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Riesco-Llach G, Planas M, Feliu L, Joule JA. 2(1 H)-Pyrazinones from acyclic building blocks: methods of synthesis and further derivatizations. RSC Adv 2023; 13:1162-1184. [PMID: 36686909 PMCID: PMC9811941 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07227k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazinones (2(1H)-pyrazinones) are found as components of a range of natural substances and are involved in the preparation of a great number of bioactive molecules. Synthesis of such compounds, and analogues, requires knowledge of the heterocyclic properties of pyrazinones and, in particular, methods for their ring construction. This review deals with the strategies that have been developed for the synthesis of pyrazinones from acyclic precursors, especially α-amino acid-derived units, from the first examples in 1905 up to the most recent in 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Riesco-Llach
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, Universitat de GironaMaria Aurèlia Capmany 69Girona17003Spain
| | - Marta Planas
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, Universitat de GironaMaria Aurèlia Capmany 69Girona17003Spain
| | - Lidia Feliu
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, Universitat de GironaMaria Aurèlia Capmany 69Girona17003Spain
| | - John A. Joule
- The School of Chemistry, The University of ManchesterManchester M13 9PLUK
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2
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Williamson DS, Smith GP, Mikkelsen GK, Jensen T, Acheson-Dossang P, Badolo L, Bedford ST, Chell V, Chen IJ, Dokurno P, Hentzer M, Newland S, Ray SC, Shaw T, Surgenor AE, Terry L, Wang Y, Christensen KV. Design and Synthesis of Pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidine-Derived Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Inhibitors Using a Checkpoint Kinase 1 (CHK1)-Derived Crystallographic Surrogate. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10312-10332. [PMID: 34184879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and mutants, such as G2019S, have potential utility in Parkinson's disease treatment. Fragment hit-derived pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines underwent optimization using X-ray structures of LRRK2 kinase domain surrogates, based on checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) and a CHK1 10-point mutant. (2R)-2-Methylpyrrolidin-1-yl derivative 18 (LRRK2 G2019S cKi 0.7 nM, LE 0.66) was identified, with increased potency consistent with an X-ray structure of 18/CHK1 10-pt. mutant showing the 2-methyl substituent proximal to Ala147 (Ala2016 in LRRK2). Further structure-guided elaboration of 18 gave the 2-[(1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino] derivative 32. Optimization of 32 afforded diastereomeric oxolan-3-yl derivatives 44 and 45, which demonstrated a favorable in vitro PK profile, although they displayed species disconnects in the in vivo PK profile, and a propensity for P-gp- and/or BCRP-mediated efflux in a mouse model. Compounds 44 and 45 demonstrated high potency and exquisite selectivity for LRRK2 and utility as chemical probes for the study of LRRK2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon T Bedford
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Victoria Chell
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - I-Jen Chen
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Pawel Dokurno
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | | | - Samantha Newland
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Stuart C Ray
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Terry Shaw
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Allan E Surgenor
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Lindsey Terry
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Yikang Wang
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
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An W, Choi SB, Kim N, Kwon NY, Ghosh P, Han SH, Mishra NK, Han S, Hong S, Kim IS. C2-Selective C–H Methylation of Heterocyclic N-Oxides with Sulfonium Ylides. Org Lett 2020; 22:9004-9009. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Won An
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Bin Choi
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Namhoon Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yeon Kwon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Prithwish Ghosh
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Han
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sangil Han
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - In Su Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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4
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Ghosh P, Kwon NY, Kim S, Han S, Lee SH, An W, Mishra NK, Han SB, Kim IS. C−H Methylation of Iminoamido Heterocycles with Sulfur Ylides**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prithwish Ghosh
- School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yeon Kwon
- School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Saegun Kim
- School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangil Han
- School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Hun Lee
- School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Won An
- School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Soo Bong Han
- Division of Bio & Drug Discovery Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Science and Technology Daejeon 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - In Su Kim
- School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
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5
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Ghosh P, Kwon NY, Kim S, Han S, Lee SH, An W, Mishra NK, Han SB, Kim IS. C−H Methylation of Iminoamido Heterocycles with Sulfur Ylides**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:191-196. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prithwish Ghosh
- School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yeon Kwon
- School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Saegun Kim
- School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangil Han
- School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Hun Lee
- School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Won An
- School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Soo Bong Han
- Division of Bio & Drug Discovery Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Daejeon 34114 Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Science and Technology Daejeon 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - In Su Kim
- School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Cumulative research over several decades has implicated the involvement of reactive metabolites in many idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs). Consequently, "avoidance" strategies have been inserted into drug discovery paradigms, which include the exclusion of structural alerts and possible termination of reactive metabolite-positive compounds. Several noteworthy examples where reactive metabolite-related liabilities have been resolved through structure-metabolism studies are presented herein. Considerable progress has also been made in addressing the limitations of the avoidance strategy and further refining the process of managing reactive metabolite issues in drug development. These efforts primarily stemmed from the observation that numerous drugs, which contain structural alerts and/or form reactive metabolites, are devoid of ADRs. The Perspective also dwells into an analysis of the structural alert/reactive metabolite concept with a discussion of risk mitigation tactics to support the progression of reactive metabolite-positive drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Shekhar MS, Venkatachalam T, Sharma CS, Pratap Singh H, Kalra S, Kumar N. Computational investigation of binding mechanism of substituted pyrazinones targeting corticotropin releasing factor-1 receptor deliberated for anti-depressant drug design. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:3226-3244. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1513379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Venkatachalam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Annai JKK Sampoorani Ammal College of Pharmacy, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chandra Shekhar Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bhupal Nobles’ College of Pharmacy, Bhupal Nobles’ University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hemendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bhupal Nobles’ College of Pharmacy, Bhupal Nobles’ University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sourav Kalra
- Centre for Human Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bhatinda, Punjab, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Geetanjali University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Zhou P, Chen G, Gao M, Wu J. Design, synthesis and evaluation of the osimertinib analogue (C-005) as potent EGFR inhibitor against NSCLC. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:6135-6145. [PMID: 30442506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Osimertinib has been approved as a first-line treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients whose tumor carries EGFR activation and / or resistant mutations. To mitigate Osimertinib's toxicity caused by AZ5104, the N-demethylation metabolite of Osimertinib, we designed and synthesized a series of Osimertinib analogs with different headpieces. In vitro and in vivo analysis rendered a potential clinical candidate C-005 which had pyrrolo-pyridine headpiece. Biochemically, C-005 and its main human hepatocyte metabolite showed over 30 fold selectivity of L858R/T790M mutant EGFR over WT EGFR. Such selectivity profile was retained at cellular level. In general, C-005 is 2-14 fold more selective than Osimertinib in a panel of WT EGFR cancer cell lines. Furthermore, C-005 demonstrated robust antitumor efficacy and good tolerability in NCI-H1975, PC-9 and HCC827 xenograft mouse models, making it a potential candidate for human test in clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Wuxi Shuangliang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province 214437, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Nanjing Galaxy Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210032, People's Republic of China
| | - Minqi Gao
- Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co., Ltd., Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province 214437, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaquan Wu
- Wuxi Shuangliang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province 214437, People's Republic of China; Wuxi Biortus Biosciences Co., Ltd., Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province 214437, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Baars H, Engel J, Mertens L, Meister D, Bolm C. The Reactivity of Difluorocarbene with Hydroxylamines: Synthesis of Carbamoyl Fluorides. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Ahuja VT, Hartz RA, Molski TF, Mattson GK, Lentz KA, Grace JE, Lodge NJ, Bronson JJ, Macor JE. Synthesis and evaluation of carbamate and aryl ether substituted pyrazinones as corticotropin releasing factor-1 (CRF1) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2184-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Zhang CP, Chen QY, Guo Y, Xiao JC, Gu YC. Difluoromethylation and trifluoromethylation reagents derived from tetrafluoroethane β-sultone: Synthesis, reactivity and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Meanwell NA. The Influence of Bioisosteres in Drug Design: Tactical Applications to Address Developability Problems. TACTICS IN CONTEMPORARY DRUG DESIGN 2014; 9. [PMCID: PMC7416817 DOI: 10.1007/7355_2013_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of bioisosteres in drug discovery is a well-established design concept that has demonstrated utility as an approach to solving a range of problems that affect candidate optimization, progression, and durability. In this chapter, the application of isosteric substitution is explored in a fashion that focuses on the development of practical solutions to problems that are encountered in typical optimization campaigns. The role of bioisosteres to affect intrinsic potency and selectivity, influence conformation, solve problems associated with drug developability, including P-glycoprotein recognition, modulating basicity, solubility, and lipophilicity, and to address issues associated with metabolism and toxicity is used as the underlying theme to capture a spectrum of creative applications of structural emulation in the design of drug candidates.
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Pharmacophore Modelling and 3D-QSAR Studies on N(3)-Phenylpyrazinones as Corticotropin-Releasing Factor 1 Receptor Antagonists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2012; 2012:452325. [PMID: 25984369 PMCID: PMC4423530 DOI: 10.1155/2012/452325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacophore modelling-based virtual screening of compound is a ligand-based approach and is useful when the 3D structure of target is not available but a few known active compounds are known. Pharmacophore mapping studies were undertaken for a set of 50 N(3)-phenylpyrazinones possessing Corticotropin-releasing Factor 1 (CRF 1) antagonistic activity. Six point pharmacophores with two hydrogen bond acceptors, one hydrogen bond donor, two hydrophobic regions, and one aromatic ring as pharmacophoric features were developed. Amongst them the pharmacophore hypothesis AADHHR.47 yielded a statistically significant 3D-QSAR model with 0.803 as R (2) value and was considered to be the best pharmacophore hypothesis. The developed pharmacophore model was externally validated by predicting the activity of test set molecules. The squared predictive correlation coefficient of 0.91 was observed between experimental and predicted activity values of test set molecules. The geometry and features of pharmacophore were expected to be useful for the design of selective CRF 1 receptor antagonists.
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Meanwell NA. Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2529-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1013693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1876] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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5-Arylamino-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-one CRF1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3579-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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