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Meanwell NA. The pyridazine heterocycle in molecular recognition and drug discovery. Med Chem Res 2023; 32:1-69. [PMID: 37362319 PMCID: PMC10015555 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The pyridazine ring is endowed with unique physicochemical properties, characterized by weak basicity, a high dipole moment that subtends π-π stacking interactions and robust, dual hydrogen-bonding capacity that can be of importance in drug-target interactions. These properties contribute to unique applications in molecular recognition while the inherent polarity, low cytochrome P450 inhibitory effects and potential to reduce interaction of a molecule with the cardiac hERG potassium channel add additional value in drug discovery and development. The recent approvals of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist relugolix (24) and the allosteric tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitor deucravacitinib (25) represent the first examples of FDA-approved drugs that incorporate a pyridazine ring. In this review, the properties of the pyridazine ring are summarized in comparison to the other azines and its potential in drug discovery is illustrated through vignettes that explore applications that take advantage of the inherent physicochemical properties as an approach to solving challenges associated with candidate optimization. Graphical Abstract
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Green Solvents for Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Dimethindene: A Forward-Looking Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217594. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethindene is a selective histamine H1 antagonist and is commercially available as a racemate. Upon analyzing the synthetic pathways currently available for the industrial preparation of dimethindene, we set up a sustainable approach for the synthesis of this drug, switching from petroleum-based volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to eco-friendly solvents, such as 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) and cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) belonging to classes 3 and 2, respectively. Beyond decreasing the environmental impact of the synthesis (E-factor: 24.1–54.9 with VOCs; 12.2–22.1 with 2-MeTHF or CPME), this switch also improved the overall yield of the process (from 10% with VOCs to 21–22% with 2-MeTHF or CPME) and remarkably simplified the manual operations, working under milder conditions. Typical metrics applied at the first and second pass, according to the CHEM21 metrics toolkit, were also calculated for the whole synthetic procedure of dimethindene, and the results were compared with those of the classical procedure.
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Kókai E, Halász J, Dancsó A, Nagy J, Simig G, Volk B. Study on the Alkylation Reactions of N(7)-Unsubstituted 1,3-Diazaoxindoles. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050846. [PMID: 28534864 PMCID: PMC6154441 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemistry of the 5,7-dihydro-6H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-6-one (1,3-diazaoxindole) compound family, possessing a drug-like scaffold, is unexplored. In this study, the alkylation reactions of N(7)-unsubstituted 5-isopropyl-1,3-diazaoxindoles bearing various substituents at the C(2) position have been investigated. The starting compounds were synthesized from the C(5)-unsubstituted parent compounds by condensation with acetone and subsequent catalytic reduction of the 5-isopropylidene moiety. Alkylation of the thus obtained 5-isopropyl derivatives with methyl iodide or benzyl bromide in the presence of a large excess of sodium hydroxide led to 5,7-disubstituted derivatives. Use of butyllithium as the base rendered alkylation in the C(5) position possible with reasonable selectivity, without affecting the N(7) atom. During the study on the alkylation reactions, some interesting by-products were also isolated and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Kókai
- Directorate of Drug Substance Development, Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., P.O. Box 100, 1475 Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, P.O. Box 91, 1521 Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Materials Technology, GAMF Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, Pallasz Athéné University, P.O. Box 700, 6001 Kecskemét, Hungary.
| | - Judit Halász
- Directorate of Drug Substance Development, Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., P.O. Box 100, 1475 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - András Dancsó
- Directorate of Drug Substance Development, Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., P.O. Box 100, 1475 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - József Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, P.O. Box 91, 1521 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gyula Simig
- Directorate of Drug Substance Development, Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., P.O. Box 100, 1475 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Balázs Volk
- Directorate of Drug Substance Development, Egis Pharmaceuticals Plc., P.O. Box 100, 1475 Budapest, Hungary.
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Yang Y, Li Y, Pan Y, Wang J, Lin F, Wang C, Zhang S, Yang L. Computational Analysis of Structure-Based Interactions for Novel H₁-Antihistamines. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010129. [PMID: 26797608 PMCID: PMC4730370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As a chronic disorder, insomnia affects approximately 10% of the population at some time during their lives, and its treatment is often challenging. Since the antagonists of the H₁ receptor, a protein prevalent in human central nervous system, have been proven as effective therapeutic agents for treating insomnia, the H₁ receptor is quite possibly a promising target for developing potent anti-insomnia drugs. For the purpose of understanding the structural actors affecting the antagonism potency, presently a theoretical research of molecular interactions between 129 molecules and the H₁ receptor is performed through three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) techniques. The ligand-based comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) model (Q² = 0.525, R²ncv = 0.891, R²pred = 0.807) has good quality for predicting the bioactivities of new chemicals. The cross-validated result suggests that the developed models have excellent internal and external predictability and consistency. The obtained contour maps were appraised for affinity trends for the investigated compounds, which provides significantly useful information in the rational drug design of novel anti-insomnia agents. Molecular docking was also performed to investigate the mode of interaction between the ligand and the active site of the receptor. Furthermore, as a supplementary tool to study the docking conformation of the antagonists in the H₁ receptor binding pocket, molecular dynamics simulation was also applied, providing insights into the changes in the structure. All of the models and the derived information would, we hope, be of help for developing novel potent histamine H₁ receptor antagonists, as well as exploring the H₁-antihistamines interaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Yanqiu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Jinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Feng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Ling Yang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Resource Discovery, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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Egi M, Shimizu K, Kamiya M, Ota Y, Akai S. Central-axial-central chirality transfer: asymmetric synthesis of highly substituted indenes bearing a stereogenic quaternary carbon center from optically active propargyl alcohols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 51:380-3. [PMID: 25407248 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08034c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetric synthesis of highly substituted indenes 3, bearing a quaternary stereogenic carbon center, has been developed via the central-axial-central chirality transfer from optically active propargyl alcohols 1. This transformation involves the addition/rearrangement of 1 and ynamides 2 to give tetra-substituted allenes 4 and further cyclization of 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Egi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
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Kramer C, Fuchs JE, Whitebread S, Gedeck P, Liedl KR. Matched Molecular Pair Analysis: Significance and the Impact of Experimental Uncertainty. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3786-802. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500317a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kramer
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, Center
for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julian E. Fuchs
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, Center
for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Steven Whitebread
- Preclinical
Safety Profiling, Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Gedeck
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 10 Biopolis Road, No. 05-01 Chromos, Singapore 138670, Singapore
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty for Chemistry and Pharmacy, Center
for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Chen HY, Chang SS, Chan YC, Chen CYC. Discovery of novel insomnia leads from screening traditional Chinese medicine database. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2013; 32:776-91. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2013.790849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Mesquida N, López-Pérez S, Dinarès I, Alcalde E. Synthetic approaches to multifunctional indenes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 7:1739-44. [PMID: 22238553 PMCID: PMC3252879 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of multifunctional indenes with at least two different functional groups has not yet been extensively explored. Among the plausible synthetic routes to 3,5-disubstituted indenes bearing two different functional groups, such as the [3-(aminoethyl)inden-5-yl)]amines, a reasonable pathway involves the (5-nitro-3-indenyl)acetamides as key intermediates. Although several multistep synthetic approaches can be applied to obtain these advanced intermediates, we describe herein their preparation by an aldol-type reaction between 5-nitroindan-1-ones and the lithium salt of N,N-disubstituted acetamides, followed immediately by dehydration with acid. This classical condensation process, which is neither simple nor trivial despite its apparent directness, permits an efficient entry to a variety of indene-based molecular modules, which could be adapted to a range of functionalized indanones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Mesquida
- Laboratori de Química Orgànica, Departament de Farmacologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Ravula SB, Yu J, Tran JA, Arellano M, Tucci FC, Moree WJ, Li BF, Petroski RE, Wen J, Malany S, Hoare SR, Madan A, Crowe PD, Beaton G. Lead optimization of 2-(piperidin-3-yl)-1H-benzimidazoles: Identification of 2-morpholin- and 2-thiomorpholin-2-yl-1H-benzimidazoles as selective and CNS penetrating H1-antihistamines for insomnia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:421-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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10
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Influence of pKa on the biotransformation of indene H1-antihistamines by CYP2D6. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:947-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Moree WJ, Li BF, Zamani-Kord S, Yu J, Coon T, Huang C, Marinkovic D, Tucci FC, Malany S, Bradbury MJ, Hernandez LM, Wen J, Wang H, Hoare SR, Petroski RE, Jalali K, Yang C, Sacaan A, Madan A, Crowe PD, Beaton G. Identification of a novel selective H1-antihistamine with optimized pharmacokinetic properties for clinical evaluation in the treatment of insomnia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5874-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Beaton G, Moree WJ. The expanding role of H1antihistamines: a patent survey of selective and dual activity compounds 2005 – 2010. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:1197-218. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2010.510516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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