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Optimization of triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines towards human CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115240. [PMID: 36924670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
CCR7 signaling directs the migration of both immune cells and cancer cells to the lymph nodes, is involved in numerous chronic inflammatory disorders and lymph node metastases. Despite the therapeutic promise of CCR7 antagonists, no potent and selective small molecule CCR7 antagonists have been reported to date. Since most human chemokine G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) share a conserved intracellular allosteric binding site, new CCR7 antagonist chemotypes may be identified by screening small molecules that are known to target this site in other chemokine GPCRs. In this work, our previously prepared series of 14 scaffold-modified analogues of a known thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine CXCR2 antagonist were screened as potential CCR7 antagonists. This resulted in the discovery of a triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine analogue with an IC50 of 2.43 μM against CCR7 and 0.66 μM against CXCR2. Exploration of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) for the 3-, 5- and 7-position substituents of this triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine resulted in improved potency and selectivity, with an IC50 of 0.43 μM and 11.02 μM against CCR7 and CXCR2, respectively, for the most selective derivative. Molecular docking showed that the binding mode of these triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines in CCR7 and CXCR2 corresponds with those of previously co-crystallized ligands.
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2
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Yang J, Bergdorf K, Yan C, Luo W, Chen SC, Ayers D, Liu Q, Liu X, Boothby M, Groves SM, Oleskie AN, Zhang X, Maeda DY, Zebala JA, Quaranta V, Richmond A. CXCR2 expression during melanoma tumorigenesis controls transcriptional programs that facilitate tumor growth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.22.529548. [PMID: 36865260 PMCID: PMC9980137 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.22.529548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Though the CXCR2 chemokine receptor is known to play a key role in cancer growth and response to therapy, a direct link between expression of CXCR2 in tumor progenitor cells during induction of tumorigenesis has not been established. Methods To characterize the role of CXCR2 during melanoma tumorigenesis, we generated tamoxifen-inducible tyrosinase-promoter driven Braf V600E /Pten -/- /Cxcr2 -/- and NRas Q61R /INK4a -/- /Cxcr2 -/- melanoma models. In addition, the effects of a CXCR1/CXCR2 antagonist, SX-682, on melanoma tumorigenesis were evaluated in Braf V600E /Pten -/- and NRas Q61R /INK4a -/- mice and in melanoma cell lines. Potential mechanisms by which Cxcr2 affects melanoma tumorigenesis in these murine models were explored using RNAseq, mMCP-counter, ChIPseq, and qRT-PCR; flow cytometry, and reverse phosphoprotein analysis (RPPA). Results Genetic loss of Cxcr2 or pharmacological inhibition of CXCR1/CXCR2 during melanoma tumor induction resulted in key changes in gene expression that reduced tumor incidence/growth and increased anti-tumor immunity. Interestingly, after Cxcr2 ablation, Tfcp2l1 , a key tumor suppressive transcription factor, was the only gene significantly induced with a log 2 fold-change greater than 2 in these three different melanoma models. Conclusions Here, we provide novel mechanistic insight revealing how loss of Cxcr2 expression/activity in melanoma tumor progenitor cells results in reduced tumor burden and creation of an anti-tumor immune microenvironment. This mechanism entails an increase in expression of the tumor suppressive transcription factor, Tfcp2l1, along with alteration in the expression of genes involved in growth regulation, tumor suppression, stemness, differentiation, and immune modulation. These gene expression changes are coincident with reduction in the activation of key growth regulatory pathways, including AKT and mTOR.
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3
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Van Hoof M, Claes S, Boon K, Van Loy T, Schols D, Dehaen W, De Jonghe S. Exploration of Pyrido[3,4- d]pyrimidines as Antagonists of the Human Chemokine Receptor CXCR2. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052099. [PMID: 36903345 PMCID: PMC10004157 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Upregulated CXCR2 signalling is found in numerous inflammatory, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as in cancer. Consequently, CXCR2 antagonism is a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of these disorders. We previously identified, via scaffold hopping, a pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogue as a promising CXCR2 antagonist with an IC50 value of 0.11 µM in a kinetic fluorescence-based calcium mobilization assay. This study aims at exploring the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and improving the CXCR2 antagonistic potency of this pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine via systematic structural modifications of the substitution pattern. Almost all new analogues completely lacked the CXCR2 antagonism, the exception being a 6-furanyl-pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogue (compound 17b) that is endowed with similar antagonistic potency as the original hit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Van Hoof
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Claes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation—Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven—Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrijn Boon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation—Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven—Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Van Loy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation—Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven—Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation—Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven—Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation—Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven—Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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4
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Billen M, Schols D, Verwilst P. Targeting chemokine receptors from the inside-out: discovery and development of small-molecule intracellular antagonists. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4132-4148. [PMID: 35274633 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc07080k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the first biologically active chemokines were discovered in the late 1980s, these messenger proteins and their receptors have been the target for a plethora of drug discovery efforts in the pharmaceutical industry, as well as in academia. Owing to the publication of several chemokine receptor X-ray crystal structures, a highly druggable, intracellular, allosteric binding site which partially overlaps with the G protein binding site was discovered. This intriguing, new approach for chemokine receptor antagonism has captured researchers around the world, pushing the exploration of this intracellular binding site and new antagonists thereof. In this review, we have highlighted the past two decades of research on small-molecule chemokine receptor antagonists that modulate receptor function at the intracellular binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Billen
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 - Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Dominique Schols
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49 - Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Verwilst
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 - Box 1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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5
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Che J, Wang Z, Shen Z, Zhuang W, Ying H, Hu Y, Hu Y, Xie X, Dong X. Discovery of 1,5-Dihydro-4 H-imidazol-4-one Derivatives as Potent, Selective Antagonists of CXC Chemokine Receptor 2. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:836-845. [PMID: 34055234 PMCID: PMC8155261 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CXC chemokine receptors 1 (CXCR1) and 2 (CXCR2) have been demonstrated to have critical roles in cancer metastasis. Because they share high homology sequences, it is still unclear how to design selective CXCR1 or CXCR2 antagonists. Based on a pharmacophore model we built, compound 2 bearing a 1,5-dihydro-4H-imidazol-4-one scaffold was identified as a selective CXCR2 antagonist with a low CXCR1 antagonism preference. Further optimization and structure-activity relationship studies led to compound C5 that overcame the disadvantages of compound 2 and performed with higher selectivity. It showed excellent oral bioavailability and in vitro anticancer metastasis activity. Further dynamic simulation of the molecular protein complex showed that the amino acid residue K320 of CXCR2 contributed most to the selectivity of C5. This study provides important clues for the design of new CXCR2 selective antagonists, and C5 can be a molecular tool for investigating the difference in the biological function of CXCR1 and CXCR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Che
- Hangzhou
Institute of Innovative Medicine, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Zhilong Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, The National Center for Drug
Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia
Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Zheyuan Shen
- Hangzhou
Institute of Innovative Medicine, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Weihao Zhuang
- Hangzhou
Institute of Innovative Medicine, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Huazhou Ying
- Hangzhou
Institute of Innovative Medicine, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yongzhou Hu
- Hangzhou
Institute of Innovative Medicine, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Youhong Hu
- State
Key Laborarory of Drug Research, Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced
Study, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xin Xie
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, The National Center for Drug
Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia
Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced
Study, University of Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- Hangzhou
Institute of Innovative Medicine, College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R. China
- Innovation
Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310018, P.R. China
- Cancer
Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P.R.
China
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6
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Targeting CXCR1/2: The medicinal potential as cancer immunotherapy agents, antagonists research highlights and challenges ahead. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 185:111853. [PMID: 31732253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is an intractable issue in anti-cancer immunotherapy. The chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 recruit immune suppressive cells such as the myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to the TME. Therefore, CXCR1/2 antagonists have aroused pharmaceutical interest in recent years. In this review, the medicinal chemistry of CXCR1/2 antagonists and their relevance in cancer immunotherapy have been summarized. The development of the drug candidates, along with their design rationale, clinical status and current challenges have also been discussed.
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7
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Kuppast B, Fahmy H. Thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines as a privileged scaffold in drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 113:198-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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8
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Mladic M, Scholten DJ, Niessen WMA, Somsen GW, Smit MJ, Kool J. At-line coupling of LC-MS to bioaffinity and selectivity assessment for metabolic profiling of ligands towards chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1002:42-53. [PMID: 26301479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study describes an analytical method for bioaffinity and selectivity assessment of CXCR2 antagonists and their metabolites. The method is based on liquid chromatographic separation (LC) of metabolic mixtures followed by parallel mass spectrometry (MS) identification and bioaffinity determination. The bioaffinity is assessed using radioligand binding assays in 96-well plates after at-line nanofractionation. The described method was optimized for chemokines and low-molecular weight CXCR2 ligands. The limits of detection (LODs; injected amounts) for MK-7123, a high affinity binder to both CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors belonging to the diaminocyclobutendione chemical class, were 40pmol in CXCR1 binding and 8pmol in CXCR2 binding. For CXCL8, the LOD was 5pmol in both binding assays. A control compound was always taken along with each bioassay plate as triplicate dose-response curve. For MK-7123, the calculated IC50 values were 314±59nM (CXCR1 binding) and 38±11nM (CXCR2 binding). For CXCL8, the IC50 values were 6.9±1.4nM (CXCR1 binding) and 2.7±1.3nM (CXCR2 binding). After optimization, the method was applied to the analysis of metabolic mixtures of eight LMW CXCR2 antagonists generated by incubation with pig liver microsomes. Moreover, metabolic profiling of the MK-7123 compound was described using the developed method. Three bioactive metabolites were found, two of which were (partially) identified. This method is suitable for bioaffinity and selectivity assessment of mixtures targeting the CXCR2. In contrary to conventional LC-MS based metabolic profiling studies done at the early lead discovery stage, additional qualitative bioactivity information of drug metabolites is obtained with the method described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Mladic
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danny J Scholten
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfried M A Niessen
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; hyphen MassSpec, de Wetstraat 8, 2332XT Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Smit
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Amsterdam Institute for Molecules Medicines and Systems, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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9
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Ha H, Debnath B, Odde S, Bensman T, Ho H, Beringer PM, Neamati N. Discovery of Novel CXCR2 Inhibitors Using Ligand-Based Pharmacophore Models. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:1720-38. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Ha
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Bikash Debnath
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Translational Oncology
Program, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800
Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Srinivas Odde
- Department
of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Tim Bensman
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Henry Ho
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Paul M. Beringer
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Translational Oncology
Program, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800
Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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10
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Austin RP, Bennion C, Bonnert RV, Cheema L, Cook AR, Cox RJ, Ebden MR, Gaw A, Grime K, Meghani P, Nicholls D, Phillips C, Smith N, Steele J, Stonehouse JP. Discovery and evaluation of a novel monocyclic series of CXCR2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1616-20. [PMID: 25708618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antagonism of the chemokine receptor CXCR2 has been proposed as a strategy for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Earlier series of bicyclic CXCR2 antagonists discovered at AstraZeneca were shown to have low solubility and poor oral bioavailability. In this Letter we describe the design, synthesis and characterisation of a new series of monocyclic CXCR2 antagonists with improved solubility and good pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert P Austin
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Colin Bennion
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Roger V Bonnert
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Lal Cheema
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Anthony R Cook
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Rhona J Cox
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK; Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Mark R Ebden
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Alasdair Gaw
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - Ken Grime
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK; Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Premji Meghani
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - David Nicholls
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK; AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Caroline Phillips
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK; AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Neal Smith
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
| | - John Steele
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK; Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Pepparedsleden, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey P Stonehouse
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, UK
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11
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Ha H, Bensman T, Ho H, Beringer PM, Neamati N. A novel phenylcyclohex-1-enecarbothioamide derivative inhibits CXCL8-mediated chemotaxis through selective regulation of CXCR2-mediated signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1551-65. [PMID: 24354854 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Since the CXC chemokine receptor CXCR2 and its cognate ligand CXCL8 (IL-8) critically regulate neutrophil trafficking during inflammation, they have been implicated in a number of inflammatory lung diseases. Several CXCR2 antagonists have been described and the blockade of CXCR2 has shown promise in pre-clinical disease models and early clinical trials. However, given its potential, there are fewer distinct classes of antagonists of CXCR2 than of other clinically relevant molecular targets. Thus, we sought to identify additional classes of compounds that alter CXCR2 function. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used the CXCR2 Tango(TM) assay to screen an in-house library of highly diverse chemical compounds. CX4338 [2-(benzylamino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxo-N-phenylcyclohex-1-enecarbothioamide] was identified from our screen and additional studies to characterize the compound were performed. Receptor internalization and second-messenger assays were used to assess the effects of CX4338 on CXCR2-mediated signalling. Wound healing, transwell cell migration and LPS-induced lung inflammation in mice were used to determine the in vitro and in vivo effects of CX4338. KEY RESULTS CX4338 selectively inhibited CXCR2-mediated recruitment of β-arrestin-2 and receptor internalization, while enhancing CXCR2-mediated MAPK activation. Additionally, CX4338 inhibited CXCL8-induced chemotaxis in CXCR2-overexpressing cells and human neutrophils. In vivo, CX4338 significantly reduced neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage induced by LPS in mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS A novel compound CX4338 inhibited CXCR2-mediated cell migration with a mechanism of action not previously reported. Also, selective inhibition of CXCR2-mediated β-arrestin-2 activation is sufficient to inhibit CXCL8-mediated chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Ha
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Yıldırım M, Çelikel D. A rapid access to novel and diverse 3-oxothiazolo[3,2- $$c$$ c ]pyrimidine-8-carboxylates using multicomponent Mannich cyclisation reactions. Mol Divers 2014; 19:1-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-014-9546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Newer thiazolopyrimidine-based sulfonamides clubbed with benzothiazole moiety: synthesis and biological evaluation. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Konstantinidou M, Hadjipavlou-Litina D. Cytokines in terms of QSAR. Review, evaluation and comparative studies. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 24:883-962. [PMID: 24099567 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2013.815656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines represent a class of chemical factors that act as mediators in the complex biological response of inflammation, potentially implicated in various diseases. Therefore, selective inhibition or antagonism of cytokines is a target of anti-inflammatory drug design. The QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships) analysis presented here attempts to identify the structural features and physicochemical properties that are significant for cytokine antagonists or inhibitors and in particular of i) interleukin-5 (IL-5), ii) interleukin-6 (IL-6) and iii) of the chemotactic cytokine (chemokine) interleukin-8 (IL-8). Firstly, a historical aspect of the limited published QSARs is discussed and then a 2D-QSAR analysis was carried out for 26 data sets of compounds using the C-QSAR program of Biobyte. In six cases hydrophobicity appeared to be important. Steric factors in the form of overall molar refractivity (CMR), molar refractivity of the substituent (MR), molar volume (MgVol), Taft's Es constant and the sterimol parameters B1 and B5 have a significant impact on biological activity in most of the derived equations whereas electronic parameters as σp, σm or Σσ appeared in five cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Konstantinidou
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece
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15
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Rationale and Means to Target Pro-Inflammatory Interleukin-8 (CXCL8) Signaling in Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:929-59. [PMID: 24276377 PMCID: PMC3817732 DOI: 10.3390/ph6080929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that chronic inflammation underpins the development of a number of human cancers, with pro-inflammatory signaling within the tumor microenvironment contributing to tumor progression and metastasis. CXCL8 is an ELR+ pro-inflammatory CXC-chemokine which mediates its effects via signaling through two G protein-coupled receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2. Elevated CXCL8-CXCR1/2 signaling within the tumor microenvironment of numerous cancers is known to enhance tumor progression via activation of signaling pathways promoting proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion and cell survival. This review provides an overview of established roles of CXCL8-CXCR1/2 signaling in cancer and subsequently, discusses the possible strategies of targeting CXCL8-CXCR1/2 signaling in cancer, covering indirect strategies (e.g., anti-inflammatories, NFκB inhibitors) and direct CXCL8 or CXCR1/2 inhibition (e.g., neutralizing antibodies, small molecule receptor antagonists, pepducin inhibitors and siRNA strategies). Reports of pre-clinical cancer studies and clinical trials using CXCL8-CXCR1/2-targeting strategies for the treatment of inflammatory diseases will be discussed. The future translational opportunities for use of such agents in oncology will be discussed, with emphasis on exploitation in stratified populations.
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Karlström S, Nordvall G, Sohn D, Hettman A, Turek D, Åhlin K, Kers A, Claesson M, Slivo C, Lo-Alfredsson Y, Petersson C, Bessidskaia G, Svensson PH, Rein T, Jerning E, Malmberg Å, Ahlgen C, Ray C, Vares L, Ivanov V, Johansson R. Substituted 7-amino-5-thio-thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines as potent and selective antagonists of the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1). J Med Chem 2013; 56:3177-90. [PMID: 23516963 DOI: 10.1021/jm3012273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed two parallel series, A and B, of CX3CR1 antagonists for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. By modifying the substituents on the 7-amino-5-thio-thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine core structure, we were able to achieve compounds with high selectivity for CX3CR1 over the closely related CXCR2 receptor. The structure-activity relationships showed that a leucinol moiety attached to the core-structure in the 7-position together with α-methyl branched benzyl derivatives in the 5-position displayed promising affinity, and selectivity as well as physicochemical properties, as exemplified by compounds 18a and 24h. We show the preparation of the first potent and selective orally available CX3CR1 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Karlström
- CNSP iMed Science Södertälje, AstraZeneca Research and Development, Innovative Medicines, SE-15185 Södertälje, Sweden.
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18
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Tazzyman S, Barry ST, Ashton S, Wood P, Blakey D, Lewis CE, Murdoch C. Inhibition of neutrophil infiltration into A549 lung tumors in vitro and in vivo using a CXCR2-specific antagonist is associated with reduced tumor growth. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:847-58. [PMID: 21328342 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are important innate immune cells that are involved in microbial clearance at sites of infection and in wound healing. The microenvironment of tumors often resembles that of chronic inflammation and increased numbers of neutrophils have been observed in several tumors and, in some cases, these positively correlate with poor prognosis. Neutrophil recruitment into tumors appears to be dependent on chemokines that bind to CXCR1 and CXCR2 expressed by neutrophils. In our study, we used lung adenocarcinoma A549 multicellular tumor spheroids and A549 tumor xenografts along with a CXCR2-specific small molecule inhibitor (AZ10397767) to investigate the recruitment and function of human neutrophils in tumors. We found that A549 spheroids constitutively secrete high levels of CXCL chemokines and that neutrophil recruitment into A549 tumors in vitro and in vivo is largely dependent on CXCR2 activation. AZ10397767 significantly reduced the numbers of infiltrating neutrophils into both in vitro and in vivo tumor models, which was associated with slower growing tumors. Neutrophil infiltration into A549 tumor spheroids increased their size compared to noninfiltrated spheroids and neutrophil-derived factors increased the proliferation of A549 tumor cells and induced endothelial cell tubule formation in vitro. In contrast, we saw no reduction in microvascular density in AZ10397767-treated A549 tumors or in tumors grown in CXCR2(-/-) mice, suggesting that angiogenesis in these tumors is CXCR2-independent. Our data show that neutrophils can contribute to lung tumor growth and that CXCR2 antagonists may be a useful therapeutic agent in the treatment of lung carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Tazzyman
- Academic Unit of Inflammation & Tumor Targeting, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Mihara K, Wijkmans J. Low Molecular Weight CXCR2 Antagonists as Promising Therapeutics. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527631995.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Synthesis of novel 5-amino-thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines as E. coli and S. aureus SecA inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:702-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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El-Bayouki KA, Basyouni WM. Thiazolopyrimidines without bridge-head nitrogen: thiazolo [4,5-d] pyrimidines. J Sulphur Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2010.521939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tazzyman S, Lewis CE, Murdoch C. Neutrophils: key mediators of tumour angiogenesis. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90:222-31. [PMID: 19563607 PMCID: PMC2697547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2009.00641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well known that most malignant tumours contain a significant amount of leucocytic infiltrates the presence of which has, on many occasions, been linked to poor patient prognosis. These leucocyte populations are recruited to tumours by chemotactic factors released by either viable or necrotic tumour cells, or by cells within the tumour stroma. In recent times, most studies have analysed the role that tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) have on tumour progression. However, there is now increasing evidence to show that neutrophils also actively participate in this process. Whilst there are some data to suggest that neutrophil-derived factors can promote genetic mutations leading to tumourigenesis, or secrete factors that promote tumour cell proliferation; there is now substantial evidence to show that neutrophils, like TAM, significantly affect tumour angiogenesis. In this review, we discuss the likely mechanisms by which neutrophils are recruited into the tumour and then elaborate on how these cells may induce tumour vascularization by the secretion of powerful pro-angiogenic factors. We also discuss possible future chemotherapeutic strategies that are aimed at limiting tumour angiogenesis by inhibiting neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Tazzyman
- Tumour Targeting Group, Academic Unit of Pathology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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CXCR2 antagonists for the treatment of pulmonary disease. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 121:55-68. [PMID: 19026683 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines have long been implicated in the initiation and amplification of inflammatory responses by virtue of their role in leukocyte chemotaxis. The expression of one of the receptors for these chemokines, CXCR2, on a variety of cell types and tissues suggests that these receptors may have a broad functional role under both constitutive conditions and in the pathophysiology of a number of acute and chronic diseases. With the development of several pharmacological, immunological and genetic tools to study CXCR2 function, an important role for this CXC chemokine receptor subtype has been identified in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and fibrotic pulmonary disorders. Interference with CXCR2 receptor function has demonstrated different effects in the lungs including inhibition of pulmonary damage induced by neutrophils (PMNs), antigen or irritant-induced goblet cell hyperplasia and angiogenesis/collagen deposition caused by lung injury. Many of these features are common to inflammatory and fibrotic disorders of the lung. Clinical trials evaluating small molecule CXCR2 antagonists in COPD, asthma and cystic fibrosis are currently underway. These studies hold considerable promise for identifying novel and efficacious treatments of pulmonary disorders.
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Synthesis of substituted [1,3]thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridines and [1,3]thiazolo[4,5-d][1,2,3]triazines. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Walters I, Austin C, Austin R, Bonnert R, Cage P, Christie M, Ebden M, Gardiner S, Grahames C, Hill S, Hunt F, Jewell R, Lewis S, Martin I, Nicholls D, Robinson D. Evaluation of a series of bicyclic CXCR2 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:798-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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