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Nadur NF, de Azevedo LL, Caruso L, Graebin CS, Lacerda RB, Kümmerle AE. The long and winding road of designing phosphodiesterase inhibitors for the treatment of heart failure. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 212:113123. [PMID: 33412421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes known to play a critical role in the indirect regulation of several intracellular metabolism pathways through the selective hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bonds of specific second messenger substrates such as cAMP (3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and cGMP (3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate), influencing the hypertrophy, contractility, apoptosis and fibroses in the cardiovascular system. The expression and/or activity of multiple PDEs is altered during heart failure (HF), which leads to changes in levels of cyclic nucleotides and function of cardiac muscle. Within the cardiovascular system, PDEs 1-5, 8 and 9 are expressed and are interesting targets for the HF treatment. In this comprehensive review we will present a briefly description of the biochemical importance of each cardiovascular related PDE to the HF, and cover almost all the "long and winding road" of designing and discovering ligands, hits, lead compounds, clinical candidates and drugs as PDE inhibitors in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Fonseca Nadur
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana Luiz de Azevedo
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas Caruso
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Cedric Stephan Graebin
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Renata Barbosa Lacerda
- Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Arthur Eugen Kümmerle
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil.
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Zhang C, Feng LJ, Huang Y, Wu D, Li Z, Zhou Q, Wu Y, Luo HB. Discovery of Novel Phosphodiesterase-2A Inhibitors by Structure-Based Virtual Screening, Structural Optimization, and Bioassay. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:355-364. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ling-Jun Feng
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yiyou Huang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Deyan Wu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhe Li
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yinuo Wu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hai-Bin Luo
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
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Yun SH, Xia L, Kim SH, Lee YR. Rh(II)-Catalyzed Chemoselective Synthesis of 3-Substituted Oxindoles by C(sp2)−H and C(sp2)−N Functionalization of β-Enaminoesters. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyeon Yun
- School of Chemical Engineering; Yeungnam University; 214-1 Dae-dong Gyeongsan 712-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Likai Xia
- School of Chemical Engineering; Yeungnam University; 214-1 Dae-dong Gyeongsan 712-749 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hong Kim
- Analysis Research Division; Daegu Center; Korea Basic Science Institute; Daegu 702-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering; Yeungnam University; 214-1 Dae-dong Gyeongsan 712-749 Republic of Korea
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Trabanco AA, Buijnsters P, Rombouts FJR. Towards selective phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A) inhibitors: a patent review (2010 - present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:933-46. [PMID: 27321640 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1203902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are ubiquitous intracellular second messengers regulating a large variety of biological processes. The intracellular concentration of these biologically relevant molecules is modulated by the activity of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), a class of enzymes that is grouped in 11 families. The expression of PDEs is tissue- and cell-specific allowing spatiotemporal integration of multiple signaling cascades. PDE2A is a dual substrate enzyme and is expressed in both the periphery and in the central nervous system, however its expression is highest in the brain, where it is mainly localized in the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. This suggests that this enzyme may regulate intraneuronal cGMP and cAMP levels in brain areas involved in emotion, perception, concentration, learning and memory. AREAS COVERED This review covers the patent applications published between January 2010 and February 2016 on phosphodiesterase 2A inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION Recent publications in the literature and in filed patent applications demonstrate the interest of pharmaceutical companies for PDE2A. This has increased the insights of its possible therapeutic role but the few clinical trials were terminated. Based on the ongoing interest in the field it is likely that new clinical trials can be expected and will unravel the therapeutic potential of PDE2A inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés A Trabanco
- a A Division of Janssen-Cilag S.A., Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry Department , Janssen Research and Development , Toledo , Spain
| | - Peter Buijnsters
- b A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry Department , Janssen Research and Development , Beerse , Belgium
| | - Frederik J R Rombouts
- b A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry Department , Janssen Research and Development , Beerse , Belgium
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Somai Magar KB, Edison TNJI, Lee YR. Regioselective synthesis of 3-anthracenyloxindoles and 3-carbazolyloxindoles by indium(iii)-catalyzed direct arylation and their fluorescent chemosensor properties. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:7313-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01315e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An efficient protocol for diverse 3-anthracenyloxindoles and 3-carbazolyloxindoles has been developed by In(OTf)3-catalyzed direct arylation of 3-diazooxindoles with anthracenes or carbazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- 38541 Gyeongsan
- Republic of Korea
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Umar T, Hoda N. Selective inhibitors of phosphodiesterases: therapeutic promise for neurodegenerative disorders. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00419e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PDE inhibitors: significant contributors to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarana Umar
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- Central University
- New Delhi
- 110025 India
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- Central University
- New Delhi
- 110025 India
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am Ende CW, Kormos BL, Humphrey JM. The State of the Art in Selective PDE2A Inhibitor Design. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527682348.ch06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Bhansali SG, Kulkarni VM. Combined 2D and 3D-QSAR, molecular modelling and docking studies of pyrazolodiazepinones as novel phosphodiesterase 2 inhibitors. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 25:905-937. [PMID: 25401514 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2014.969309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Selective inhibition of phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) in cells where it is located elevates cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and acts as novel analgesic with antinociceptive activity. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies for pyrazolodiazepinone inhibitors exhibiting PDE2 inhibition were performed using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) and Topomer CoMFA, and two-dimensional QSAR study was performed using a Hologram QSAR (HQSAR) method. QSAR models were generated using training set of 23 compounds and were validated using test set of nine compounds. The optimum partial least squares (PLS) for CoMFA-Focusing, CoMSIA-SDH, Topomer CoMFA and HQSAR models exhibited good 'leave-one-out' cross validated correlation coefficient (q(2)) of 0.790, 0.769, 0.840 and 0.787, coefficient of determination (r(2)) of 0.999, 0.964, 0.979 and 0.980, and high predictive power (r(2)(pred)) of 0.796, 0.833, 0.820 and 0.803 respectively. Docking studies revealed that those inhibitors able to bind to amino acid Gln859 by cGMP binding orientation called 'glutamine-switch', and also bind to the hydrophobic clamp of PDE2 isoform, could possess high selectivity for PDE2. From the results of all the studies, structure-activity relationships and structural requirements for binding to active site of PDE2 were established which provide useful guidance for the design and future synthesis of potent PDE2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Bhansali
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College of Pharmacy , Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University , Pune , Maharashtra , India
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PDE2 inhibition: Potential for the treatment of cognitive disorders. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6522-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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Fedan JS, Thompson JA, Ismailoglu UB, Jing Y. Tracheal epithelium cell volume responses to hyperosmolar, isosmolar and hypoosmolar solutions: relation to epithelium-derived relaxing factor (EpDRF) effects. Front Physiol 2013; 4:287. [PMID: 24130533 PMCID: PMC3795350 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In asthmatic patients, inhalation of hyperosmolar saline or D-mannitol (D-M) elicits bronchoconstriction, but in healthy subjects exercise causes bronchodilation. Hyperventilation causes drying of airway surface liquid (ASL) and increases its osmolarity. Hyperosmolar challenge of airway epithelium releases epithelium-derived relaxing factor (EpDRF), which relaxes the airway smooth muscle. This pathway could be involved in exercise-induced bronchodilation. Little is known of ASL hyperosmolarity effects on epithelial function. We investigated the effects of osmolar challenge maneuvers on dispersed and adherent guinea-pig tracheal epithelial cells to examine the hypothesis that EpDRF-mediated relaxation is associated with epithelial cell shrinkage. Enzymatically-dispersed cells shrank when challenged with ≥10 mOsM added D-M, urea or NaCl with a concentration-dependence that mimics relaxation of the of isolated perfused tracheas (IPT). Cells shrank when incubated in isosmolar N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) chloride, Na gluconate (Glu), NMDG-Glu, K-Glu and K2SO4, and swelled in isosmolar KBr and KCl. However, isosmolar challenge is not a strong stimulus of relaxation in IPTs. In previous studies amiloride and 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid (DIDS) inhibited relaxation of IPT to hyperosmolar challenge, but had little effect on shrinkage of dispersed cells. Confocal microscopy in tracheal segments showed that adherent epithelium is refractory to low hyperosmolar concentrations that induce dispersed cell shrinkage and relaxation of IPT. Except for gadolinium and erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA), actin and microtubule inhibitors and membrane permeabilizing agents did not affect on ion transport by adherent epithelium or shrinkage responses of dispersed cells. Our studies dissociate relaxation of IPT from cell shrinkage after hyperosmolar challenge of airway epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Fedan
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthMorgantown, WV, USA
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11
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Plummer MS, Cornicelli J, Roark H, Skalitzky DJ, Stankovic CJ, Bove S, Pandit J, Goodman A, Hicks J, Shahripour A, Beidler D, Lu XK, Sanchez B, Whitehead C, Sarver R, Braden T, Gowan R, Shen XQ, Welch K, Ogden A, Sadagopan N, Baum H, Miller H, Banotai C, Spessard C, Lightle S. Discovery of potent, selective, bioavailable phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) inhibitors active in an osteoarthritis pain model, Part I: Transformation of selective pyrazolodiazepinone phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors into selective PDE2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3438-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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12
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Selective Inhibitors of PDE2, PDE9, and PDE10. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417150-3.00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Keravis T, Lugnier C. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) isozymes as targets of the intracellular signalling network: benefits of PDE inhibitors in various diseases and perspectives for future therapeutic developments. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1288-305. [PMID: 22014080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) that specifically inactivate the intracellular messengers cAMP and cGMP in a compartmentalized manner represent an important enzyme class constituted by 11 gene-related families of isozymes (PDE1 to PDE11). Downstream receptors, PDEs play a major role in controlling the signalosome at various levels of phosphorylations and protein/protein interactions. Due to the multiplicity of isozymes, their various intracellular regulations and their different cellular and subcellular distributions, PDEs represent interesting targets in intracellular pathways. Therefore, the investigation of PDE isozyme alterations related to various pathologies and the design of specific PDE inhibitors might lead to the development of new specific therapeutic strategies in numerous pathologies. This manuscript (i) overviews the different PDEs including their endogenous regulations and their specific inhibitors; (ii) analyses the intracellular implications of PDEs in regulating signalling cascades in pathogenesis, exemplified by two diseases affecting cell cycle and proliferation; and (iii) discusses perspectives for future therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thérèse Keravis
- CNRS UMR 7213, Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
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Lugnier C. PDE inhibitors: a new approach to treat metabolic syndrome? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011; 11:698-706. [PMID: 22018840 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
About one third of people in the world suffer from metabolic syndrome (MetS), with symptoms such as hypertension and elevated blood cholesterol, and with increased risk of developing additional diseases such as diabetes mellitus and heart disease. The progression of this multifactorial pathology, which targets various tissues and organs, might necessitate a renewal in therapeutic approaches. Since cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs), enzymes which hydrolyze cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, play a crucial role in regulating endocrine and cardiovascular functions, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell proliferation, all of which contribute to MetS, we wonder whether PDE inhibitors might represent new therapeutic approaches for preventing and treating MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lugnier
- CNRS UMR 7213, Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France.
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Wunder F, Gnoth MJ, Geerts A, Barufe D. A novel PDE2A reporter cell line: characterization of the cellular activity of PDE inhibitors. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:326-36. [PMID: 19049345 DOI: 10.1021/mp800127n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report here the generation and pharmacological characterization of a phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A) reporter cell line. Human PDE2A was stably transfected in a parental cell line expressing the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptor and the cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) cation channel CNGA2, acting as the biosensor for intracellular cGMP. In this reporter cell line, cGMP levels can be monitored in real-time via aequorin luminescence stimulated by calcium influx through the CNG channel. By using different PDE inhibitors, we could show that our PDE2A reporter assay specifically monitors PDE2A inhibition with high sensitivity. In the absence of ANP stimulation, the PDE2A selective inhibitors EHNA, BAY 60-7550 and PDP did not increase basal luminescence levels in this experimental setting. However, in combination with ANP, these inhibitors stimulated luminescence signals and induced leftward shifts of ANP concentration-response curves. Similar results were obtained when using IBMX, trequinsin and dipyridamole, which inhibit PDE2A nonselectively with lower potency. PDP, the most potent PDE2A inhibitor known to date, was found to exhibit much lower cellular activity as anticipated from its biochemical PDE2A inhibitory activity. By cellular uptake and transport studies we could show that PDP's cell permeability is low and that the compound is a substrate for an efflux transporter. Other PDE inhibitors including vinpocetine, milrinone, rolipram, sildenafil, zaprinast, BRL 50481 and BAY 73-6691 did not stimulate luminescence signals on our PDE2A reporter cell line. The results imply that this novel PDE2A reporter assay provides an efficient, high throughput means for the identification and characterization of PDE2A inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wunder
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Molecular Screening Technology, Pharma Research Center, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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Rao YJ, Xi L. Pivotal effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on myocyte contractility and viability in normal and ischemic hearts. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:1-24. [PMID: 19060915 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2008.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that degrade cellular cAMP and cGMP and are thus essential for regulating the cyclic nucleotides. At least 11 families of PDEs have been identified, each with a distinctive structure, activity, expression, and tissue distribution. The PDE type-3, -4, and -5 (PDE3, PDE4, PDE5) are localized to specific regions of the cardiomyocyte, such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum and Z-disc, where they are likely to influence cAMP/cGMP signaling to the end effectors of contractility. Several PDE inhibitors exhibit remarkable hemodynamic and inotropic properties that may be valuable to clinical practice. In particular, PDE3 inhibitors have potent cardiotonic effects that can be used for short-term inotropic support, especially in situations where adrenergic stimulation is insufficient. Most relevant to this review, PDE inhibitors have also been found to have cytoprotective effects in the heart. For example, PDE3 inhibitors have been shown to be cardioprotective when given before ischemic attack, whereas PDE5 inhibitors, which include three widely used erectile dysfunction drugs (sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil), can induce remarkable cardioprotection when administered either prior to ischemia or upon reperfusion. This article provides an overview of the current laboratory and clinical evidence, as well as the cellular mechanisms by which the inhibitors of PDE3, PDE4 and PDE5 exert their beneficial effects on normal and ischemic hearts. It seems that PDE inhibitors hold great promise as clinically applicable agents that can improve cardiac performance and cell survival under critical situations, such as ischemic heart attack, cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, and heart failure.
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Wang LQ, Li QS, Pu X, Nie WW, Lv XF, Li QR. Syntheses of novel series benzo [1,5] oxazepin-4-one-based compounds from 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Vossenkämper A, Nedvetsky PI, Wiesner B, Furkert J, Rosenthal W, Klussmann E. Microtubules are needed for the perinuclear positioning of aquaporin-2 after its endocytic retrieval in renal principal cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C1129-38. [PMID: 17626240 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00628.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Water reabsorption in the renal collecting duct is regulated by arginine vasopressin (AVP). AVP induces the insertion of the water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2) into the plasma membrane of principal cells, thereby increasing the osmotic water permeability. The redistribution of AQP2 to the plasma membrane is a cAMP-dependent process and thus a paradigm for cAMP-controlled exocytic processes. Using primary cultured rat inner medullary collecting duct cells, we show that the redistribution of AQP2 to the plasma membrane is accompanied by the reorganization of microtubules and the redistribution of the small GTPase Rab11. In resting cells, AQP2 is colocalized with Rab11 perinuclearly. AVP induced the redistribution of AQP2 to the plasma membrane and of Rab11 to the cell periphery. The redistribution of both proteins was increased when microtubules were depolymerized by nocodazole. In addition, the depolymerization of microtubules prevented the perinuclear positioning of AQP2 and Rab11 in resting cells, which was restored if nocodazole was washed out and microtubules repolymerized. After internalization of AQP2, induced by removal of AVP, forskolin triggered the AQP2 redistribution to the plasma membrane even if microtubules were depolymerized and without the previous positioning of AQP2 in the perinuclear recycling compartment. Collectively, the data indicate that microtubule-dependent transport of AQP2 is predominantly responsible for trafficking and localization of AQP2 inside the cell after its internalization but not for the exocytic transport of the water channel. We also demonstrate that cAMP-signaling regulates the localization of Rab11-positive recycling endosomes in renal principal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vossenkämper
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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Brandon NJ, Rotella DP. Chapter 1 Potential CNS Applications for Phosphodiesterase Enzyme Inhibitors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY VOLUME 42 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(07)42001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Menniti FS, Faraci WS, Schmidt CJ. Phosphodiesterases in the CNS: targets for drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006; 5:660-70. [PMID: 16883304 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic and commercial success of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors such as Viagra, Levitra and Cialis has sparked renewed interest in the phosphodiesterases as drug discovery targets. Virtually all the phosphodiesterases are expressed in the CNS, making this gene family a particularly attractive source of new targets for the treatment of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Significantly, all neurons express multiple phosphodiesterases, which differ in cyclic nucleotide specificity, affinity, regulatory control and subcellular compartmentalization. Therefore, phosphodiesterase inhibition represents a mechanism through which it could be possible to precisely modulate neuronal activity. In this article, we review the current state of the art in the burgeoning field of phosphodiesterase pharmacology in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Menniti
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, CNS Discovery, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
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A novel selective inhibitor of the phosphodiesterase type 2 isozyme. Drug Discov Today 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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