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Luo ML, Zhao Q, He XH, Xie X, Zhu HP, You FM, Peng C, Zhan G, Huang W. Research progress of indole-fused derivatives as allosteric modulators: Opportunities for drug development. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114574. [PMID: 36996677 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulation is a direct and effective method for regulating the function of biological macromolecules, which play vital roles in various cellular activities. Unlike orthosteric modulators, allosteric modulators bind to sites distant from the protein's orthosteric/active site and can have specific effects on the protein's function or activity without competing with endogenous ligands. Compared to traditional orthosteric modulators, allosteric modulators offer several advantages, including reduced side effects, greater specificity, and lower toxicity, making them a promising strategy for developing novel drugs. Indole-fused architectures are widely distributed in natural products and bioactive drug leads, displaying diverse biological activities that attract the interest of both chemists and biologists in drug discovery. Currently, an increasing number of indole-fused compounds have exhibited potent activities in allosteric modulation. In this review, we provide a brief summary of examples of allosteric modulators based on the indole-fused complex architecture, highlighting the strategies for drug design/discovery and the structure-activity relationships of allosteric modulators from the perspective of medicinal chemistry.
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Zhao Q, Chen BH, Li HP, Yu TT, Peng C, He XH, Huang W. Highly diastereoselective [3+3] cycloaddition of indolin-3-ones and nitroallylic acetates: Efficient access to polysubstituted dihydropyrano[3,2-b]indoles. Tetrahedron 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2023.133275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Wu D, Zheng X, Liu R, Li Z, Jiang Z, Zhou Q, Huang Y, Wu XN, Zhang C, Huang YY, Luo HB. Free energy perturbation (FEP)-guided scaffold hopping. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1351-1362. [PMID: 35530128 PMCID: PMC9072250 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffold hopping refers to computer-aided screening for active compounds with different structures against the same receptor to enrich privileged scaffolds, which is a topic of high interest in organic and medicinal chemistry. However, most approaches cannot efficiently predict the potency level of candidates after scaffold hopping. Herein, we identified potent PDE5 inhibitors with a novel scaffold via a free energy perturbation (FEP)-guided scaffold-hopping strategy, and FEP shows great advantages to precisely predict the theoretical binding potencies ΔG FEP between ligands and their target, which were more consistent with the experimental binding potencies ΔG EXP (the mean absolute deviations| Δ G FEP - Δ G EXP | < 2 kcal/mol) than those ΔG MM-PBSA or ΔG MM-GBSA predicted by the MM-PBSA or MM-GBSA method. Lead L12 had an IC50 of 8.7 nmol/L and exhibited a different binding pattern in its crystal structure with PDE5 from the famous starting drug tadalafil. Our work provides the first report via the FEP-guided scaffold hopping strategy for potent inhibitor discovery with a novel scaffold, implying that it will have a variety of future applications in rational molecular design and drug discovery.
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Key Words
- ABFE, absolute binding free energy
- BAR, Bennet acceptance ratio
- Binding potencies
- DCM, dichloromethane
- DMF, N,N-dimethylformamide
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- Drug discovery
- FEP, free energy perturbation
- Free energy perturbation
- GAFF, general AMBER force field
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- HRMS, High resolution mass spectra
- IC50, half-inhibitory concentration
- IPTG, isopropyl b-d-thiogalactopyranoside
- LV, left ventricle
- MAD, mean absolute deviations
- MD, molecular dynamics
- MM-GBSA, molecular mechanics/generalized born surface area
- Molecular design
- PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension
- PDB, protein data bank
- PDE, phosphodiesterase
- PDE5 inhibitors
- PDE5, phosphodiesterase-5
- PME, particle mesh Ewald
- Privileged scaffolds
- Pulmonary arterial hypertension
- RBFE, relative binding free energy
- RED, restraint energy distribution
- RESP, restrained electrostatic potential
- RV, right ventricle
- RVHI, right ventricle hypertrophy index
- SARs, structure–activity relationships
- Scaffold hopping
- THF, tetrahydrofuran
- TLC, thin-layer chromatography
- WT, wall thickness
- ip, intraperitoneal injection
- iv, intravenous administration
- mPAP, pulmonary artery pressure
- po, oral administration (per os)
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyan Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuehua Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Runduo Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yue Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xu-Nian Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi-You Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hai-Bin Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Wang M, Xiang Q, Si W, Song R, Yang D, Li M, Lv J. Bioinspired cyclization of in situ generated γ-indolyl β,γ-unsaturated α-keto esters via an oxidative enamine process: facile approaches to pyrano[2,3- b]indoles. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00996f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A bioinspired cyclization of in situ generated γ-indolyl β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters with an oxoammonium salt via an oxidative enamine process has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytic Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Qirui Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytic Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Wen Si
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytic Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Ran Song
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytic Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Daoshan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytic Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytic Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jian Lv
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytic Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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Zhou J, Wang B, He XH, Liu L, Wu J, Lu J, Peng C, Rao CL, Han B. Asymmetric Construction of 4H-Pyrano[3,2-b]indoles via Cinchonine-Catalyzed 1,4-Addition of 2-Ylideneoxindole with Malononitrile. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5450-5459. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Key laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Resource in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy and School of Public health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Biao Wang
- Key laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Resource in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy and School of Public health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Hong He
- Key laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Resource in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy and School of Public health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Key laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Resource in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy and School of Public health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wu
- Key laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Resource in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy and School of Public health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Jing Lu
- Key laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Resource in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy and School of Public health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Key laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Resource in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy and School of Public health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Chao-Long Rao
- Key laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Resource in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy and School of Public health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
| | - Bo Han
- Key laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Resource in Southwest China, School of Pharmacy and School of Public health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P. R. China
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Rizk OH, Shaaban OG, Abdel Wahab AE. Synthesis of Oxadiazolyl, Pyrazolyl and Thiazolyl Derivatives of Thiophene-2-Carboxamide as Antimicrobial and Anti-HCV Agents. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2017; 11:38-53. [PMID: 28553409 PMCID: PMC5427694 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501711010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Three series of pyrazole, thiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole, derivatives were synthesized starting from 5-amino-4-(hydrazinocarbonyl)-3-methylthiophene-2-carboxamide (2). Methods: All compounds were investigated for their preliminary antimicrobial activity. They were proved to exhibit remarkable antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with insignificant activity towards Gram positive bacterial strains and fungi. Results: In-vitro testing of the new compounds on hepatitis-C virus (HCV) replication in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 infected with the virus utilizing the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique (RT-PCR) generally showed inhibition of the replication of HCV RNA (–) strands at low concentration, while, eight compounds; 3a, 6, 7a, 7b, 9a, 9b, 10a and 11b proved to inhibit the replication of HCV RNA (+) and (–) strands at very low concentration range 0.08-0.36 μg/mL. Conclusion: Compounds 7b and 11b displayed the highest anti-HCV and antimicrobial activities in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola H Rizk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Analytical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Omaima G Shaaban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Analytical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abeer E Abdel Wahab
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), Mubarak City for Scientific Research and Technology Application, Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
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Xie H, Yang JX, Bora PP, Kang Q. Rh(II)-catalyzed intramolecular annulation of N-sulfonyl 1,2,3-triazoles with indole derivatives: a new method for synthesis pyranoindoles. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Harikishore A, Li E, Lee JJ, Cho NJ, Yoon HS. Combination of pharmacophore hypothesis and molecular docking to identify novel inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase. Mol Divers 2015; 19:529-39. [PMID: 25862642 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-015-9591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection or HCV-related liver diseases are now shown to cause more than 350,000 deaths every year. Adaptability of HCV genome to vary its composition and the existence of multiple strains makes it more difficult to combat the emergence of drug-resistant HCV infections. Among the HCV polyprotein which has both the structural and non-structural regions, the non-structural protein NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) mainly mediates the catalytic role of RNA replication in conjunction with its viral protein machinery as well as host chaperone proteins. Lack of such RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme in host had made it an attractive and hotly pursued target for drug discovery efforts. Recent drug discovery efforts targeting HCV RdRP have seen success with FDA approval for sofosbuvir as a direct-acting antiviral against HCV infection. However, variations in drug-binding sites induce drug resistance, and therefore targeting allosteric sites could delay the emergence of drug resistance. In this study, we focussed on allosteric thumb site II of the non-structural protein NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and developed a five-feature pharmacophore hypothesis/model which estimated the experimental activity with a strong correlation of 0.971 & 0.944 for training and test sets, respectively. Further, the Güner-Henry score of 0.6 suggests that the model was able to discern the active and inactive compounds and enrich the true positives during a database search. In this study, database search and molecular docking results supported by experimental HCV viral replication inhibition assays suggested ligands with best fitness to the pharmacophore model dock to the key residues involved in thumbs site II, which inhibited the HCV 1b viral replication in sub-micro-molar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaravadhi Harikishore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore,
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9
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Pourbasheer E, Aalizadeh R, Shokouhi Tabar S, Ganjali MR, Norouzi P, Shadmanesh J. 2D and 3D Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship Study of Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Polymerase Inhibitors by Comparative Molecular Field Analysis and Comparative Molecular Similarity Indices Analysis Methods. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:2902-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ci500216c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eslam Pourbasheer
- Department
of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), P. O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Samira Shokouhi Tabar
- Department
of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), P. O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center
of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 143981-7435, Tehran, Iran
- Biosensor
Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences
Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box,
14114-13137, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Norouzi
- Center
of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 143981-7435, Tehran, Iran
- Biosensor
Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences
Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box,
14114-13137, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Use of silica gel-supported aluminium chloride as reusable catalyst for expeditious synthesis of a novel series of 11-amino-12-aryl-hexahydro-5-oxa-6,13-diaza-indeno[1,2-b]anthracene derivatives. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-014-1768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Lazerwith SE, Lew W, Zhang J, Morganelli P, Liu Q, Canales E, Clarke MO, Doerffler E, Byun D, Mertzman M, Ye H, Chong L, Xu L, Appleby T, Chen X, Fenaux M, Hashash A, Leavitt SA, Mabery E, Matles M, Mwangi JW, Tian Y, Lee YJ, Zhang J, Zhu C, Murray BP, Watkins WJ. Discovery of GS-9669, a Thumb Site II Non-Nucleoside Inhibitor of NS5B for the Treatment of Genotype 1 Chronic Hepatitis C Infection. J Med Chem 2013; 57:1893-901. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401420j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E. Lazerwith
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Willard Lew
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jennifer Zhang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Philip Morganelli
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Qi Liu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Eda Canales
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Michael O. Clarke
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Edward Doerffler
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Daniel Byun
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Michael Mertzman
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Hong Ye
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Lee Chong
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Lianhong Xu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Todd Appleby
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Xiaowu Chen
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Martijn Fenaux
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Ahmad Hashash
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Stephanie A. Leavitt
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Eric Mabery
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Mike Matles
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Judy W. Mwangi
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Yang Tian
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Yu-Jen Lee
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Christine Zhu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bernard P. Murray
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - William J. Watkins
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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Structure modeling and docking study of HCV NS5B-3a RNA polymerase for the identification of potent inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Haudecoeur R, Peuchmaur M, Ahmed-Belkacem A, Pawlotsky JM, Boumendjel A. Structure-Activity Relationships in the Development of Allosteric Hepatitis C Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitors: Ten Years of Research. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:934-84. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Haudecoeur
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire; Université de Grenoble/CNRS; UMR 5063, BP 53; 38041; Grenoble Cedex 9; France
| | - Marine Peuchmaur
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire; Université de Grenoble/CNRS; UMR 5063, BP 53; 38041; Grenoble Cedex 9; France
| | | | | | - Ahcène Boumendjel
- Département de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire; Université de Grenoble/CNRS; UMR 5063, BP 53; 38041; Grenoble Cedex 9; France
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