1
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Pereira G, Mittersteiner M, Bonacorso HG, Martins MAP, Zanatta N. Regiocontrolled Synthesis of 1-Substituted-3(5)-carboxyalkyl-1 H-pyrazoles Using Trichloromethyl Enones. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:17274-17287. [PMID: 37214703 PMCID: PMC10193424 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a regiocontrolled methodology to prepare 1-substituted-3(5)-carboxyalkyl-1H-pyrazoles using trichloromethyl enones as starting materials. It was found that the selectivity of the reaction depends on the nature of the hydrazine: when using arylhydrazine hydrochlorides, synthesis of the 1,3-regioisomer was achieved (22 examples, 37-97% yields), while the corresponding free hydrazine led exclusively to the 1,5-regioisomer (12 examples, 52-83% yields). The trichloromethyl group was used as a precursor for the carboxyalkyl moiety, furnishing a one-pot three-component regioselective protocol suitable for preparing both isomers at moderate to excellent yields. The selectivity of the reaction was investigated through NMR analyses and the structures of the products were unambiguously determined by SCXR analyses.
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2
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Vurucu B, Mert S, Koldaş S, Demirtaş İ, Kasımoğulları R. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrazole derivatives bearing sulfonamide scaffold as antiproliferative agents. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-022-02738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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3
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Zhou Q, Bao Y, Yan G. 2‐Bromo‐3,3,3‐Trifluoropropene: A Versatile Reagent for the Synthesis of Fluorinated Compounds. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- College of Jiyang Zhejiang A&F University Zhuji 311800 People's Republic of China
| | - Yining Bao
- College of Jiyang Zhejiang A&F University Zhuji 311800 People's Republic of China
| | - Guobing Yan
- College of Jiyang Zhejiang A&F University Zhuji 311800 People's Republic of China
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4
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Zhang C. Synthesis of trifluoromethyl or trifluoroacetyl substituted heterocyclic compounds from trifluoromethyl‐α,β‐ynones. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202100544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cai Zhang
- Department of Safety Supervision and Management Chongqing Vocational Institute of Safety Technology Chongqing People's Republic of China
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5
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Kumar A, Khan WA, Ahamad S, Mohanan K. Trifluorodiazoethane: A versatile building block to access trifluoromethylated heterocycles. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Kumar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
| | | | - Shakir Ahamad
- Department of Chemistry Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh India
| | - Kishor Mohanan
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad India
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6
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Hou QL, Tu HY, Yan XW, Zhang XG. Regioselective synthesis of 4-trifluoromethylpyrazoles from the cycloaddition of sulfonyl hydrazones with 2-chloro-2-trifluoromethylstyrenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Zeng H, Fang X, Yang Z, Zhu C, Jiang H. Regioselective Synthesis of 5-Trifluoromethylpyrazoles by [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Nitrile Imines and 2-Bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2810-2819. [PMID: 33423498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A general and practical method for the synthesis of 5-trifluoromethylpyrazoles is reported that occurs by the coupling of hydrazonyl chlorides with environmentally friendly and large-tonnage industrial feedstock 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (BTP). This exclusively regioselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition of nitrile imines and with BTP is catalyst-free and operationally simple and features mild conditions, high yields, gram-scalable, a broad substrate scope, and valuable functional group tolerance. Significantly, our method has been applied for the synthesis of the key intermediate of an active agonist of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaojie Fang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chuanle Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Mineral Salt Deep Utilization, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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8
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Nikolić AM, Živković F, Selaković Ž, Wipf P, Opsenica IM. One‐Pot Two‐Step Synthesis of Isochromene‐Fused CF
3
‐Substituted Pyrazoles. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Nikolić
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Belgrade PO Box 51, Studentski trg 16 11158 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Filip Živković
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Belgrade PO Box 51, Studentski trg 16 11158 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Života Selaković
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Belgrade PO Box 51, Studentski trg 16 11158 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue 15260 Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Igor M. Opsenica
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Belgrade PO Box 51, Studentski trg 16 11158 Belgrade Serbia
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9
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Wang H, Ning Y, Sun Y, Sivaguru P, Bi X. Cycloaddition of Trifluoroacetaldehyde N-Triftosylhydrazone (TFHZ-Tfs) with Alkynes for Synthesizing 3-Trifluoromethylpyrazoles. Org Lett 2020; 22:2012-2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yongquan Ning
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Paramasivam Sivaguru
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xihe Bi
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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10
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Zhu C, Zeng H, Liu C, Cai Y, Fang X, Jiang H. Regioselective Synthesis of 3-Trifluoromethylpyrazole by Coupling of Aldehydes, Sulfonyl Hydrazides, and 2-Bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene. Org Lett 2020; 22:809-813. [PMID: 31951135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A general and practical strategy for 3-trifluoromethylpyrazole synthesis is reported that occurs by the three-component coupling of environmentally friendly and large-tonnage industrial feedstock 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (BTP), aldehydes, and sulfonyl hydrazides. This highly regioselective three-component reaction is metal-free, catalyst-free, and operationally simple and features mild conditions, a broad substrate scope, high yields, and valuable functional group tolerance. Remarkably, the reactions could be performed on a 100 mmol scale and smoothly afforded the key intermediates for the synthesis of celecoxib, mavacoxib, SC-560, and AS-136A. Preliminary mechanism studies indicated that a 1,3-hydrogen atom transfer process was involved in this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanle Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Chi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Yingying Cai
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Fang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
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11
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Moraes PA, Lobo MM, Marangoni MA, Meyer AR, Frizzo CP, Bonacorso HG, Martins MAP, Zanatta N. Chemo- and regioselective reactions of 5-bromo enones/enaminones with pyrazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:2384-2392. [PMID: 30724957 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00234k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of 5-bromo enones with pyrazoles provided a series of unexpected N,O-aminal derivatives, through a 1,4-conjugated addition at the β-carbon of the 5-bromo enones instead of the expected nucleophilic substitution of the bromine. This reaction also furnished the 1,3-regioisomer of the pyrazole. A similar reaction of pyrazoles using 5-bromo enaminones furnished only N-alkylated pyrazoles-with high regioselectivity and at good yields-through nucleophilic substitution of the bromine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A Moraes
- Núcleo de Química de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, Brazil.
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12
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Utecht G, Fruziński A, Jasiński M. Polysubstituted 3-trifluoromethylpyrazoles: regioselective (3 + 2)-cycloaddition of trifluoroacetonitrile imines with enol ethers and functional group transformations. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:1252-1257. [PMID: 29392253 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob03126b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-catalysed addition of trifluoroacetonitrile imines to enol ethers provided fully regioselectively (3 + 2)-cycloadducts, which either spontaneously or via Brønsted acid-induced elimination of ROH molecules led to the formation of 3-trifluoromethylated pyrazoles. In the case of 2,3-dihydrofuran, the respective bicyclic intermediate was isolated and its structure was confirmed by X-ray analysis. Using the developed protocol the synthesis of a known antitumor compound SC-560 was performed in 45% yield. Subsequent functionalisations of selected 4-(ω-hydroxyalkyl)pyrazoles at C(5) through lithiation/addition, cross-coupling reactions or via intramolecular Pd-catalysed C-H arylations opened up an access to polysubstituted pyrazoles including unusual tricyclic systems comprising 7-membered rings (oxepane, thiepane and azepane) as the central unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Utecht
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland.
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13
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Jia F, Luo J, Zhang B. Using a traceless directing group for the silver-mediated synthesis of 3-trifluoromethylpyrazoles: a computational study on the mechanism and origins of regioselectivity. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo01051j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The silver-mediated one-pot synthesis of 3-trifluoromethylpyrazoles using a traceless directing group was investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyun Jia
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- North Sichuan Medical College
- Nanchong
- P. R. China
| | - Jiewei Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- North Sichuan Medical College
- Nanchong
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- North Sichuan Medical College
- Nanchong
- P. R. China
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14
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Li F, Wang J, Pei W, Li H, Zhang H, Song M, Guo L, Zhang A, Liu L. Direct [3+2]-cycloaddition of electron-deficient alkynes with CF3CHN2: Regioselective one-pot synthesis of 3-trifluoromethylpyrazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Zhang FG, Wei Y, Yi YP, Nie J, Ma JA. Regioselective Cycloaddition of Trifluorodiazoethane with Electron-Deficient Allenic Esters and Ketones: Access to CF3-Substituted Pyrazolines and Pyrazoles. Org Lett 2014; 16:3122-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol501249h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Guang Zhang
- Department of
Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (the Ministry
of Education), Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of
Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (the Ministry
of Education), Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ping Yi
- Department of
Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (the Ministry
of Education), Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of
Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (the Ministry
of Education), Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of
Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (the Ministry
of Education), Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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16
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Li F, Nie J, Sun L, Zheng Y, Ma JA. Silver-Mediated Cycloaddition of Alkynes with CF3CHN2: Highly Regioselective Synthesis of 3-Trifluoromethylpyrazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Li F, Nie J, Sun L, Zheng Y, Ma JA. Silver-mediated cycloaddition of alkynes with CF3CHN2: highly regioselective synthesis of 3-trifluoromethylpyrazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:6255-8. [PMID: 23616303 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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18
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Besandre R, Jaimes M, May JA. Indoles Synthesized from Amines via Copper Catalysis. Org Lett 2013; 15:1666-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol400444g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Besandre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 136 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Miguel Jaimes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 136 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Jeremy A. May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 136 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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19
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Bonacorso HG, Correa MS, Porte LM, Pittaluga EP, Zanatta N, Martins MA. New one-pot, efficient, and regioselective method for the synthesis of 3-Trifluoromethyl-1H-1-phenylpyrazoles and alkyl 3-carboxylate analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.07.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Lee YK, Player MR. Developments in factor Xa inhibitors for the treatment of thromboembolic disorders. Med Res Rev 2011; 31:202-83. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Pinto DJP, Smallheer JM, Cheney DL, Knabb RM, Wexler RR. Factor Xa Inhibitors: Next-Generation Antithrombotic Agents. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6243-74. [PMID: 20503967 DOI: 10.1021/jm100146h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald J. P. Pinto
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543
| | - Joanne M. Smallheer
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543
| | - Daniel L. Cheney
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543
| | - Robert M. Knabb
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543
| | - Ruth R. Wexler
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543
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22
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Abbas AA. Bis(enaminones): Key intermediates for novel α,ω-bis(pyrazolylphenoxy), bis(pyranylphenoxy), and bis(benzo[b]furanylphenoxy) alkanes. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Clapham KM, Batsanov AS, Bryce MR, Tarbit B. Trifluoromethyl-substituted pyridyl- and pyrazolylboronic acids and esters: synthesis and Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:2155-61. [DOI: 10.1039/b901024f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Smallheer JM, Wang S, Laws ML, Nakajima S, Hu Z, Han W, Jacobson I, Luettgen JM, Rossi KA, Rendina AR, Knabb RM, Wexler RR, Lam PY, Quan ML. Sulfonamidolactam inhibitors of coagulation factor Xa. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2428-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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