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Piniella D, Zafra F. Functional crosstalk of the glycine transporter GlyT1 and NMDA receptors. Neuropharmacology 2023; 232:109514. [PMID: 37003571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) constitute one of the main glutamate (Glu) targets in the central nervous system and are involved in synaptic plasticity, which is the molecular substrate of learning and memory. Hypofunction of NMDARs has been associated with schizophrenia, while overstimulation causes neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases or in stroke. The function of NMDARs requires coincidental binding of Glu along with other cellular signals such as neuronal depolarization, and the presence of other endogenous ligands that modulate their activity by allosterism. Among these allosteric modulators are zinc, protons and Gly, which is an obligatory co-agonist. These characteristics differentiate NMDARs from other receptors, and their structural bases have begun to be established in recent years. In this review we focus on the crosstalk between Glu and glycine (Gly), whose concentration in the NMDAR microenvironment is maintained by various Gly transporters that remove or release it into the medium in a regulated manner. The GlyT1 transporter is particularly involved in this task, and has become a target of great interest for the treatment of schizophrenia since its inhibition leads to an increase in synaptic Gly levels that enhances the activity of NMDARs. However, the only drug that has completed phase III clinical trials did not yield the expected results. Notwithstanding, there are additional drugs that continue to be investigated, and it is hoped that knowledge gained from the recently published 3D structure of GlyT1 may allow the rational design of more effective new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Piniella
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Facultad de Ciencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Francisco Zafra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Facultad de Ciencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
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2
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Shimkin KW, Gildner PG, Watson DA. Copper-Catalyzed Alkylation of Nitroalkanes with α-Bromonitriles: Synthesis of β-Cyanonitroalkanes. Org Lett 2016; 18:988-91. [PMID: 26866576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Copper catalysis now enables the efficient C-alkylation of nitroalkanes with α-bromonitriles. Using a simple and inexpensive catalyst, this process provides access to β-cyanonitroalkanes. The method is highly tolerant of various functional groups and substitution patterns. These functionally dense products serve as orthogonally masked 1,3-diamines, which can be revealed selectively for access to differentially substituted diamines. These products can also be exploited for the formation of complex cyanoalkenes and 5-aminoisoxazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk W Shimkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Peter G Gildner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Donald A Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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3
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Yamamoto S, Shibata T, Abe K, Oda K, Aoki T, Kawakita Y, Kawamoto H. Discovery of 3-Chloro-<i>N</i>-{(<i>S</i>)-[3-(1-ethyl-1<i>H</i>-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl][(2<i>S</i>)-piperidine-2-yl]methyl}-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide as a Potent Glycine Transporter 1 Inhibitor. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:1321-37. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kumi Abe
- Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Koji Oda
- Chemistry Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Takeshi Aoki
- Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Yasunori Kawakita
- Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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4
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Novel GlyT1 inhibitor chemotypes by scaffold hopping. Part 1: development of a potent and CNS penetrant [3.1.0]-based lead. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1067-70. [PMID: 24461352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This Letter describes the development and SAR of a novel series of GlyT1 inhibitors derived from a scaffold hopping approach that provided a robust intellectual property position, in lieu of a traditional, expensive HTS campaign. Members within this new [3.1.0]-based series displayed excellent GlyT1 potency, selectivity, free fraction, CNS penetration and efficacy in a preclinical model of schizophrenia (prepulse inhibition).
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5
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Novel GlyT1 inhibitor chemotypes by scaffold hopping. Part 2: development of a [3.3.0]-based series and other piperidine bioisosteres. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1062-6. [PMID: 24462664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This Letter describes the development and SAR of a novel series of GlyT1 inhibitors derived from a scaffold hopping approach, in lieu of an HTS campaign, which provided intellectual property position. Members within this new [3.3.0]-based series displayed excellent GlyT1 potency, selectivity, free fraction, and modest CNS penetration. Moreover, enantioselective GlyT1 inhibition was observed, within this novel series and a number of other piperidine bioisosteric cores.
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6
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GlyT-1 Inhibitors: From Hits to Clinical Candidates. SMALL MOLECULE THERAPEUTICS FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Abbavaram BRA, Reddyvari HR. Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Bifunctional Sulfonamide-Amide Derivatives. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2013.57.6.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Smout V, Peschiulli A, Verbeeck S, Mitchell EA, Herrebout W, Bultinck P, Vande Velde CML, Berthelot D, Meerpoel L, Maes BUW. Removal of the Pyridine Directing Group from α-Substituted N-(Pyridin-2-yl)piperidines Obtained via Directed Ru-Catalyzed sp3 C–H Functionalization. J Org Chem 2013; 78:9803-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401521y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Smout
- Organic
Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan
171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Aldo Peschiulli
- Organic
Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan
171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefan Verbeeck
- Organic
Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan
171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emily A. Mitchell
- Organic
Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan
171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wouter Herrebout
- Cryospectroscopy,
Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Bultinck
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan
281 S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe M. L. Vande Velde
- Advanced
Reactor Technology (X-ray Crystallography), Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Salesianenlaan 30, 2660 Hoboken, Belgium
| | - Didier Berthelot
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Lieven Meerpoel
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Organic
Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan
171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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9
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Stepan AF, Mascitti V, Beaumont K, Kalgutkar AS. Metabolism-guided drug design. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20317k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Orr STM, Ripp SL, Ballard TE, Henderson JL, Scott DO, Obach RS, Sun H, Kalgutkar AS. Mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) of cytochrome P450 enzymes: structure-activity relationships and discovery strategies to mitigate drug-drug interaction risks. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4896-933. [PMID: 22409598 DOI: 10.1021/jm300065h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suvi T M Orr
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Hamill TG, Eng W, Jennings A, Lewis R, Thomas S, Wood S, Street L, Wisnoski D, Wolkenberg S, Lindsley C, Sanabria-Bohórquez SM, Patel S, Riffel K, Ryan C, Cook J, Sur C, Burns HD, Hargreaves R. The synthesis and preclinical evaluation in rhesus monkey of [¹⁸F]MK-6577 and [¹¹C]CMPyPB glycine transporter 1 positron emission tomography radiotracers. Synapse 2011; 65:261-70. [PMID: 20687108 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two positron emission tomography radiotracers for the glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) are reported here. Each radiotracer is a propylsulfonamide-containing benzamide and was labeled with either carbon-11 or fluorine-18. [¹¹C]CMPyPB was synthesized by the alkylation of a 3-hydroxypyridine precursor using [¹¹C]MeI, and [¹⁸F]MK-6577 was synthesized by a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction using a 2-chloropyridine precursor. Each tracer shows good uptake into rhesus monkey brain with the expected distribution of highest uptake in the pons, thalamus, and cerebellum and lower uptake in the striatum and gray matter of the frontal cortex. In vivo blockade and chase studies of [¹⁸F]MK-6577 showed a large specific signal and reversible binding. In vitro autoradiographic studies with [¹⁸F]MK-6577 showed a large specific signal in both rhesus monkey and human brain slices and a distribution consistent with the in vivo results and those reported in the literature. In vivo metabolism studies in rhesus monkeys demonstrated that only more-polar metabolites are formed for each tracer. Of these two tracers, [¹⁸F]MK-6577 was more extensively characterized and is a promising clinical positron emission tomography tracer for imaging GlyT1 and for measuring GlyT1 occupancy of therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence G Hamill
- Discovery Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA.
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Cleva RM, Gass JT, Widholm JJ, Olive MF. Glutamatergic targets for enhancing extinction learning in drug addiction. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 8:394-408. [PMID: 21629446 PMCID: PMC3080595 DOI: 10.2174/157015910793358169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of the motivational salience of drug-related environmental cues and contexts is one of the most problematic obstacles to successful treatment of drug addiction. Behavioral approaches to extinguishing the salience of drug-associated cues, such as cue exposure therapy, have generally produced disappointing results which have been attributed to, among other things, the context specificity of extinction and inadequate consolidation of extinction learning. Extinction of any behavior or conditioned response is a process of new and active learning, and increasing evidence suggests that glutamatergic neurotransmission, a key component of the neural plasticity that underlies normal learning and memory, is also involved in extinction learning. This review will summarize findings from both animal and human studies that suggest that pharmacological enhancement of glutamatergic neurotransmission facilitates extinction learning in the context of drug addiction. Pharmacological agents that have shown potential efficacy include NMDA partial agonists, mGluR5 receptor positive allosteric modulators, inhibitors of the GlyT1 glycine transporter, AMPA receptor potentiators, and activators of the cystine-glutamate exchanger. These classes of cognition-enhancing compounds could potentially serve as novel pharmacological adjuncts to cue exposure therapy to increase success rates in attenuating cue-induced drug craving and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Cleva
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
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Cioffi CL, Liu S, Wolf MA. Recent Developments in Glycine Transporter-1 Inhibitors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(10)45002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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14
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Optimisation of a series of potent, selective and orally bioavailable GlyT1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2235-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Wolkenberg SE, Zhao Z, Wisnoski DD, Leister WH, O’Brien J, Lemaire W, Williams DL, Jacobson MA, Sur C, Kinney GG, Pettibone DJ, Tiller PR, Smith S, Gibson C, Ma BK, Polsky-Fisher SL, Lindsley CW, Hartman GD. Discovery of GlyT1 inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1492-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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