agents are urgently needed to decrease the global incidence of tuberculosis (TB) disease. The MurB gene belongs to the bacterial cell wall biosynthesis pathway and is an essential drug target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that has no mammalian counterparts. Here, we present an integrated approach involving homology modeling, molecular dynamics and molecular docking studies on Mtb-MurB oxidoreductase enzyme. A homology model of Mtb-MurB enzyme was built for the first time in order to carry out structure-based inhibitor design. The accuracy of the model was validated using different techniques. The molecular docking study on this enzyme was undertaken using different classes of well known MurB inhibitors. Estimation of binding free energy by docking analysis indicated the importance of Tyr155, Arg156, Ser237, Asn241 and His304 residues within the Mtb-MurB binding pocket. Our computational analysis is in good agreement with experimental results of site-directed mutagenesis. The present study should therefore play a guiding role in the experimental design of Mtb-MurB inhibitors for in vitro/in vivo analysis.
Collapse
|
31
|
Varvounis G. Chapter 2 Pyrazol-3-ones. Part IV: Synthesis and Applications. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY VOLUME 98 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(09)09802-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
32
|
Shu W, Yang Q, Jia G, Ma S. Studies on palladium-catalyzed enantioselective cyclization of 3,4-allenylic hydrazines with organic halides. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
33
|
Synthesis, biological evaluation and SAR study of novel pyrazole analogues as inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:8587-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
34
|
He R, Lam Y. An efficient solid-phase synthesis of 3-substituted and 3,3-disubstituted 1,2-dialkylpyrazolidine-3,5-diones. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:2182-6. [PMID: 18528580 DOI: 10.1039/b802648c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and regioselective procedure for the synthesis of di-, tri- and fully-substituted pyrazolidine-3,5-diones on a solid-phase format is described. Microwave irradiation provided significant rate enhancement in this protocol. To demonstrate the versatility of this chemistry, a representative set of 25 compounds was prepared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun He
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Barreteau H, Kovac A, Boniface A, Sova M, Gobec S, Blanot D. Cytoplasmic steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2008; 32:168-207. [PMID: 18266853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan is a complex process that involves enzyme reactions that take place in the cytoplasm (synthesis of the nucleotide precursors) and on the inner side (synthesis of lipid-linked intermediates) and outer side (polymerization reactions) of the cytoplasmic membrane. This review deals with the cytoplasmic steps of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, which can be divided into four sets of reactions that lead to the syntheses of (1) UDP-N-acetylglucosamine from fructose 6-phosphate, (2) UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, (3) UDP-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide from UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid and (4) D-glutamic acid and dipeptide D-alanyl-D-alanine. Recent data concerning the different enzymes involved are presented. Moreover, special attention is given to (1) the chemical and enzymatic synthesis of the nucleotide precursor substrates that are not commercially available and (2) the search for specific inhibitors that could act as antibacterial compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Barreteau
- Laboratoire des Enveloppes Bactériennes et Antibiotiques, Institut de Biochimie et Biophysique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Univ Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yang Q, Jiang X, Ma S. Highly diastereoselective palladium-catalyzed cyclizations of 3,4-allenylic hydrazines and organic halides -- highly stereoselective synthesis of optically active pyrazolidine derivatives and the prediction of the stereoselectivity. Chemistry 2008; 13:9310-6. [PMID: 17696188 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazolidines containing two chiral centers, an interesting class of heterocyclic compounds possessing a range of biological activities, have been prepared highly diastereoselectively (up to 95:5) through asymmetric Pd(OAc)(2)-catalyzed cyclizations between the easy available optically active allenylic hydrazines and organic halides in THF in the presence of (R,R)-Bn-Box (L2) as the ligand. It was observed 1) that in most cases (3R,5S)-pyrazolidines were obtained in good yields with very high enantiopurities (>99%) and high diastereoselectivities (up to 95:5) in the presence of (R,R)-Bn-Box (L2), 2) that aryl halides containing electron-donating or -withdrawing groups, heteroaryl, and 1-alkenyl iodides are all suitable substrates for this diastereoselective cyclization, 3) that the absolute configurations of the newly formed chiral centers in the pyrazolidines depend on the structure of substrate 1, and 4) that the enantio- and diastereopurities of the trans-pyrazolidines are co-controlled by the chiralities of the chiral catalysts and the substrates. A model for prediction of the enantiopurities of the products and the diastereoselectivities of the reactions based on an HPLC study of the starting hydrazines and the products was established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Janin YL. Antituberculosis drugs: ten years of research. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2479-513. [PMID: 17291770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is today amongst the worldwide health threats. As resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have slowly emerged, treatment failure is too often a fact, especially in countries lacking the necessary health care organisation to provide the long and costly treatment adapted to patients. Because of lack of treatment or lack of adapted treatment, at least two million people will die of tuberculosis this year. Due to this concern, this infectious disease was the focus of renewed scientific interest in the last decade. Regimens were optimized and much was learnt on the mechanisms of action of the antituberculosis drugs used. Moreover, the quest for original drugs overcoming some of the problems of current regimens also became the focus of research programmes and many new series of M. tuberculosis growth inhibitors were reported. This review presents the drugs currently used in antituberculosis treatments and the most advanced compounds undergoing clinical trials. We then provide a description of their mechanism of action along with other series of inhibitors known to act on related biochemical targets. This is followed by other inhibitors of M. tuberculosis growth, including recently reported compounds devoid of a reported mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yves L Janin
- URA 2128 CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Molina-López J, Sanschagrin F, Levesque RC. A peptide inhibitor of MurA UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase: the first committed step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Peptides 2006; 27:3115-21. [PMID: 17030076 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The MurA enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa was purified to homogeneity and found to be biologically active as a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UNAG) enolpyruvyl transferase in a coupled enzyme assay where ATPase activity was measured by the release of inorganic phosphate. A microtiter plate assay coupled to competitive biopanning using the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine was used to screen 10(9) C-7-C and 12-mers peptides from phage display libraries. From 60 phage-encoded peptides identified after the fourth round of biopanning, deduced amino acid sequences were aligned and two peptides were synthesized and tested for inhibition of the MurA-catalyzed reaction. The PEP 1354 peptide inhibited the ATPase activity of MurA with an IC(50) value of 200muM and was found to be a competitive inhibitor of UNAG. The pre-incubation of MurA with inhibitor indicated a time-independent inhibition. This time-dependent inhibition is the first report of peptide inhibitors of MurA, which represent the scaffold for the synthesis of inhibitory peptidomimetic molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Molina-López
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Young K. In Vitro Antibacterial Resistance Selection and Quantitation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; Chapter 13:Unit13A.6. [DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph13a06s34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
40
|
Gilbert AM, Failli A, Shumsky J, Yang Y, Severin A, Singh G, Hu W, Keeney D, Petersen PJ, Katz AH. Pyrazolidine-3,5-diones and 5-Hydroxy-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-ones, Inhibitors of UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvyl Glucosamine Reductase. J Med Chem 2006; 49:6027-36. [PMID: 17004716 DOI: 10.1021/jm060499t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of pyrazolidine-3,5-dione and 5-hydroxy-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one inhibitors of Escherichia coli UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvyl glucosamine reductase (MurB) has been prepared. The 5-hydroxy-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-ones show low micromolar IC(50) values versus E. coli MurB and submicromolar minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus GC 1131, Enterococcus faecalis GC 2242, Streptococcus pneumoniae GC 1894, and E. coli GC 4560 imp, a strain with increased outer membrane permeability. None of these compounds show antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, a marker of eukaryotic toxicity. Moreover, these compounds inhibit peptidoglycan biosynthesis, as assessed by measuring the amount of soluble peptidoglycan produced by Streptococcus epidermidis upon incubation with compounds. A partial least squares projection to latent structures analysis shows that improving MurB potency and MIC values correlate with increasing lipophilicity of the C-4 substituent of the 5-hydroxy-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one core. Docking studies using FLO and PharmDock produced several binding orientations for these molecules in the MurB active site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Gilbert
- Chemical and Screening Sciences and Infectious Diseases Research, Wyeth, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Schmid MB. Crystallizing new approaches for antimicrobial drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71:1048-56. [PMID: 16458857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the sequences of microbial genomes have accumulated, changing the strategies for the discovery of novel anti-infective agents. Targets have become plentiful, yet new antimicrobial agents have been slow to emerge from this effort. In part, this reflects the long discovery and development times needed to bring new drugs to market. In addition, bottlenecks have been revealed in the antimicrobial drug discovery process at the steps of identifying good leads, and optimizing those leads into drug candidates. The fruit of structural genomics may provide opportunities to overcome these bottlenecks and fill the antimicrobial pipeline, by using the tools of structure guided drug discovery (SGDD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly B Schmid
- Keck Graduate Institute, 535 Watson Drive, Claremont, CA 91711, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yang Y, Severin A, Chopra R, Krishnamurthy G, Singh G, Hu W, Keeney D, Svenson K, Petersen PJ, Labthavikul P, Shlaes DM, Rasmussen BA, Failli AA, Shumsky JS, Kutterer KMK, Gilbert A, Mansour TS. 3,5-dioxopyrazolidines, novel inhibitors of UDP-N- acetylenolpyruvylglucosamine reductase (MurB) with activity against gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:556-64. [PMID: 16436710 PMCID: PMC1366903 DOI: 10.1128/aac.50.2.556-564.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 10/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 3,5-dioxopyrazolidines was identified as novel inhibitors of UDP-N-acetylenolpyruvylglucosamine reductase (MurB). Compounds 1 to 3, which are 1,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3,5-dioxopyrazolidine-4-carboxamides, inhibited Escherichia coli MurB, Staphyloccocus aureus MurB, and E. coli MurA with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) in the range of 4.1 to 6.8 microM, 4.3 to 10.3 microM, and 6.8 to 29.4 microM, respectively. Compound 4, a C-4-unsubstituted 1,2-bis(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3,5-dioxopyrazolidine, showed moderate inhibitory activity against E. coli MurB, S. aureus MurB, and E. coli MurC (IC50s, 24.5 to 35 microM). A fluorescence-binding assay indicated tight binding of compound 3 with E. coli MurB, giving a dissociation constant of 260 nM. Structural characterization of E. coli MurB was undertaken, and the crystal structure of a complex with compound 4 was obtained at 2.4 A resolution. The crystal structure indicated the binding of a compound at the active site of MurB and specific interactions with active-site residues and the bound flavin adenine dinucleotide cofactor. Peptidoglycan biosynthesis studies using a strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis revealed reduced peptidoglycan biosynthesis upon incubation with 3,5-dioxopyrazolidines, with IC50s of 0.39 to 11.1 microM. Antibacterial activity was observed for compounds 1 to 3 (MICs, 0.25 to 16 microg/ml) and 4 (MICs, 4 to 8 microg/ml) against gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Yang
- Wyeth Research, 401 North Middletown Rd., Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Silver LL. Does the cell wall of bacteria remain a viable source of targets for novel antibiotics? Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 71:996-1005. [PMID: 16290173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Whether the bacterial cell wall remains a viable source of novel antibacterials is addressed here by reviewing screen and design strategies for discovery of antibacterials with a focus on their output. Inhibitors for which antibacterial activity has been shown to be due to specific inhibition of a reaction (antibacterially validated inhibitors) are known for 8 of the 14 conserved essential steps of the pathway. Antibacterially validated enzyme inhibitors exist for six of these steps. The possible obstacles to finding validated inhibitors of the remaining enzymes are discussed and some strategies are suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn L Silver
- LL Silver Consulting (LLC), 3403 Park Place, Springfield, NJ 07081, USA.
| |
Collapse
|