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Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a key role in the maintenance of muscle and bone and the support of male sexual-related functions, as well as in the progression of prostate cancer. Accordingly, AR-targeted therapies have been developed for the treatment of related human diseases and conditions. AR agonists are an important class of drugs in the treatment of bone loss and muscle atrophy. AR antagonists have also been developed for the treatment of prostate cancer, including metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Additionally, selective AR degraders (SARDs) have been reported. More recently, heterobifunctional degrader molecules of AR have been developed, and four such compounds are now in clinical development for the treatment of human prostate cancer. This review attempts to summarize the different types of compounds designed to target AR and the current frontiers of research on this important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Xiang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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2
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Scharinger F, Pálvölgyi ÁM, Weisz M, Weil M, Stanetty C, Schnürch M, Bica‐Schröder K. Sterically Demanding Flexible Phosphoric Acids for Constructing Efficient and Multi-Purpose Asymmetric Organocatalysts. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 134:e202202189. [PMID: 38504771 PMCID: PMC10947075 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a novel approach for various asymmetric transformations of cyclic enones. The combination of readily accessible chiral diamines and sterically demanding flexible phosphoric acids resulted in a simple and highly tunable catalyst framework. The careful optimization of the catalyst components led to the identification of a particularly powerful and multi-purpose organocatalyst, which was successfully applied for asymmetric epoxidations, aziridinations, aza-Michael-initiated cyclizations, as well as for a novel Robinson-like Michael-initiated ring closure/aldol cyclization. High catalytic activities and excellent stereocontrol was observed for all four reaction types, indicating the excellent versatility of our catalytic system. Furthermore, a simple change in the diamine's configuration provided easy access to both product antipodes in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Scharinger
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/1631060WienAustria
| | - Ádám Márk Pálvölgyi
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/1631060WienAustria
| | - Melanie Weisz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/1631060WienAustria
| | - Matthias Weil
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/1631060WienAustria
| | - Christian Stanetty
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/1631060WienAustria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/1631060WienAustria
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3
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Scharinger F, Pálvölgyi ÁM, Weisz M, Weil M, Stanetty C, Schnürch M, Bica‐Schröder K. Sterically Demanding Flexible Phosphoric Acids for Constructing Efficient and Multi‐Purpose Asymmetric Organocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202189. [PMID: 35413147 PMCID: PMC9324080 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a novel approach for various asymmetric transformations of cyclic enones. The combination of readily accessible chiral diamines and sterically demanding flexible phosphoric acids resulted in a simple and highly tunable catalyst framework. The careful optimization of the catalyst components led to the identification of a particularly powerful and multi‐purpose organocatalyst, which was successfully applied for asymmetric epoxidations, aziridinations, aza‐Michael‐initiated cyclizations, as well as for a novel Robinson‐like Michael‐initiated ring closure/aldol cyclization. High catalytic activities and excellent stereocontrol was observed for all four reaction types, indicating the excellent versatility of our catalytic system. Furthermore, a simple change in the diamine's configuration provided easy access to both product antipodes in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Scharinger
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Ádám Márk Pálvölgyi
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Melanie Weisz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Matthias Weil
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Christian Stanetty
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Wien Austria
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4
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Overview of the development of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) as pharmacological treatment for osteoporosis (1998–2021). Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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5
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Diversifying Arena of Drug Synthesis: In the Realm of Lipase Mediated Waves of Biocatalysis. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11111328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrolases, being most prominent enzymes used in industrial processes have left no stone unturned in fascinating the pharmaceutical industry. Lipases, being a part of acyl hydrolases are the ones that function similarly to esterases (except an interfacial action) wherein they generally catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds. Be it in terms of stereoselectivity or regioselectivity, lipases have manifested their promiscuous proficiency in rendering biocatalytic drug synthesis and intermediates thereof. Industrial utilization of lipases is prevalent since decades ago, but their distinctive catalytic competencies have rendered them suitable for maneuverability in various tides of biocatalytic industrial process development. Numbers of exquisite catalysts have been fabricated out of lipases using nanobiotechnology whereby enzyme reusability and robustness have been conferred to many of the organic synthesis procedures. This marks a considerable achievement of lipases in the second wave of biocatalysis. Furthermore, in the third wave an advent of genetic engineering has fostered an era of customized lipases for suitable needs. Be it stability or an enhanced efficacy, genetic engineering techniques have ushered an avenue for biocatalytic development of drugs and drug intermediates through greener processes using lipases. Even in the forthcoming concept of co-modular catalytic systems, lipases may be the frontiers because of their astonishing capability to act along with other enzymes. The concept may render feasibility in the development of cascade reactions in organic synthesis. An upcoming wave demands fulfilling the vision of tailored lipase whilst a far-flung exploration needs to be unveiled for various research impediments in rendering lipase as a custom fit biocatalyst in pharmaceutical industry.
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Enantioselective Synthesis of Tetrahydroquinolines
via
One‐Pot
Cascade Biomimetic Reduction
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Vemuri PY, Wang Y, Patureau FW. Para-Selective Dehydrogenative Phenothiazination of Hydroquinolines and Indolines. Org Lett 2019; 21:9856-9859. [PMID: 31793299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic systems, such as hydroquinolines, indolines, and phenothiazines, are prevalent in pharmaceuticals, natural products, and organic materials. It is therefore important to develop novel reaction strategies that give access to such biologically relevant scaffolds. This report demonstrates a novel robust, para-selective C-N bond formation between phenothiazines and quinolines or indolines under extremely mild and user-friendly conditions. Furthermore, we bring forward a surprising discovery arising from the homocoupling of indolines through an unprecedented C5-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Y Vemuri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Yongchao Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Frederic W Patureau
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
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Graebin CS, Ribeiro FV, Rogério KR, Kümmerle AE. Multicomponent Reactions for the Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds: A Review. Curr Org Synth 2019; 16:855-899. [DOI: 10.2174/1570179416666190718153703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are composed of three or more reagents in which the final
product has all or most of the carbon atoms from its starting materials. These reactions represent, in the
medicinal chemistry context, great potential in the research for new bioactive compounds, since their products
can present great structural complexity. The aim of this review is to present the main multicomponent reactions
since the original report by Strecker in 1850 from nowadays, covering their evolution, highlighting their
significance in the discovery of new bioactive compounds. The use of MCRs is, indeed, a growing field of
interest in the synthesis of bioactive compounds and approved drugs, with several examples of commerciallyavailable
drugs that are (or can be) obtained through these protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric S. Graebin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, Brazil
| | - Felipe V. Ribeiro
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, Brazil
| | | | - Arthur E. Kümmerle
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, Brazil
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Muthukrishnan I, Sridharan V, Menéndez JC. Progress in the Chemistry of Tetrahydroquinolines. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5057-5191. [PMID: 30963764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydroquinoline is one of the most important simple nitrogen heterocycles, being widespread in nature and present in a broad variety of pharmacologically active compounds. This Review summarizes the progress achieved in the chemistry of tetrahydroquinolines, with emphasis on their synthesis, during the period from mid-2010 to early 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isravel Muthukrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology , SASTRA Deemed University , Thanjavur 613401 , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Vellaisamy Sridharan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Biotechnology , SASTRA Deemed University , Thanjavur 613401 , Tamil Nadu , India.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences , Central University of Jammu , Rahya-Suchani (Bagla) , District-Samba, Jammu 181143 , Jammu and Kashmir , India
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgańica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense , 28040 Madrid , Spain
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Nagata N, Furuya K, Oguro N, Nishiyama D, Kawai K, Yamamoto N, Ohyabu Y, Satsukawa M, Miyakawa M. Lead evaluation of tetrahydroquinolines as nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators for the treatment of osteoporosis. ChemMedChem 2013; 9:197-206. [PMID: 24273094 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) was deemed to be a suitable scaffold for our nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) concept. We adapted the strategy of switching the antagonist function of cyano-group-containing THQ (CN-THQ) to the agonist function and optimized CN-THQ as an orally available drug candidate with suitable pharmacological and ADME profiles. Based on binding mode analyses and synthetic accessibility, we designed and synthesized a compound that possesses a para-substituted aromatic ring attached through an amide linker. The long-tail THQ derivative 6-acetamido-N-(2-(8-cyano-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl)-2-methylpropyl)nicotinamide (1 d), which bears a para-acetamide-substituted aromatic group, showed an appropriate in vitro biological profile, as expected. We considered that the large conformational change at Trp741 of the androgen receptor (AR) and the hydrogen bond between 1 d and helix 12 of the AR could maintain the structure of the AR in its agonist form; indeed, 1 d displays strong AR agonistic activity. Furthermore, 1 d showed an appropriate in vivo profile for use as an orally available SARM, displaying clear tissue selectivity, with a separation between its desirable osteoanabolic effect on femoral bone mineral density and its undesirable virilizing effects on the uterus and clitoral gland in a female osteoporosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nagata
- Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. 14 Shinomiya, Minamikawara-cho, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8042 (Japan).
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11
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Nejishima H, Yamamoto N, Suzuki M, Furuya K, Mimura M, Yamada S. Anti-Tumor Effects and Pharmacokinetics of S-40542, a Novel Non-Steroidal Anti-Androgen, in Mice. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2013; 5:44-51. [PMID: 26663247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1757-5672.2012.00159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study was undertaken to explore novel anti-androgens. We investigated a series of tetrahydroquinoline compounds and identified 1-(8-nitro-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[c]quinolin-4-yl)ethane-1,2-diol (S-40542). METHODS Affinity for androgen receptor of S-40542 was evaluated in receptor binding assay. Effects of repeated treatment with S-40542 and bicalutamide on prostate weight were examined in mice subcutaneously treated for 14days. Efficacy of S-40542 and bicalutamide against prostate cancer was evaluated in an androgen-dependent prostate cancer xenograft model using KUCaP-2 cell line. Plasma concentrations of these agents in mice after oral and subcutaneous administration were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system. RESULTS S-40542 displayed twofold higher affinity to androgen receptor than bicalutamide in vitro. Subcutaneous repeated administration of S-40542 (10-100 mg/kg) significantly reduced the prostate weight. Oral repeated treatment with S-40542 (30, 100 mg/kg) for 28 days significantly suppressed growth of KUCaP-2 tumor. Similar administration of bicalutamide also exerted significantly anti-tumor effect in the model. The serum prostate-specific antigen level was little influenced by the S-40542 treatment, while significantly decreased by bicalutamide. Oral treatment with S-40542 resulted in a dose-dependent elevation of the plasma concentration, and its Cmax and AUC were much lower than those of bicalutamide. The pharmacokinetic study showed that this agent had relatively short plasma half-life and low oral bioavailability. CONCLUSION S-40542 as well as bicalutamide has shown as an anti-androgen by reducing the prostate weight of mice. Repeated oral treatment with S-40542 was shown to significantly suppress tumor growth in the KUCaP-2 xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nejishima
- Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, JapanDepartment of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamamoto
- Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, JapanDepartment of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mika Suzuki
- Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, JapanDepartment of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Furuya
- Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, JapanDepartment of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Mimura
- Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, JapanDepartment of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shizuoka, JapanDepartment of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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He G, Guo L, Huang W, Ren W, Zeng S, Liu P, Ouyang L, Song X, Peng C. SYNTHESIS OF CIS OR TRANS 4-HETEROAROMATIC SUBSTITUTEd FURANO AND PYRANO[3,2-C]TETRAHYDROQUINOLINES BY ONE-POT IMINO DIELS-ALDER REACTIONS. HETEROCYCLES 2013. [DOI: 10.3987/com-13-12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Nagata N, Kawai K, Nakanishi I. Subtle Structural Changes in Tetrahydroquinolines, A New Class of Nonsteroidal Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators, Induce Different Functions. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:2257-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ci300219g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Nagata
- Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 14, Shinomiya Minamikawara-cho,
Yamashina, Kyoto
607-8042, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawai
- Central Research Laboratories, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 14, Shinomiya Minamikawara-cho,
Yamashina, Kyoto
607-8042, Japan
| | - Isao Nakanishi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae,
Higashi-osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2012; 19:233-47. [PMID: 22531108 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283542fb3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Taylor LL, Goldberg FW, Hii KK(M. Asymmetric synthesis of 2-alkyl-substituted tetrahydroquinolines by an enantioselective aza-Michael reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:4424-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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