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Wu X, Yang Z, Bu M, Duan J, Zhang A. Design, Synthesis and Bioactivity Evaluation of Heterocycle-Containing Mono- and Bisphosphonic Acid Compounds. Molecules 2023; 28:7509. [PMID: 38005231 PMCID: PMC10673511 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fosmidomycin (FOS) is a naturally occurring compound active against the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) enzyme in the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, and using it as a template for lead structure design is an effective strategy to develop new active compounds. In this work, by replacing the hydroxamate unit of FOS with pyrazole, isoxazole and the related heterocycles that also have metal ion binding affinity, while retaining the monophosphonic acid in FOS or replacing it with a bisphosphonic acid group, heterocycle-containing mono- and bisphosphonic acid compounds as FOS analogs were designed. The key steps involved in the facile synthesis of these FOS analogs included the Michael addition of diethyl vinylphosphonate or tetraethyl vinylidenebisphosphonate to β-dicarbonyl compounds and the subsequent cyclic condensation with hydrazine or hydroxylamine. Two additional isoxazolinone-bearing FOS analogs were synthesized via the Michaelis-Becker reaction with diethyl phosphite as a key step. The bioactivity evaluation on model plants demonstrated that several compounds have better herbicidal activities compared to FOS, with the most active compound showing a 3.7-fold inhibitory activity on Arabidopsis thaliana, while on the roots and stalks of Brassica napus L. and Echinochloa crus-galli in a pre-emergence inhibitory activity test, the activities of this compound were found to be 3.2- and 14.3-fold and 5.4- and 9.4-fold, respectively, and in a post-emergency activity test on Amaranthus retroflexus and Echinochloa crus-galli, 2.2- and 2.0-fold inhibition activities were displayed. Despite the significant herbicidal activity, this compound exhibited a DXR inhibitory activity lower than that of FOS but comparable to that of other non-hydroxamate DXR inhibitors, and the dimethylallyl pyrophosphate rescue assay gave no statistical significance, suggesting that a different target might be involved in the inhibiting process. This work demonstrates that using bioisosteric replacement can be considered as a valuable strategy to discover new FOS analogs that may have high herbicidal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiang Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (X.W.); (Z.Y.); (M.B.)
| | - Aidong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (X.W.); (Z.Y.); (M.B.)
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2
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The Multifaceted MEP Pathway: Towards New Therapeutic Perspectives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031403. [PMID: 36771066 PMCID: PMC9919496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprenoids, a diverse class of natural products, are present in all living organisms. Their two universal building blocks are synthesized via two independent pathways: the mevalonate pathway and the 2-C-methyl-ᴅ-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. The presence of the latter in pathogenic bacteria and its absence in humans make all its enzymes suitable targets for the development of novel antibacterial drugs. (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP), the last intermediate of this pathway, is a natural ligand for the human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and the most potent natural phosphoantigen known to date. Moreover, 5-hydroxypentane-2,3-dione, a metabolite produced by Escherichia coli 1-deoxy-ᴅ-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), the first enzyme of the MEP pathway, structurally resembles (S)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione, a signal molecule implied in bacterial cell communication. In this review, we shed light on the diversity of potential uses of the MEP pathway in antibacterial therapies, starting with an overview of the antibacterials developed for each of its enzymes. Then, we provide insight into HMBPP, its synthetic analogs, and their prodrugs. Finally, we discuss the potential contribution of the MEP pathway to quorum sensing mechanisms. The MEP pathway, providing simultaneously antibacterial drug targets and potent immunostimulants, coupled with its potential role in bacterial cell-cell communication, opens new therapeutic perspectives.
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3
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Over 40 Years of Fosmidomycin Drug Research: A Comprehensive Review and Future Opportunities. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121553. [PMID: 36559004 PMCID: PMC9782300 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the continued rise of multi-drug-resistant microorganisms, the development of novel drugs with new modes of action is urgently required. While humans biosynthesize the essential isoprenoid precursors isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) via the established mevalonate pathway, pathogenic protozoa and certain pathogenic eubacteria use the less well-known methylerythritol phosphate pathway for this purpose. Important pathogens using the MEP pathway are, for example, Plasmodium falciparum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The enzymes of that pathway are targets for antiinfective drugs that are exempt from target-related toxicity. 2C-Methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP), the second enzyme of the non-mevalonate pathway, has been established as the molecular target of fosmidomycin, an antibiotic that has so far failed to be approved as an anti-infective drug. This review describes the development and anti-infective properties of a wide range of fosmidomycin derivatives synthesized over the last four decades. Here we discuss the DXR inhibitor pharmacophore, which comprises a metal-binding group, a phosphate or phosphonate moiety and a connecting linker. Furthermore, non-fosmidomycin-based DXRi, bisubstrate inhibitors and several prodrug concepts are described. A comprehensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) of nearly all inhibitor types is presented and some novel opportunities for further drug development of DXR inhibitors are discussed.
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Non-hydroxamate inhibitors of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR): A critical review and future perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 213:113055. [PMID: 33303239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) catalyzes the second step of the non-mevalonate (or MEP) pathway that functions in several organisms and plants for the synthesis of isoprenoids. DXR is essential for the survival of multiple pathogenic bacteria/parasites, including those that cause tuberculosis and malaria in humans. DXR function is inhibited by fosmidomycin (1), a natural product, which forms a chelate with the active site divalent metal (Mg2+/Mn2+) through its hydroxamate metal-binding group (MBG). Most of the potent DXR inhibitors are structurally similar to 1 and retain hydroxamate despite the unfavourable pharmacokinetic and toxicity profile of the latter. We provide our perspective on the lack of non-hydroxamate DXR inhibitors. We also highlight the fundamental flaws in the design of MBG in these molecules, primarily responsible for their failure to inhibit DXR. We also suggest that for designing next-generation non-hydroxamate DXR inhibitors, approaches followed for other metalloenzymes targets may be exploited.
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5
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Mancini G, Bouda M, Gamrat JM, Tomsho JW. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of γ-Borono Phosphonate Compounds in Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium smegmatis. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:14551-14559. [PMID: 31528809 PMCID: PMC6740193 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance in bacteria is a serious threat, and drugs with novel modes of action are constantly needed. Fosmidomycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic that inhibits the nonmevalonate pathway via inhibition of the enzyme 1-deoxylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR). This work is the first report in which a boronic acid is evaluated as an isostere of the retrohydroxamate moiety of fosmidomycin. We report the novel synthesis of a γ-borono phosphonate analog of fosmidomycin and its corresponding prodrugs. We evaluate the inhibition of DXR and the antimicrobial activity of γ-borono phosphonate compounds against Escherichia coli wild type, E. coli Δglycerol-3-phosphate transporter, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Despite its structural similarities, the γ-borono phosphonate compound shows antimicrobial activity against E. coli with a mechanism of action that is different from fosmidomycin. This was proven with an underutilized method for studying in vitro inhibition of the MEP pathway in E. coli via isopentenyl pyrophosphate chemical rescue. These results indicate that these compounds may serve as a promising scaffold for developing a new class of antimicrobial agents.
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6
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Chen AY, Adamek RN, Dick BL, Credille CV, Morrison CN, Cohen SM. Targeting Metalloenzymes for Therapeutic Intervention. Chem Rev 2019; 119:1323-1455. [PMID: 30192523 PMCID: PMC6405328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes are central to a wide range of essential biological activities, including nucleic acid modification, protein degradation, and many others. The role of metalloenzymes in these processes also makes them central for the progression of many diseases and, as such, makes metalloenzymes attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Increasing awareness of the role metalloenzymes play in disease and their importance as a class of targets has amplified interest in the development of new strategies to develop inhibitors and ultimately useful drugs. In this Review, we provide a broad overview of several drug discovery efforts focused on metalloenzymes and attempt to map out the current landscape of high-value metalloenzyme targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Rebecca N Adamek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Benjamin L Dick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Cy V Credille
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Christine N Morrison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Seth M Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
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Short, Synthetic Cationic Peptides Have Antibacterial Activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis by Forming Pores in Membrane and Synergizing with Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2015; 4:358-78. [PMID: 27025629 PMCID: PMC4790291 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics4030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms are constantly exposed to a multitude of pathogenic microbes. Infection is inhibited in vivo by the innate and adaptive immune system. Mycobacterium species have emerged that are resistant to most antibiotics. We identified several naturally occurring cationic antimicrobial peptides that were active at low micromolar concentrations against Mycobacterium smegmatis. Human-derived cathelicidin LL-37 is well characterized and studied against M. smegmatis; we compared LL-37 with Chinese cobra-derived cathelicidin NA-CATH and mouse cathelicidin (mCRAMP). Two synthetic 11-residue peptides (ATRA-1A and ATRA-2) containing variations of a repeated motif within NA-CATH were tested for their activity against M. smegmatis along with a short synthetic peptide derivative from the human beta-defensin hBD3 (hBD3-Pep4). We hypothesized that these smaller synthetic peptides may demonstrate antimicrobial effectiveness with shorter length (and at less cost), making them strong potential candidates for development into broad-spectrum antimicrobial compounds or use in combination with antibiotics. These peptides have antimicrobial activity with EC50 ranging from 0.05 to 1.88 μg/mL against Mycobacterium smegmatis. The ATRA-1A short peptide was found to be the most effective antimicrobial peptide (AMP) (EC50 = 0.05 μg/mL). High bactericidal activity correlated with bacterial membrane depolarization and permeabilization activities. The efficacy of the peptides was further analyzed through Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assays. The MICs were determined by the microdilution method. The peptide mCRAMP showed the best MIC activity at 15.6 μg/mL. Neither of the effective short synthetic peptides demonstrated synergy with the antibiotic rifampicin, although both demonstrated synergy with the cyclic peptide antibiotic polymyxin B. The peptides LL-37 and mCRAMP displayed synergism with rifampicin in MIC assays, whereas antibiotic polymyxin B displayed synergism with LL-37, ATRA-1A, and hBD3-Pep4. In further studies, polymyxin B synergized with LL-37, ATRA-1A, and hBD3-Pep4 while Rifampicin synergized with LL-37 and mCRAMP for intracellular killing of mycobacteria residing inside macrophages. These studies provide the foundation for the potential development of synthetic cationic antimicrobial peptides with activity against mycobacteria.
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8
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Masini T, Hirsch AKH. Development of Inhibitors of the 2C-Methyl-d-erythritol 4-Phosphate (MEP) Pathway Enzymes as Potential Anti-Infective Agents. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9740-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5010978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Masini
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
7, NL-9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna K. H. Hirsch
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
7, NL-9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Chofor R, Risseeuw MDP, Pouyez J, Johny C, Wouters J, Dowd CS, Couch RD, Van Calenbergh S. Synthetic Fosmidomycin analogues with altered chelating moieties do not inhibit 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate Reductoisomerase or Plasmodium falciparum growth in vitro. Molecules 2014; 19:2571-87. [PMID: 24566322 PMCID: PMC6271069 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19022571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fourteen new fosmidomycin analogues with altered metal chelating groups were prepared and evaluated for inhibition of E. coli Dxr, M. tuberculosis Dxr and the growth of P. falciparum K1 in human erythrocytes. None of the synthesized compounds showed activity against either enzyme or the Plasmodia. This study further underlines the importance of the hydroxamate functionality and illustrates that identifying effective alternative bidentate ligands for this target enzyme is challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Chofor
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.
| | - Martijn D P Risseeuw
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.
| | - Jenny Pouyez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Namur, UNamur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, Namur B-5000, Belgium.
| | - Chinchu Johny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Johan Wouters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Namur, UNamur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, Namur B-5000, Belgium.
| | - Cynthia S Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Robin D Couch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.
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10
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Midrier C, Montel S, Braun R, Haaf K, Willms L, van der Lee A, Volle JN, Pirat JL, Virieux D. Fosmidomycin analogues with N-hydroxyimidazole and N-hydroxyimidazolone as a chelating unit. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00757c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fosmidomycin has been reported to have many biological activities as an antibacterial and antimalarial, along with being a herbicidal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Midrier
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR5253
- AM2N
- F34296 Montpellier Cedex 5,, France
| | - Sonia Montel
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR5253
- AM2N
- F34296 Montpellier Cedex 5,, France
| | - Ralf Braun
- Bayer CropScience AG
- Chemistry Frankfurt
- 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus Haaf
- Bayer CropScience AG
- Chemistry Frankfurt
- 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lothar Willms
- Bayer CropScience AG
- Chemistry Frankfurt
- 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Arie van der Lee
- Institut Européen des membranes
- cc047 Université de Montpellier 2
- Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Noël Volle
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR5253
- AM2N
- F34296 Montpellier Cedex 5,, France
| | - Jean-Luc Pirat
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR5253
- AM2N
- F34296 Montpellier Cedex 5,, France
| | - David Virieux
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- UMR5253
- AM2N
- F34296 Montpellier Cedex 5,, France
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11
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Jansson AM, Więckowska A, Björkelid C, Yahiaoui S, Sooriyaarachchi S, Lindh M, Bergfors T, Dharavath S, Desroses M, Suresh S, Andaloussi M, Nikhil R, Sreevalli S, Srinivasa BR, Larhed M, Jones TA, Karlén A, Mowbray SL. DXR Inhibition by Potent Mono- and Disubstituted Fosmidomycin Analogues. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6190-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4006498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Jansson
- Department of Cell and Molecular
Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Więckowska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, SE-751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christofer Björkelid
- Department of Cell and Molecular
Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Samir Yahiaoui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, SE-751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sanjeewani Sooriyaarachchi
- Department of Cell and Molecular
Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Lindh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, SE-751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Terese Bergfors
- Department of Cell and Molecular
Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shyamraj Dharavath
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, SE-751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matthieu Desroses
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, SE-751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Surisetti Suresh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, SE-751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mounir Andaloussi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, SE-751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rautela Nikhil
- AstraZeneca India Private Limited, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024,
India
| | - Sharma Sreevalli
- AstraZeneca India Private Limited, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024,
India
| | | | - Mats Larhed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, SE-751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T. Alwyn Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular
Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Karlén
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, SE-751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sherry L. Mowbray
- Department of Cell and Molecular
Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical
Center, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Nguyen-Trung AT, Tritsch D, Grosdemange-Billiard C, Rohmer M. Synthesis of tetrazole analogues of phosphonohydroxamic acids: an attempt to improve the inhibitory activity against the DXR. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1643-7. [PMID: 23414808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work is focused on the design of new antimicrobial drugs and on the development of lipophilic inhibitors of the DXR, the second enzyme of the MEP pathway for the biosynthesis of isoprene units in most bacteria, by replacing the phosphonate group of fosmidomycin derivatives by a tetrazoyl moiety capable of multiple hydrogen bonding. The N- and C-substituted tetrazole analogues of phosphonohydroxamate inhibitors were synthesized and tested on the DXR of Escherichia coli. This work points out the hypothesis that the phosphonate/phosphate recognition site might be too rigid to accommodate other functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thu Nguyen-Trung
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, UMR 7177, Institut Le Bel, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
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13
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Suresh S, Shyamraj D, Larhed M. Synthesis of antimalarial compounds fosmidomycin and FR900098 through N- or P-alkylation reactions. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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San Jose G, Jackson ER, Uh E, Johny C, Haymond A, Lundberg L, Pinkham C, Kehn-Hall K, Boshoff HI, Couch RD, Dowd CS. Design of Potential Bisubstrate Inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate Reductoisomerase (Dxr)-Evidence of a Novel Binding Mode. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013; 4:1099-1104. [PMID: 23914289 DOI: 10.1039/c3md00085k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In most bacteria, the nonmevalonate pathway is used to synthesize isoprene units. Dxr, the second step in the pathway, catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reductive isomerization of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) to 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP). Dxr is inhibited by natural products fosmidomycin and FR900098, which bind in the DXP binding site. These compounds, while potent inhibitors of Dxr, lack whole cell activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) due to their polarity. Our goal was to use the Mtb Dxr-fosmidomycin co-crystal structure to design bisubstrate ligands to bind to both the DXP and NADPH sites. Such compounds would be expected to demonstrate improved whole cell activity due to increased lipophilicity. Two series of compounds were designed and synthesized. Compounds from both series inhibited Mtb Dxr. The most potent compound (8) has an IC50 of 17.8 µM. Analysis shows 8 binds to Mtb Dxr via a novel, non-bisubstrate mechanism. Further, the diethyl ester of 8 inhibits Mtb growth making this class of compounds interesting lead molecules in the search for new antitubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine San Jose
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA. ; Tel: 01 202 994 8405
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15
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Zinglé C, Kuntz L, Tritsch D, Grosdemange-Billiard C, Rohmer M. Modifications around the hydroxamic acid chelating group of fosmidomycin, an inhibitor of the metalloenzyme 1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6563-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Sadler S, Moeller AR, Jones GB. Microwave and continuous flow technologies in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:1107-28. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.727393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Montel S, Midrier C, Volle JN, Braun R, Haaf K, Willms L, Pirat JL, Virieux D. Functionalized Phosphanyl-Phosphonic Acids as Unusual Complexing Units as Analogues of Fosmidomycin. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Ponaire S, Zinglé C, Tritsch D, Grosdemange-Billiard C, Rohmer M. Growth inhibition of Mycobacterium smegmatis by prodrugs of deoxyxylulose phosphate reducto-isomerase inhibitors, promising anti-mycobacterial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 51:277-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gising J, Odell LR, Larhed M. Microwave-assisted synthesis of small molecules targeting the infectious diseases tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria and hepatitis C. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:2713-29. [PMID: 22227602 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06833h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties of microwave in situ heating offer unparalleled opportunities for medicinal chemists to speed up lead optimisation processes in early drug discovery. The technology is ideal for small-scale discovery chemistry because it allows full reaction control, short reaction times, high safety and rapid feedback. To illustrate these advantages, we herein describe applications and approaches in the synthesis of small molecules to combat four of the most prevalent infectious diseases; tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malaria and hepatitis C, using dedicated microwave instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Gising
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Hale I, O'Neill PM, Berry NG, Odom A, Sharma R. The MEP pathway and the development of inhibitors as potential anti-infective agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md00298a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nordqvist A, Björkelid C, Andaloussi M, Jansson AM, Mowbray SL, Karlén A, Larhed M. Synthesis of functionalized cinnamaldehyde derivatives by an oxidative Heck reaction and their use as starting materials for preparation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase inhibitors. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8986-98. [PMID: 21936546 PMCID: PMC3203620 DOI: 10.1021/jo201715x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
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Cinnamaldehyde derivatives were synthesized in good to excellent yields in one step by a mild and selective, base-free palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidative Heck reaction starting from acrolein and various arylboronic acids. Prepared α,β-unsaturated aldehydes were used for synthesis of novel α-aryl substituted fosmidomycin analogues, which were evaluated for their inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase. IC50 values between 0.8 and 27.3 μM were measured. The best compound showed activity comparable to that of the most potent previously reported α-aryl substituted fosmidomycin-class inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Nordqvist
- Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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