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Abstract
Dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazinone rings are a class of heterocycles present in a wide range of bioactive natural products and analogues thereof. As a direct result of their bioactivity, the synthesis of this privileged class of compounds has been extensively studied. This review provides an overview of these synthetic pathways. The literature is covered up until 2020 and is organized according to the specific strategies used to construct the scaffold: fusing a pyrazinone to an existing pyrrole, employing a pyrazinone-first strategy, an array of multicomponent reactions and some miscellaneous reactions.
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Helal MA, Chittiboyina AG, Avery MA. Identification of a new small molecule chemotype of Melanin Concentrating Hormone Receptor-1 antagonists using pharmacophore-based virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126741. [PMID: 31678007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
MCH receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor with two subtypes R1 and R2. Many studies have demonstrated the role of MCH-R1 in feeding and energy homeostasis. It has been proven that oral administration of small molecule MCH-R1 antagonists significantly reduces food intake and causes a dose-dependent weight loss. In this study, two ligand-based pharmacophores were developed and validated based on recently published MCH-R1 antagonists with diverse structures. Successful pharmacophores had one hydrogen bond acceptor, one positive ionizable, one ring aromatic and two or three hydrophobic groups. These 3D-QSAR models were used for virtual screening of the ZINC chemical database resulting in the identification of nine compounds with more than 50% displacement of radiolabeled MCH at a 20 μM concentration. Moreover, four of these compounds showed antagonistic activities in Aequorin functional assay, including MH-3 which is the first MCH-R1 antagonist based on a diazaspiro[4.5]decane scaffold. The most active compounds were also docked into our previously published MCH-R1 homology model to gain insights into their binding determinants. These compounds could represent a viable starting scaffold for the design of potent MCH-R1 antagonists with improved pharmacokinetic properties as an effective treatment for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Helal
- University of Science and Technology, Biomedical Sciences Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October, Giza 12578, Egypt; Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
| | - Mitchell A Avery
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States
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Helal MA, Chittiboyina AG, Avery MA. New insights into the binding mode of melanin concentrating hormone receptor-1 antagonists: homology modeling and explicit membrane molecular dynamics simulation study. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:635-46. [PMID: 21370821 DOI: 10.1021/ci100355c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) is a cyclic 19-amino-acid peptide expressed mainly in the hypothalamus. It is involved in the control of feeding behavior, energy homeostasis, and body weight. Administration of MCH-R1 antagonists has been proved to reduce food intake and cause weight loss in animal models. In the present study, a homology model of the human MCH-R1 was constructed using the crystal structure of bovine rhodopsin (PDB: 1u19) as a template. Based on the observation that MCH-R1 can bind ligands of high chemical diversity, the initial model was subjected to an extensive ligand-supported refinement using antagonists of different chemotypes. The refinement process involved stepwise energy minimizations and molecular dynamics simulations. The refined model was inserted into a pre-equilibrated DPPC/TIP3P membrane system and then simulated for 20 ns in complex with structurally diverse antagonists. This protocol was able to explain the SAR of MCH-R1 antagonists with diverse chemical structures. Moreover, it reveals new insights into the critical recognition sites within the receptor. This work represents the first detailed study of molecular dynamics of MCH-R1 inserted into a membrane-aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Helal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Faure P, Dubus E, Ijjaali I, Morlière C, Barberan O, Petitet F. Knowledge-based analysis of multi-potent G-protein coupled receptors ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:5708-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Desplat V, Moreau S, Gay A, Fabre SB, Thiolat D, Massip S, Macky G, Godde F, Mossalayi D, Jarry C, Guillon J. Synthesis and evaluation of the antiproliferative activity of novel pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline derivatives, potential inhibitors of Akt kinase. Part II. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25:204-15. [DOI: 10.3109/14756360903169881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Desplat
- PPF Médicaments-Parasitologie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stephane Moreau
- EA 4138 – Pharmacochimie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurore Gay
- PPF Médicaments-Parasitologie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
- EA 4138 – Pharmacochimie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Solene Belisle Fabre
- EA 4138 – Pharmacochimie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Denis Thiolat
- PPF Médicaments-Parasitologie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stephane Massip
- EA 4138 – Pharmacochimie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gregory Macky
- PPF Médicaments-Parasitologie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
- EA 4138 – Pharmacochimie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frederic Godde
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, Université de Bordeaux – CNRS UMR 5248, Pessac, France
| | - Djavad Mossalayi
- PPF Médicaments-Parasitologie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christian Jarry
- EA 4138 – Pharmacochimie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean Guillon
- EA 4138 – Pharmacochimie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
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Rokosz LL. Discovery and development of melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonists for the treatment of obesity. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 2:1301-27. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.10.1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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