1
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Sunil AA, Jose D, Karri SK, Pukhraj P, Varughese JK, Skaria T. Biomolecular interactions between the antibacterial ceftolozane and the human inflammatory disease target ADAM17: a drug repurposing study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37798935 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2263895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-17 (ADAM17), a metzincin, is proposed as a novel therapeutic strategy to suppress overproduction of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α in rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Existing ADAM17 inhibitors generate toxic metabolites in-vivo or haven't progressed in clinical trials. Previous studies suggest that ligands which bind to ADAM17 active site by interacting with the Zn ion and L-shaped hydrophobic S1'- and S3'-pockets and forming favorable hydrogen bonds could act as potential ADAM17 inhibitors. Here, we investigated whether the FDA-approved anti-bacterial drug ceftolozane, a cephalosporin containing aromatic groups and carboxyl groups as probable zinc binding groups (ZBGs), forms non-covalent interactions resulting in its binding in the active site of ADAM17. In this study, the density functional theory (DFT), molecular docking and molecular dynamics calculations with the catalytic chain of ADAM17 show that carboxyl group of ceftolozane acts as moderate ZBG, and its extended geometry forms hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions resulting in a binding affinity comparable to the co-crystallized known ADAM17 inhibitor. The favorable binding interactions identified here suggest the potential of ceftolozane to modulate ADAM17 activity in inflammatory diseases. ADAM17 cleaves and releases epidermal growth factor (EGF) ligands from the cell surface. The shed EGF ligands then bind to the EGF receptors to drive embryonic development. Therefore, our findings also suggest that use of ceftolozane during pregnancy may inhibit ADAM17-mediated shedding of EGF and thus increase the risk of birth defects in humans.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Anjoom Sunil
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, India
| | - Deepthi Jose
- Department of Chemistry, Providence Women's College, Calicut, India
| | - Sai Kumar Karri
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, India
| | - Pukhraj Pukhraj
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, India
| | | | - Tom Skaria
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, India
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2
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Kim J, Lee JK, Moon B, Lee A. Photocatalytic Alkyl Addition to Access Quaternary Alkynyl α-Amino Esters. Org Lett 2022; 24:8870-8874. [PMID: 36414400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A regioselective alkylation of β,γ-alkynyl-α-imino esters by visible-light photocatalysis has been developed. This method enables 1,2-addition of methyl, primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl radicals to the conjugated imines under mild conditions to produce a variety of quaternary alkynyl α-amino acid and cyclic amino acid motifs. Alkyl radicals are generated from alkyl bis(catecholato)silicates with an organic photocatalyst. This process is effective under an air atmosphere, providing operational benefits compared to conventional alkylation using organometallic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeong Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyun Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongjin Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Ansoo Lee
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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3
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Subbaiah MAM, Meanwell NA. Bioisosteres of the Phenyl Ring: Recent Strategic Applications in Lead Optimization and Drug Design. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14046-14128. [PMID: 34591488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The benzene moiety is the most prevalent ring system in marketed drugs, underscoring its historic popularity in drug design either as a pharmacophore or as a scaffold that projects pharmacophoric elements. However, introspective analyses of medicinal chemistry practices at the beginning of the 21st century highlighted the indiscriminate deployment of phenyl rings as an important contributor to the poor physicochemical properties of advanced molecules, which limited their prospects of being developed into effective drugs. This Perspective deliberates on the design and applications of bioisosteric replacements for a phenyl ring that have provided practical solutions to a range of developability problems frequently encountered in lead optimization campaigns. While the effect of phenyl ring replacements on compound properties is contextual in nature, bioisosteric substitution can lead to enhanced potency, solubility, and metabolic stability while reducing lipophilicity, plasma protein binding, phospholipidosis potential, and inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes and the hERG channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugaiah A M Subbaiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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Strategies to Target ADAM17 in Disease: From its Discovery to the iRhom Revolution. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040944. [PMID: 33579029 PMCID: PMC7916773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) has been the object of deep investigation. Since its discovery as the tumor necrosis factor convertase, it has been considered a major drug target, especially in the context of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Nevertheless, the development of drugs targeting ADAM17 has been harder than expected. This has generally been due to its multifunctionality, with over 80 different transmembrane proteins other than tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) being released by ADAM17, and its structural similarity to other metalloproteinases. This review provides an overview of the different roles of ADAM17 in disease and the effects of its ablation in a number of in vivo models of pathological conditions. Furthermore, here, we comprehensively encompass the approaches that have been developed to accomplish ADAM17 selective inhibition, from the newest non-zinc-binding ADAM17 synthetic inhibitors to the exploitation of iRhom2 to specifically target ADAM17 in immune cells.
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Hu Z, Fu L, Chen P, Cao W, Liu G. Enantioselective Intermolecular Aminoalkynylation of Styrenes via Copper-Catalyzed Radical Relay. Org Lett 2020; 23:129-134. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhoumi Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Liang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai−Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pinhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai−Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weiguo Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Innovative Drug Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai−Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Abstract
The use of an acetylene (ethynyl) group in medicinal chemistry coincides with the launch of the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 1959. Since then, the acetylene group has been broadly exploited in drug discovery and development. As a result, it has become recognized as a privileged structural feature for targeting a wide range of therapeutic target proteins, including MAO, tyrosine kinases, BACE1, steroid receptors, mGlu5 receptors, FFA1/GPR40, and HIV-1 RT. Furthermore, a terminal alkyne functionality is frequently introduced in chemical biology probes as a click handle to identify molecular targets and to assess target engagement. This Perspective is divided into three parts encompassing: (1) the physicochemical properties of the ethynyl group, (2) the advantages and disadvantages of the ethynyl group in medicinal chemistry, and (3) the impact of the ethynyl group on chemical biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaji T Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York 11439, United States
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Innocenti R, Lenci E, Baldini L, Faggi C, Menchi G, Trabocchi A. Copper-Catalyzed A3
-Coupling for the Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Proline-Derived Alkynyl-Substituted Peptidomimetic Scaffolds. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Innocenti
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
| | - Elena Lenci
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
| | - Lorenzo Baldini
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
| | - Cristina Faggi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
| | - Gloria Menchi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
| | - Andrea Trabocchi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”; University of Florence; Via della Lastruccia 13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Preclinical Development of Molecular Imaging (CISPIM); University of Florence; Viale Morgagni 85 50134 Florence Italy
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8
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Yerri J, Baati R. Sonogashira Reaction of Bromofluoropyridinaldoxime Nuclei: Convergent Synthesis of Functionalized 2- and 3-Fluoropyridine Scaffolds. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Yerri
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, ICPEES, UMR CNRS 7515; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Rachid Baati
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, ICPEES, UMR CNRS 7515; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
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9
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Mahasenan KV, Ding D, Gao M, Nguyen TT, Suckow MA, Schroeder VA, Wolter WR, Chang M, Mobashery S. In Search of Selectivity in Inhibition of ADAM10. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:708-713. [PMID: 30034605 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The metalloproteinase ADAM10 has been reported as an important target for drug discovery in several human diseases. In this vein, (6S,7S)-N-hydroxy-5-methyl-6-(4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carbonyl)-5-azaspiro[2.5]octane-7-carboxamide (compound 1) has been reported as a selective ADAM10 inhibitor. We synthesized this compound and document that it lacks both potency and selectivity in inhibition of ADAM10. This finding necessitated a structure-based computational analysis to investigate potency and selectivity of ADAM10 inhibition. The model that emerged indeed excluded compound 1 as an inhibitor for ADAM10, while suggesting another reported compound, (1R,3S,4S)-3-(hydroxycarbamoyl)-4-(4-phenylpiperidine-1-carbonyl)cyclohexyl pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (compound 2), as an ADAM10 selective inhibitor. Compound 2 was synthesized and its potency, and selectivity in inhibition of ADAM10 were documented with a panel of several related enzymes. Pharmacokinetic studies of compound 2 in mice documented that the compound crosses the blood-brain barrier and may be useful as a pharmacological agent or mechanistic tool to delineate the role of ADAM10 in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran V. Mahasenan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Derong Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Trung T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Mark A. Suckow
- Freimann Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Valerie A. Schroeder
- Freimann Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - William R. Wolter
- Freimann Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Mayland Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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10
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1-(aryl-aldehyde-oxime)uracil derivatives as a new class of thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 144:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Tong L, Kim SH, Chen L, Kosinski A, Shankar BB, Girijavallabhan V, Yang DY, Yu W, Zhou G, Shih NY, Chen S, Hu M, Lundell D, Niu X, Umland S, Kozlowski JA. Development of a prodrug of hydantoin based TACE inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3704-3708. [PMID: 28711352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our research on hydantoin based TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) inhibitors led to fused bi-heteroaryl hydantoin series that demonstrate sub-nanomolar potency (Ki) as well as excellent activity in human whole blood (hWBA). However, lead compound 2 posed some formulation challenges which prevented it for further development. A prodrug approach was investigated to address this issue. The pivalate prodrug 3 can be formulated as stable neutral form and demonstrated improved DMPK properties when compared with parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | - Seong Heon Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Aneta Kosinski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Bandarpalle B Shankar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Vinay Girijavallabhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - De-Yi Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Wensheng Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Guowei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Neng-Yang Shih
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Shiying Chen
- Department of PPDM, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Mengwei Hu
- Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Daniel Lundell
- Department of Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Xiaoda Niu
- Department of Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Shelby Umland
- Department of Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Joseph A Kozlowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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Konnert L, Lamaty F, Martinez J, Colacino E. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Hydantoins: The State of the Art of a Valuable Scaffold. Chem Rev 2017. [PMID: 28644621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The review highlights the hydantoin syntheses presented from the point of view of the preparation methods. Novel synthetic routes to various hydantoin structures, the advances brought to the classical methods in the aim of producing more sustainable and environmentally friendly procedures for the preparation of these biomolecules, and a critical comparison of the different synthetic approaches developed in the last twelve years are also described. The review is composed of 95 schemes, 8 figures and 528 references for the last 12 years and includes the description of the hydantoin-based marketed drugs and clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Konnert
- Université de Montpellier, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron UMR 5247 CNRS - Universités Montpellier - ENSCM , Place E. Bataillon, Campus Triolet, cc 1703, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- Université de Montpellier, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron UMR 5247 CNRS - Universités Montpellier - ENSCM , Place E. Bataillon, Campus Triolet, cc 1703, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Université de Montpellier, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron UMR 5247 CNRS - Universités Montpellier - ENSCM , Place E. Bataillon, Campus Triolet, cc 1703, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Evelina Colacino
- Université de Montpellier, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron UMR 5247 CNRS - Universités Montpellier - ENSCM , Place E. Bataillon, Campus Triolet, cc 1703, 34095 Montpellier, France
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Fused bi-heteroaryl substituted hydantoin compounds as TACE inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3037-3042. [PMID: 28558971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a series of hydantoin-derived TNF-a converting enzyme (TACE) inhibitors containing a pendant fused bi-heteroaryl group, which demonstrate sub-nanomolar potency (Ki), excellent activity in human whole blood assay, and improved DMPK profiles over prior series.
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14
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Grammatoglou K, Bolsakova J, Jirgensons A. C-Quaternary alkynyl glycinols via the Ritter reaction of cobalt complexed alkynyl glycols. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03965d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel approach to C-quaternary alkynyl glycinols based on the Ritter reaction of acetonitrile with cobalt complexed alkynyl glycols is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Bolsakova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Riga LV-1006
- Latvia
| | - A. Jirgensons
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis
- Riga LV-1006
- Latvia
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15
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aigars Jirgensons
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis; Aizkraukles 21 1006 Riga Latvia
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Murumkar PR, Giridhar R, Yadav MR. Novel methods and strategies in the discovery of TACE inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 8:157-81. [PMID: 23231541 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.744745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a key player in inflammation and joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). One treatment approach to exclude TNF-α from the biological system is by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), the enzyme responsible for the production of its active form. To date, a number of TACE inhibitors have been reported in the literature from various strategies and methods. AREAS COVERED The following article presents the design and development strategies for the discovery of novel TACE inhibitors which could be of therapeutic utility for the alleviation of inflammatory conditions. The review is based on literature of the subject from 2005 onward. EXPERT OPINION Discovery of a selective TACE inhibitor has remained a major goal for many academic and pharmaceutical industrial research laboratories for quite some time. Identification of selective TACE inhibitors has proved elusive until recently due to structural similarities between TACE and MMPs. The differences in the shape and size of the S1' pocket of TACE and MMPs could be exploited to design selective TACE inhibitors devoid of any MMP inhibitory activity in the near future. It would be a Herculean task to develop a specific TACE inhibitor for clinical treatment of RA because binding subsites of TACE and MMPs are quite similar. However, developments taking place currently in the field as well as in the application of molecular modeling techniques at a wider scale could yet provide clinically useful selective TACE inhibitors in the not too distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant R Murumkar
- The M.S. University of Baroda, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, Pharmacy Department, Kalabhavan, Vadodara-390 001, India
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