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Romero-Hernández LL, Ahuja-Casarín AI, Merino-Montiel P, Montiel-Smith S, Vega-Báez JL, Sandoval-Ramírez J. Syntheses and medicinal chemistry of spiro heterocyclic steroids. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1713-1745. [PMID: 39076294 PMCID: PMC11285062 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that incorporating a heterocyclic moiety into a steroid can alter its pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties, driving intense interest in the synthesis of such hybrids among research groups. In this review, we present an overview of recent synthetic methodologies, spanning the period from 2000 to 2023, for the preparation of spiro heterocyclic steroids. The compounds surveyed encompass four-, five-, six-, and seven-membered heterocycles appended to various positions of steroidal backbones, with spirocycles containing oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms being predominant. The outlined synthetic procedures emphasize the pivotal steps for constructing the heterocycles, often accompanied by a detailed account of the overall synthesis pathway. The review encompasses innovative compounds, including bis-steroids linked by a spiro heterocycle and steroids conjugated to heterocyclic moieties containing three or more (hetero)cycles. Moreover, many compounds are accompanied by data on their biological activities, such as antiproliferative, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antifungal, steroid antagonist, and enzyme inhibition, among others, aimed at furnishing pertinent insights for the future design of more potent and selective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Romero-Hernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, 72570, Puebla, Pue., México
| | - Ana Isabel Ahuja-Casarín
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, 72570, Puebla, Pue., México
| | - Penélope Merino-Montiel
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, 72570, Puebla, Pue., México
| | - Sara Montiel-Smith
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, 72570, Puebla, Pue., México
| | - José Luis Vega-Báez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, 72570, Puebla, Pue., México
| | - Jesús Sandoval-Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, 72570, Puebla, Pue., México
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Rathi K, Shukla M, Hassam M, Shrivastava R, Rawat V, Prakash Verma V. Recent advances in the synthesis and antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107043. [PMID: 38134523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The increasing resistance of various malarial parasite strains to drugs has made the production of a new, rapid-acting, and efficient antimalarial drug more necessary, as the demand for such drugs is growing rapidly. As a major global health concern, various methods have been implemented to address the problem of drug resistance, including the hybrid drug concept, combination therapy, the development of analogues of existing medicines, and the use of drug resistance reversal agents. Artemisinin and its derivatives are currently used against multidrug- resistant P. falciparum species. However, due to its natural origin, its use has been limited by its scarcity in natural resources. As a result, finding a substitute becomes more crucial, and the peroxide group in artemisinin, responsible for the drugs biological action in the form of 1,2,4-trioxane, may hold the key to resolving this issue. The literature suggests that 1,2,4-trioxanes have the potential to become an alternative to current malaria drugs, as highlighted in this review. This is why 1,2,4-trioxanes and their derivatives have been synthesized on a large scale worldwide, as they have shown promising antimalarial activity in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium species. Consequently, the search for a more convenient, environment friendly, sustainable, efficient, and effective synthetic pathway for the synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxanes continues. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the synthesis and mechanism of action of 1,2,4-trioxanes. This systematic review highlights the most recent summaries of derivatives of 1,2,4-trioxane compounds and dimers with potential antimalarial activity from January 1988 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Rahul Shrivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur (Rajasthan), VPO- Dehmi-Kalan, Off Jaipur-Ajmer Express Way, Jaipur, Rajasthan 30300, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali Newai 304022, Rajasthan, India.
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Shukla M, Rathi K, Hassam M, Yadav DK, Karnatak M, Rawat V, Verma VP. An overview on the antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:66-137. [PMID: 37222435 DOI: 10.1002/med.21979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The demand for novel, fast-acting, and effective antimalarial medications is increasing exponentially. Multidrug resistant forms of malarial parasites, which are rapidly spreading, pose a serious threat to global health. Drug resistance has been addressed using a variety of strategies, such as targeted therapies, the hybrid drug idea, the development of advanced analogues of pre-existing drugs, and the hybrid model of resistant strains control mechanisms. Additionally, the demand for discovering new potent drugs grows due to the prolonged life cycle of conventional therapy brought on by the emergence of resistant strains and ongoing changes in existing therapies. The 1,2,4-trioxane ring system in artemisinin (ART) is the most significant endoperoxide structural scaffold and is thought to be the key pharmacophoric moiety required for the pharmacodynamic potential of endoperoxide-based antimalarials. Several derivatives of artemisinin have also been found as potential treatments for multidrug-resistant strain in this area. Many 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes derivatives have been synthesised as a result, and many of these have shown promise antimalarial activity both in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium parasites. As a consequence, efforts to develop a functionally straight-forward, less expensive, and vastly more effective synthetic pathway to trioxanes continue. This study aims to give a thorough examination of the biological properties and mode of action of endoperoxide compounds derived from 1,2,4-trioxane-based functional scaffolds. The present system of 1,2,4-trioxane, 1,2,4-trioxolane, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane compounds and dimers with potentially antimalarial activity will be highlighted in this systematic review (January 1963-December 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammad Hassam
- Department of Chemistry, Chemveda Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
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Zhang M, Han Y, Niu JL, Zhang ZH. A General and Practical Approach for the Synthesis of 1,2,4-Trioxanes Catalyzed by Silica-Ferric Chloride. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mo Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science; Hebei Normal University; Shijiazhuang 050024 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Han
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science; Hebei Normal University; Shijiazhuang 050024 People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Liang Niu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science; Hebei Normal University; Shijiazhuang 050024 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Hui Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science; Hebei Normal University; Shijiazhuang 050024 People's Republic of China
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Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of new artemisinin hybrid molecules against human leukemia cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:3357-3367. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Single Ascending Dose Safety and Pharmacokinetics of CDRI-97/78: First-in-Human Study of a Novel Antimalarial Drug. Malar Res Treat 2014; 2014:372521. [PMID: 24800100 PMCID: PMC3985299 DOI: 10.1155/2014/372521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. CDRI 97/78 has shown efficacy in animal models of falciparum malaria. The present study is the first in-human phase I trial in healthy volunteers. Methods. The study was conducted in 50 healthy volunteers in a single, ascending dose, randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind design. The dose ranges evaluated were from 80 mg to 700 mg. Volunteers were assessed for clinical, biochemical, haematological, radiographic, and electrocardiographic parameters for any adverse events in an in-house facility. After evaluation of safety study results, another cohort of 16 participants were administered a single oral dose of 200 mg of the drug and a detailed pharmacokinetic analysis was undertaken. Results. The compound was found to be well tolerated. MTD was not reached. The few adverse events noted were of grade 2 severity, not requiring intervention and not showing any dose response relationship. The laboratory and electrocardiographic parameters showed statistically significant differences, but all were within the predefined normal range. These parameters were not associated with symptoms/signs and hence regarded as clinically irrelevant. Mean values of T1/2, MRT, and AUC0−∞ of the active metabolite 97/63 were 11.85 ± 1.94 h, 13.77 ± 2.05 h, and 878.74 ± 133.15 ng·h/mL, respectively Conclusion. The novel 1,2,4 trioxane CDRI 97/78 is safe and will be an asset in malarial therapy if results are replicated in multiple dose studies and benefit is shown in confirmatory trials.
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Terent'ev AO, Borisov DA, Vil’ VA, Dembitsky VM. Synthesis of five- and six-membered cyclic organic peroxides: Key transformations into peroxide ring-retaining products. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:34-114. [PMID: 24454562 PMCID: PMC3896255 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review describes the current status of synthetic five and six-membered cyclic peroxides such as 1,2-dioxolanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes (ozonides), 1,2-dioxanes, 1,2-dioxenes, 1,2,4-trioxanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes. The literature from 2000 onwards is surveyed to provide an update on synthesis of cyclic peroxides. The indicated period of time is, on the whole, characterized by the development of new efficient and scale-up methods for the preparation of these cyclic compounds. It was shown that cyclic peroxides remain unchanged throughout the course of a wide range of fundamental organic reactions. Due to these properties, the molecular structures can be greatly modified to give peroxide ring-retaining products. The chemistry of cyclic peroxides has attracted considerable attention, because these compounds are used in medicine for the design of antimalarial, antihelminthic, and antitumor agents.
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Key Words
- 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes
- 1,2,4-trioxanes
- 1,2,4-trioxolanes
- 1,2-dioxanes
- 1,2-dioxenes
- 1,2-dioxolanes
- cyclic peroxides
- ozonides
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Borisov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vera A Vil’
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valery M Dembitsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Institute for Drug Research, P.O. Box 12065, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Sethi A, Bhatia A, Maurya A, Panday A, Bhatia G, Shrivastava A, Singh RP, Prakash R. Proficient synthesis of biologically active pregnane derivatives and its glycoside – Experimental and theoretical approach. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hao HD, Wittlin S, Wu Y. Potent Antimalarial 1,2,4-Trioxanes through Perhydrolysis of Epoxides. Chemistry 2013; 19:7605-19. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Singh C, Hassam M, Verma VP, Singh AS, Naikade NK, Puri SK, Maulik PR, Kant R. Bile Acid-Based 1,2,4-Trioxanes: Synthesis and Antimalarial Assessment. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10662-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301323k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Singh
- Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, ‡Division of Parasitology, and §Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Mohammad Hassam
- Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, ‡Division of Parasitology, and §Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, ‡Division of Parasitology, and §Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Ajit Shanker Singh
- Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, ‡Division of Parasitology, and §Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Niraj Krishna Naikade
- Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, ‡Division of Parasitology, and §Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Sunil K. Puri
- Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, ‡Division of Parasitology, and §Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Prakas R. Maulik
- Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, ‡Division of Parasitology, and §Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
| | - Ruchir Kant
- Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, ‡Division of Parasitology, and §Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226001, India
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9QJ, UK
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Synthesis and in vitro DMPK profiling of a 1,2-dioxolane-based library with activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5657-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Šegan S, Opsenica D, Šolaja B, Milojković-Opsenica D. Planar chromatography of cholic acid-derivedcis-transisomeric bis-steroidal tetraoxanes. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2009. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.22.2009.3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
The problem of endemic malaria continues unabated globally. Malaria affects 40 % of the global population, causing an estimated annual mortality of 1.5-2.7 million people. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 90 % of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa among infants under the age of five. While a vaccine against malaria continues to be elusive, chemotherapy remains the most viable alternative towards treatment of the disease. During last years, the situation has become urgent in many ways, but mainly because of the development of chloroquine-resistant (CQR) strains of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). The discovery that artemisinin (ART, 1), an active principle of Artemisia annua L., expresses a significant antimalarial activity, especially against CQR strains, opened new approaches for combating malaria. Since the early 1980s, hundreds of semi-synthetic and synthetic peroxides have been developed and tested for their antimalarial activity, the results of which were extensively reviewed. In addition, in therapeutic practice, there is no reported case of drug resistance to these antimalarial peroxides. This review summarizes recent achievements in the area of peroxide drug development for malaria chemotherapy.
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Martyn DC, Ramirez AP, Beattie MJ, Cortese JF, Patel V, Rush MA, Woerpel KA, Clardy J. Synthesis of spiro-1,2-dioxolanes and their activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6521-4. [PMID: 18993067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin-derived compounds play an integral role in current malaria chemotherapy. Given the virtual certainty of emerging resistance, we have investigated spiro-1,2-dioxolanes as an alternative scaffold. The endoperoxide functionality was generated by the SnCl(4)-mediated annulation of a bis-silylperoxide and an alkene. The first set of eight analogs gave EC(50) values of 50-150 nM against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and Dd2 strains, except for the carboxylic acid analog. A second series, synthesized by coupling a spiro-1,2-dioxolane carboxylic acid to four separate amines, afforded the most potent compound (EC(50) approximately 5 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Martyn
- Broad Institute Infectious Diseases Initiative, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Singh C, Pandey S, Kushwaha AK, Puri SK. New functionalized 1,2,4-trioxepanes: Synthesis and antimalarial activity against multi-drug resistant P. yoelii in mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5190-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ellis GL, Amewu R, Sabbani S, Stocks PA, Shone A, Stanford D, Gibbons P, Davies J, Vivas L, Charnaud S, Bongard E, Hall C, Rimmer K, Lozanom S, Jesús M, Gargallo D, Ward SA, O'Neill PM. Two-step synthesis of achiral dispiro-1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes with outstanding antimalarial activity, low toxicity, and high-stability profiles. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2170-7. [PMID: 18341274 DOI: 10.1021/jm701435h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, two-step synthesis of a range of dispiro-1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes with potent antimalarial activity both in vitro and in vivo has been achieved. These 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes have been proven to be superior to 1,2,4-trioxolanes in terms of stability and to be superior to trioxane analogues in terms of both stability and activity. Selected analogues have in vitro nanomolar antimalarial activity and good oral activity and are nontoxic in screens for both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The synthesis of a fluorescent 7-nitrobenza-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD) tagged tetraoxane probe and use of laser scanning confocal microscopy techniques have shown that tagged molecules accumulate selectively only in parasite infected erythrocytes and that intraparasitic formation of adducts could be inhibited by co-incubation with the iron chelator desferrioxamine (DFO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K
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