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Emadi R, Bahrami Nekoo A, Molaverdi F, Khorsandi Z, Sheibani R, Sadeghi-Aliabadi H. Applications of palladium-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling reactions in pharmaceutical compounds. RSC Adv 2023; 13:18715-18733. [PMID: 37346956 PMCID: PMC10280806 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07412e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
C-N cross-coupling bond formation reactions have become valuable approaches to synthesizing anilines and their derivatives, known as important chemical compounds. Recent developments in this field have focused on versatile catalysts, simple operation methods, and green reaction conditions. This review article presents an overview of C-N cross-coupling reactions in pharmaceutical compound synthesis reports. Selected examples of N-arylation reactions of various nitrogen-based compounds and aryl halides are defined for preparing pharmaceutical molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Emadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry & Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Abbas Bahrami Nekoo
- Nanoalvand Pharmaceutical Company, Department of Quality Control, Unit of Raw Materials Simindasht Alborz Iran
| | - Fatemeh Molaverdi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, Tehran University Tehran Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Zahra Khorsandi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan 81746-73461 Iran
| | - Reza Sheibani
- Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus University St., Nahiyeh san'ati Mahshahr Khouzestan Iran
| | - Hojjat Sadeghi-Aliabadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan 81746-73461 Iran
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2
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Goel D, Vohora D. Liver X receptors and skeleton: Current state-of-knowledge. Bone 2021; 144:115807. [PMID: 33333244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXR) is a nuclear receptor that acts as a prominent regulator of lipid homeostasis and inflammatory response. Its therapeutic effectiveness against various diseases like Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis has been investigated in detail. Emerging pieces of evidence now reveal that LXR is also a crucial modulator of bone remodeling. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pharmacological actions of LXR on the skeleton and its role in osteoporosis are poorly understood. Therefore, in the current review, we highlight LXR and its actions through different molecular pathways modulating skeletal homeostasis. The studies described in this review propound that LXR in association with estrogen, PTH, PPARγ, RXR hedgehog, and canonical Wnt signaling regulates osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. It regulates RANKL-induced expression of c-Fos, NFATc1, and NF-κB involved in osteoclast differentiation. Additionally, several studies suggest suppression of RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by synthetic LXR ligands. Given the significance of modulation of LXR in various physiological and pathological settings, our findings indicate that therapeutic targeting of LXR might potentially prevent or treat osteoporosis and improve bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Goel
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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3
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Begunov RS, Fakhrutdinov AN, Sokolov AA. Recyclization‐Isomerization in the Reduction of 1‐(2‐Nitro(het)aryl)benzimidazoles. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman S. Begunov
- Department of ChemistryP. G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University 14 ul.Sovetskaya Yaroslavl 150003 Russian Federation
| | - Artyom N. Fakhrutdinov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences 47 LeninskyProsp. Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr A. Sokolov
- Department of ChemistryP. G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University 14 ul.Sovetskaya Yaroslavl 150003 Russian Federation
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4
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Zhang Y, Takale BS, Gallou F, Reilly J, Lipshutz BH. Sustainable ppm level palladium-catalyzed aminations in nanoreactors under mild, aqueous conditions. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10556-10561. [PMID: 32110341 PMCID: PMC7020654 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03710a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A 1 : 1 Pd : ligand complex, [t-BuXPhos(Pd-π-cinnamyl)]OTf, has been identified as a highly robust pre-catalyst for amination reactions leading to diarylamines, where loadings of metal are typically at 1000 ppm Pd, run in water at temperatures between rt and 45 °C. The protocol is exceptionally simple, is readily scaled, and compares very favorably vs. traditional amination conditions. It has also been shown to successfully lead to key intermediates associated with several physiologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , CA 93106 , USA .
| | - Balaram S Takale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , CA 93106 , USA .
| | | | - John Reilly
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR) , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Bruce H Lipshutz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , CA 93106 , USA .
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5
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Ranking strategies to support toxicity prediction: A case study on potential LXR binders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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6
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An efficient NaHSO3-promoted protocol for chemoselective synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazoles in water. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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7
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Abstract
![]()
Pd-catalyzed
cross-coupling reactions that form C–N bonds
have become useful methods to synthesize anilines and aniline derivatives,
an important class of compounds throughout chemical research. A key
factor in the widespread adoption of these methods has been the continued
development of reliable and versatile catalysts that function under
operationally simple, user-friendly conditions. This review provides
an overview of Pd-catalyzed N-arylation reactions found in both basic
and applied chemical research from 2008 to the present. Selected examples
of C–N cross-coupling reactions between nine classes of nitrogen-based
coupling partners and (pseudo)aryl halides are described for the synthesis
of heterocycles, medicinally relevant compounds, natural products,
organic materials, and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ruiz-Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Smitha G, Sreekumar K. Highly functionalized heterogeneous dendrigraft catalysts with peripheral copper moieties for the facile synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazoles and 2,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra28046j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly functionalized heterogeneous copper loaded dendrigraft amidoamine catalyst for the synthesis of 2-substituted and 2,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Smitha
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Cochin University of Science and Technoogy
- Kochi-22
- India
| | - K. Sreekumar
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Cochin University of Science and Technoogy
- Kochi-22
- India
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9
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Mirallai SI, Koutentis PA. The Conversion of 4-Anilinoquinazoline- and 3-Aryl-4-imino-3,4-dihydro-quinazoline-2-carbonitriles into Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline-6-carbonitriles via Oxidative and Nonoxidative C-N Couplings. J Org Chem 2015; 80:8329-40. [PMID: 26252396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline-6-carbonitriles are prepared in high yields via three new routes: (1) a Cu(OTf)2 (0-5 mol %) catalyzed hypervalent iodine [PhI(OTf)2] mediated oxidative coupling of 4-anilinoquinazoline-2-carbonitriles in neat trifluoroacetic acid (TFA); (2) a Pd(OAc)2 (10 mol %) or CuI (10 mol %) mediated nonoxidative coupling of 4-(2-bromoanilino)quinazoline-2-carbonitrile; and (3) a nonoxidative Pd(Ar3P)3 [Ar = 3,5-(F3C)2C6H3] [aka Superstable Pd(0) Catalyst] (10 mol %) mediated intramolecular C-N cyclization of 3-(2-bromophenyl)-4-imino-3,4-dihydroquinazoline-2-carbonitriles. All new compounds are fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliana I Mirallai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
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10
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Lim RKV, Yu S, Cheng B, Li S, Kim NJ, Cao Y, Chi V, Kim JY, Chatterjee AK, Schultz PG, Tremblay MS, Kazane SA. Targeted Delivery of LXR Agonist Using a Site-Specific Antibody-Drug Conjugate. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2216-22. [PMID: 25945727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptor (LXR) agonists have been explored as potential treatments for atherosclerosis and other diseases based on their ability to induce reverse cholesterol transport and suppress inflammation. However, this therapeutic potential has been hindered by on-target adverse effects in the liver mediated by excessive lipogenesis. Herein, we report a novel site-specific antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that selectively delivers a LXR agonist to monocytes/macrophages while sparing hepatocytes. The unnatural amino acid para-acetylphenylalanine (pAcF) was site-specifically incorporated into anti-CD11a IgG, which binds the α-chain component of the lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) expressed on nearly all monocytes and macrophages. An aminooxy-modified LXR agonist was conjugated to anti-CD11a IgG through a stable, cathepsin B cleavable oxime linkage to afford a chemically defined ADC. The anti-CD11a IgG-LXR agonist ADC induced LXR activation specifically in human THP-1 monocyte/macrophage cells in vitro (EC50-27 nM), but had no significant effect in hepatocytes, indicating that payload delivery is CD11a-mediated. Moreover, the ADC exhibited higher-fold activation compared to a conventional synthetic LXR agonist T0901317 (Tularik) (3-fold). This novel ADC represents a fundamentally different strategy that uses tissue targeting to overcome the limitations of LXR agonists for potential use in treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyna K V Lim
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr) , 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Shan Yu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr) , 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bo Cheng
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr) , 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sijia Li
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr) , 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nam-Jung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Victor Chi
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr) , 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ji Young Kim
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr) , 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Arnab K Chatterjee
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr) , 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peter G Schultz
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr) , 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.,Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Matthew S Tremblay
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr) , 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Stephanie A Kazane
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr) , 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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11
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Li Y, Wang L, Liu Z, Li C, Xu J, Gu Q, Xu J. Predicting selective liver X receptor β agonists using multiple machine learning methods. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1241-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00718b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The classification models for predicting selective LXRβ agonists were firstly established using multiple machine learning methods. The top models can predict selective LXRβ agonists with chemical structure diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Li
- Research Center for Drug Discovery & Institute of Human Virology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery & Institute of Human Virology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Chanjuan Li
- Research Center for Drug Discovery & Institute of Human Virology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research
- School of Surgery
- The University of Western Australia
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Qiong Gu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery & Institute of Human Virology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Jun Xu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery & Institute of Human Virology
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
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12
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Marri MR, Peraka S, Macharla AK, Mameda N, Kodumuri S, Nama N. Catalyst-free one-pot synthesis of benzimidazoles from 1,2-diaminoarenes and alcohols. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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Tice CM, Noto PB, Fan KY, Zhuang L, Lala DS, Singh SB. The Medicinal Chemistry of Liver X Receptor (LXR) Modulators. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7182-205. [PMID: 24832115 DOI: 10.1021/jm500442z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin M. Tice
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Paul B. Noto
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Kristi Yi Fan
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Linghang Zhuang
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Deepak S. Lala
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
| | - Suresh B. Singh
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, United States
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14
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Loren J, Huang Z, Laffitte BA, Molteni V. Liver X receptor modulators: a review of recently patented compounds (2009 - 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1317-35. [PMID: 23826715 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.814640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of small molecule agonists of the liver X receptors (LXRs) has been an area of interest for over a decade, given the critical role of those receptors in cholesterol metabolism, glucose homeostasis, inflammation, innate immunity and lipogenesis. Many potential indications have been characterized over time including atherosclerosis, diabetes, inflammation, Alzheimer's disease and cancer. However, concerns about the lipogenic effects of full LXRα/β agonists have required extensive efforts aimed at identifying LXRβ agonist with limited activity on the LXRα receptor to increase the safety margins. AREAS COVERED This review includes a summary of the LXR agonists that have reached the clinic and summarizes the patent applications for LXR modulators from September 2009 to December 2012 with emphasis on chemical matters, biological data associated with selected analogs and therapeutic indications. EXPERT OPINION As LXR agonists have the potential to be useful for many indications, the scientific community, despite setbacks due to on-target side effects, has maintained interest and devised strategies to overcome safety hurdles. While a clinical proof of concept still remains elusive, the recent advancement of compounds into the clinic highlights that acceptable safety margins in preclinical species have been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Loren
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation , 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 , USA +001 858 332 4736 ;
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15
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Sadig JER, Foster R, Wakenhut F, Willis MC. Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Benzimidazoles and Quinazolinones from Common Precursors. J Org Chem 2012; 77:9473-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301805d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessie E. R. Sadig
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1
3TA, U.K
| | - Radleigh Foster
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1
3TA, U.K
| | - Florian Wakenhut
- Worldwide Medicinal
Chemistry, Pfizer, Sandwich, Kent CT13
9NJ, U.K
| | - Michael C. Willis
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1
3TA, U.K
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16
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Bansal Y, Silakari O. The therapeutic journey of benzimidazoles: a review. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6208-36. [PMID: 23031649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Presence of benzimidazole nucleus in numerous categories of therapeutic agents such as antimicrobials, antivirals, antiparasites, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, proton pump inhibitors, antihypertensives, anticoagulants, immunomodulators, hormone modulators, CNS stimulants as well as depressants, lipid level modulators, antidiabetics, etc. has made it an indispensable anchor for development of new therapeutic agents. Varied substitutents around the benzimidazole nucleus have provided a wide spectrum of biological activities. Importance of this nucleus in some activities like, Angiotensin I (AT(1)) receptor antagonism and proton-pump inhibition is reviewed separately in literature. Even some very short reviews on biological importance of this nucleus are also known in literature. However, owing to fast development of new drugs possessing benzimidazole nucleus many research reports are generated in short span of time. So, there is a need to couple the latest information with the earlier information to understand the current status of benzimidazole nucleus in medicinal chemistry research. In the present review, various derivatives of benzimidazole with different pharmacological activities are described on the basis of substitution pattern around the nucleus with an aim to help medicinal chemists for developing an SAR on benzimidazole derived compounds for each activity. This discussion will further help in the development of novel benzimidazole compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Bansal
- Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
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17
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Liubchak K, Tolmachev A, Nazarenko K. Synthesis of Imidazo[4,5-c]pyrazoles via Copper-Catalyzed Amidine Cyclization. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3365-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jo300176f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kostiantyn Liubchak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of NAS of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska str., Kyiv,
02094, Ukraine
| | - Andrey Tolmachev
- Research
and Development Center
for Chemistry and Biology, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 62 Volodymyrska str., Kyiv, 01033,
Ukraine
| | - Kostiantyn Nazarenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of NAS of Ukraine, 5 Murmanska str., Kyiv,
02094, Ukraine
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18
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Rauws TRM, Maes BUW. Transition metal-catalyzed N-arylations of amidines and guanidines. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:2463-97. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15236j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Van Baelen G, Kuijer S, Rýček L, Sergeyev S, Janssen E, de Kanter FJJ, Maes BUW, Ruijter E, Orru RVA. Synthesis of 4-Aminoquinazolines by Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Imidoylation of N-(2-Bromoaryl)amidines. Chemistry 2011; 17:15039-44. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Kim J, Kim J, Lee H, Lee BM, Kim BH. Indium-mediated one-pot benzimidazole synthesis from 2-nitroanilines or 1,2-dinitroarenes with orthoesters. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Zhao W, Gu Q, Wang L, Ge H, Li J, Xu J. Three-Dimensional Pharmacophore Modeling of Liver-X Receptor Agonists. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:2147-55. [DOI: 10.1021/ci100511v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Zhao
- Research Center for Drug Discovery and Institute of Human Virology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou, China 510006
| | - Qiong Gu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery and Institute of Human Virology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou, China 510006
| | - Ling Wang
- Research Center for Drug Discovery and Institute of Human Virology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou, China 510006
| | - Hu Ge
- Research Center for Drug Discovery and Institute of Human Virology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou, China 510006
| | - Jiabo, Li
- Accelrys, Inc., 10188 Telesis Ct # 100, San Diego, California 92121-4779, United States
| | - Jun Xu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery and Institute of Human Virology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle at University City, Guangzhou, China 510006
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22
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Yuan Y, Thomé I, Kim SH, Chen D, Beyer A, Bonnamour J, Zuidema E, Chang S, Bolm C. Dimethyl Sulfoxide/Potassium Hydroxide: A Superbase for the Transition Metal-Free Preparation of Cross-Coupling Products. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Li X, Yeh V, Molteni V. Liver X receptor modulators: a review of recently patented compounds (2007 - 2009). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:535-62. [PMID: 20302451 DOI: 10.1517/13543771003621269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Liver X receptors (LXRs) are ligand activated transcription factors involved in cholesterol metabolism, glucose homeostasis, inflammation and lipogenesis. With the important physiological role of LXRs in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), atherosclerosis is the best investigated therapeutic indication. While atherosclerosis is not yet clinically validated, Wyeth's LXRalpha/beta agonist LXR-623 indicated the key LXR target genes involved in RCT (ABCA1 and ABCG1) are upregulated in peripheral blood cells in a dose-dependent manner. While discontinued for CNS safety concerns, investigation of LXR-623 supports atherosclerosis as a clinical indication, and the possibility of identifying LXR agonists with profiles that avoid the strong lipogenic effects of full LXRalpha/beta agonists. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Patents for LXR agonists from late 2006 up to August 2009 with emphasis on chemical matters and relationship to earlier disclosures, the biological data associated with selected analogues and therapeutic indications. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN An overview of the majority of LXR scaffolds with representative structure activity relationships as well as the companies that are the chief players in the field. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The future application of LXR agonists depends upon the discovery of LXR agents without lipogenic effects. Limiting activation of LXRalpha is a popular strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Li
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Hu B, Unwalla RJ, Goljer I, Jetter JW, Quinet EM, Berrodin TJ, Basso MD, Feingold IB, Nilsson AG, Wilhelmsson A, Evans MJ, Wrobel JE. Identification of phenylsulfone-substituted quinoxaline (WYE-672) as a tissue selective liver X-receptor (LXR) agonist. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3296-304. [PMID: 20350005 DOI: 10.1021/jm100034x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of phenyl sulfone substituted quinoxaline were prepared and the lead compound 13 (WYE-672) was shown to be a tissue selective LXR Agonist. Compound 13 demonstrated partial agonism for LXRbeta in kidney HEK-293 cells but did not activate Gal4 LXRbeta fusion proteins in huh-7 liver cells. Although 13 showed potent binding affinity to LXRbeta (IC(50) = 53 nM), it had little binding affinity for LXRalpha (IC(50) > 1.0 microM) and did not recruit any coactivator/corepressor peptides in the LXRalpha multiplex assay. However, compound 13 showed good agonism in THP-1 cells with respect to increasing ABCA1 gene expression and good potency on cholesterol efflux in THP-1 foam cells. In an eight-week lesion study in LDLR -/- mice, compound 13 showed reduction of aortic arch lesion progression and no plasma or hepatic triglyceride increase. These results suggest quinoxaline 13 may have an improved biological profile for potential use as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihua Hu
- Chemical Sciences, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
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25
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3-(3-Aryloxyaryl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine sulfones as liver X receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:521-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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