1
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Ayre J, Redmond JM, Vitulli G, Tomlinson L, Weaver R, Comeo E, Bosquillon C, Stocks MJ. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Lung-Retentive Prodrugs for Extending the Lung Tissue Retention of Inhaled Drugs. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9802-9818. [PMID: 35798565 PMCID: PMC9340777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A major limitation
of pulmonary delivery is that drugs can exhibit
suboptimal pharmacokinetic profiles resulting from rapid elimination
from the pulmonary tissue. This can lead to systemic side effects
and a short duration of action. A series of dibasic dipeptides attached
to the poorly lung-retentive muscarinic M3 receptor antagonist piperidin-4-yl
2-hydroxy-2,2-diphenylacetate (1) through a pH-sensitive-linking
group have been evaluated. Extensive optimization resulted in 1-(((R)-2-((S)-2,6-diaminohexanamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl)oxy)ethyl
4-(2-hydroxy-2,2-diphenylacetoxy)piperidine-1-carboxylate (23), which combined very good in vitro stability and
very high rat lung binding. Compound 23 progressed to
pharmacokinetic studies in rats, where, at 24 h post dosing in the
rat lung, the total lung concentration of 23 was 31.2
μM. In addition, high levels of liberated drug 1 were still detected locally, demonstrating the benefit of this novel
prodrug approach for increasing the apparent pharmacokinetic half-life
of drugs in the lungs following pulmonary dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Ayre
- School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University Park Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Joanna M Redmond
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Giovanni Vitulli
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Laura Tomlinson
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Richard Weaver
- XenoGesis Ltd, Discovery Building, BioCity, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham NG1 1GR, U.K
| | - Eleonora Comeo
- School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University Park Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Cynthia Bosquillon
- School of Pharmacy, Boots Science Building, University Park Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Michael J Stocks
- School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University Park Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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2
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Weber JK, Morrone JA, Bagchi S, Pabon JDE, Kang SG, Zhang L, Cornell WD. Simplified, interpretable graph convolutional neural networks for small molecule activity prediction. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2021; 36:391-404. [PMID: 34817762 PMCID: PMC9325818 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-021-00421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We here present a streamlined, explainable graph convolutional neural network (gCNN) architecture for small molecule activity prediction. We first conduct a hyperparameter optimization across nearly 800 protein targets that produces a simplified gCNN QSAR architecture, and we observe that such a model can yield performance improvements over both standard gCNN and RF methods on difficult-to-classify test sets. Additionally, we discuss how reductions in convolutional layer dimensions potentially speak to the “anatomical” needs of gCNNs with respect to radial coarse graining of molecular substructure. We augment this simplified architecture with saliency map technology that highlights molecular substructures relevant to activity, and we perform saliency analysis on nearly 100 data-rich protein targets. We show that resultant substructural clusters are useful visualization tools for understanding substructure-activity relationships. We go on to highlight connections between our models’ saliency predictions and observations made in the medicinal chemistry literature, focusing on four case studies of past lead finding and lead optimization campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Weber
- IBM Thomas J Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
| | | | - Sugato Bagchi
- IBM Thomas J Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
| | | | - Seung-Gu Kang
- IBM Thomas J Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
| | - Leili Zhang
- IBM Thomas J Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
| | - Wendy D Cornell
- IBM Thomas J Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA.
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3
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Armani E, Rizzi A, Capaldi C, De Fanti R, Delcanale M, Villetti G, Marchini G, Pisano AR, Pitozzi V, Pittelli MG, Trevisani M, Salvadori M, Cenacchi V, Puccini P, Amadei F, Pappani A, Civelli M, Patacchini R, Baker-Glenn CAG, Van de Poël H, Blackaby WP, Nash K, Amari G. Discovery of M 3 Antagonist-PDE4 Inhibitor Dual Pharmacology Molecules for the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9100-9119. [PMID: 34142835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the discovery of dual M3 antagonist-PDE4 inhibitor (MAPI) compounds for the inhaled treatment of pulmonary diseases. The identification of dual compounds was enabled by the intuition that the fusion of a PDE4 scaffold derived from our CHF-6001 series with a muscarinic scaffold through a common linking ring could generate compounds active versus both the transmembrane M3 receptor and the intracellular PDE4 enzyme. Two chemical series characterized by two different muscarinic scaffolds were investigated. SAR optimization was aimed at obtaining M3 nanomolar affinity coupled with nanomolar PDE4 inhibition, which translated into anti-bronchospastic efficacy ex vivo (inhibition of rat trachea contraction) and into anti-inflammatory efficacy in vitro (inhibition of TNFα release). Among the best compounds, compound 92a achieved the goal of demonstrating in vivo efficacy and duration of action in both the bronchoconstriction and inflammation assays in rat after intratracheal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Armani
- Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Rizzi
- Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Carmelida Capaldi
- Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Renato De Fanti
- Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Delcanale
- Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Gino Villetti
- Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Gessica Marchini
- Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Pisano
- Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Vanessa Pitozzi
- Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Gloria Pittelli
- Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Marcello Trevisani
- Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Michela Salvadori
- Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Cenacchi
- Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Puccini
- Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Amadei
- Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Alice Pappani
- Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Civelli
- Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Patacchini
- Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Charles A G Baker-Glenn
- Chesterford Research Park, Charles River Discovery Research Services UK Ltd, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Hervé Van de Poël
- Chesterford Research Park, Charles River Discovery Research Services UK Ltd, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Wesley P Blackaby
- Chesterford Research Park, Charles River Discovery Research Services UK Ltd, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Nash
- Chesterford Research Park, Charles River Discovery Research Services UK Ltd, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Amari
- Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
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4
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Malerba M, Radaeli A, Montuschi P, Babu KS, Morjaria JB. Investigational beta-2 adrenergic agonists for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:319-329. [PMID: 28117615 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1287172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long-acting bronchodilators are pivotal in the therapeutic management of COPD patients with moderate-to-severe airflow obstruction. New ultra-long-acting β2-agnoists (ultra-LABAs) have been developed, some of which have been licensed for use as monotherapy and/or in combination with other bronchodilators or inhaled corticosteroids, for use in COPD patients with persistent symptoms and worsening airflow limitation. These new agents are faster in onset and have a prolonged duration of action, with a similar safety profile to the traditional twice-daily bronchodilators which may have an impact on patient concordance. Areas covered: A number of these ultra-LABAs are still under development and bi-functional hybrid molecules containing regions functioning as β2-agonists, and as muscarinic agonists (MABAs) has been developed. This review summarizes these (excluding the licensed ultra-LABAs) with attention on phase II studies data available to-date on their pharmacological profiles, clinical efficacy and safety, and future perspectives. Expert opinion: Despite all the new agents' available, the challenges that persist include any differences in efficacy and safety between the various possible LAMA/LABA combinations, relative advantages of MABAs over fixed-dose LAMA/LABAs, and the impact of these new molecules in terms of long term safety, especially in certain populations in co-morbidities frequently associated with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Malerba
- a Department of Internal Medicine , University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili , Brescia , Italy
| | | | - Paolo Montuschi
- c Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , University Hospital Agostino Gemelli Foundation Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Pharmacology , Rome , Italy
| | - Kesavan S Babu
- d Department of Respiratory Medicine , Queen Alexandra Hospital, Cosham , Portsmouth , UK
| | - Jaymin B Morjaria
- e Department of Respiratory Medicine , Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, Harefield Hospital , Harefield , UK
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5
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Montuschi P, Ciabattoni G. Bronchodilating Drugs for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Current Status and Future Trends. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4131-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5013227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Montuschi
- Department of Pharmacology,
Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ciabattoni
- Department of Pharmacology,
Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, Rome, 00168, Italy
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6
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Soriano-Ursúa MA, Trujillo-Ferrara JG, Arias-Montaño JA, Villalobos-Molina R. Insights into a defined secondary binding region on β-adrenoceptors and putative roles in ligand binding and drug design. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00011d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Putative roles of a secondary binding region shared among beta-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Soriano-Ursúa
- Posgraduate and Research Section
- Escuela Superior de Medicina
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- Mexico City
- Mexico
| | - J. G. Trujillo-Ferrara
- Posgraduate and Research Section
- Escuela Superior de Medicina
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- Mexico City
- Mexico
| | - J. A. Arias-Montaño
- Departamento de Fisiología
- Biofísica y Neurociencias. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN
- Mexico City
- Mexico
| | - R. Villalobos-Molina
- Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Tlalnepantla
- Mexico
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7
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Arnold N, Beattie D, Bradley M, Brearley A, Brown L, Charlton SJ, Fairhurst RA, Farr D, Fozard J, Fullerton J, Gosling M, Hatto J, Janus D, Jones D, Jordan L, Lewis C, Maas J, McCarthy C, Mercer M, Oakman H, Press N, Profit R, Schuerch F, Sykes D, Taylor RJ, Trifilieff A, Tuffnell A. The identification of 7-[(R)-2-((1S,2S)-2-benzyloxycyclopentylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxybenzothiazolone as an inhaled long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4341-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Jacobsen JR, Aggen JB, Church TJ, Klein U, Pfeiffer JW, Pulido-Rios TM, Thomas GR, Yu C, Moran EJ. Multivalent design of long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists incorporating biarylamines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2625-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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De Savi C, Cox RJ, Warner DJ, Cook AR, Dickinson MR, McDonough A, Morrill LC, Parker B, Andrews G, Young SS, Gilmour PS, Riley R, Dearman MS. Efficacious inhaled PDE4 inhibitors with low emetic potential and long duration of action for the treatment of COPD. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4661-76. [PMID: 24785301 DOI: 10.1021/jm5001216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oral phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, such as cilomilast and roflumilast, have been shown to be efficacious against chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, these drugs have been hampered by mechanism-related side effects such as nausea and emesis at high doses. Compounds administered by inhalation are delivered directly to the site of action and may improve the therapeutic index required to overcome side effects. This paper describes systematic and rational lead optimization to deliver highly potent, long-acting, and efficacious preclinical inhaled PDE4 inhibitors with low emetic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris De Savi
- AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood , Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 5RH, U.K
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10
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McKinnell RM, Klein U, Linsell MS, Moran EJ, Nodwell MB, Pfeiffer JW, Thomas GR, Yu C, Jacobsen JR. Discovery of TD-4306, a long-acting β2-agonist for the treatment of asthma and COPD. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2871-6. [PMID: 24835980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A multivalent approach focused on amine-based secondary binding groups was applied to the discovery of long-acting inhaled β2-agonists. Addition of amine moieties to the neutral secondary binding group of an existing β2-agonist series was found to provide improved in vivo efficacy, but also led to the formation of biologically active aldehyde metabolites which were viewed as a risk for the development of these compounds. Structural simplification of the scaffold and blocking the site of metabolism to prevent aldehyde formation afforded a potent series of dibasic β2-agonists with improved duration of action relative to their monobasic analogs. Additional optimization led to the discovery of 29 (TD-4306), a potent and selective β2-agonist with potential for once-daily dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Murray McKinnell
- Theravance, Inc., 901 Gateway Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Uwe Klein
- Theravance, Inc., 901 Gateway Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Martin S Linsell
- Theravance, Inc., 901 Gateway Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Edmund J Moran
- Theravance, Inc., 901 Gateway Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Matthew B Nodwell
- Theravance, Inc., 901 Gateway Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - G Roger Thomas
- Theravance, Inc., 901 Gateway Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Cecile Yu
- Theravance, Inc., 901 Gateway Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - John R Jacobsen
- Theravance, Inc., 901 Gateway Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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11
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Stocks MJ, Alcaraz L, Bailey A, Bonnert R, Cadogan E, Christie J, Dixon J, Connolly S, Cook A, Fisher A, Flaherty A, Humphries A, Ingall A, Jordan S, Lawson M, Mullen A, Nicholls D, Paine S, Pairaudeau G, Young A. Discovery of AZD3199, An Inhaled Ultralong Acting β2 Receptor Agonist with Rapid Onset of Action. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:416-21. [PMID: 24900851 DOI: 10.1021/ml4005232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of dibasic des-hydroxy β2 receptor agonists has been prepared and evaluated for potential as inhaled ultralong acting bronchodilators. Determination of activities at the human β-adrenoreceptors demonstrated a series of highly potent and selective β2 receptor agonists that were progressed to further study in a guinea pig histamine-induced bronchoconstriction model. Following further assessment by onset studies in guinea pig tracheal rings and human bronchial rings contracted with methacholine (guinea pigs) or carbachol (humans), duration of action studies in guinea pigs after intratracheal (i.t.) administration and further selectivity and safety profiling AZD3199 was shown to have an excellent over all profile and was progressed into clinical evaluation as a new ultralong acting inhaled β2 receptor agonist with rapid onset of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Stocks
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Lilian Alcaraz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Andrew Bailey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Roger Bonnert
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Elaine Cadogan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Jadeen Christie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - John Dixon
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Stephen Connolly
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Anthony Cook
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Adrian Fisher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Alice Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Alexander Humphries
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Anthony Ingall
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Stephen Jordan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Mandy Lawson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Alex Mullen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - David Nicholls
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Stuart Paine
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Garry Pairaudeau
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Alan Young
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Bioscience, and §Department of Physical and Metabolic Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Bakewell Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 5RH, U.K
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12
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Soriano-Ursúa MA, Trujillo-Ferrara JG, Correa-Basurto J, Vilar S. Recent structural advances of β1 and β2 adrenoceptors yield keys for ligand recognition and drug design. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8207-23. [PMID: 23862978 DOI: 10.1021/jm400471z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because they represent attractive drug targets, adrenoceptors have been widely studied. Recent progress in structural data of β-adrenoceptors allows us to understand and predict key interactions in ligand recognition and receptor activation. Nevertheless, an important aspect of this process has only begun to be explored: the stabilization of a conformational state of these receptors upon contact with a ligand and the capacity of a ligand to influence receptor conformation through allosteric modulation, biased signaling, and selectivity. The aim of the present Perspective is to identify the well-defined orthosteric binding site and possible allosteric sites and to analyze the importance of the ligand-receptor interaction in the stabilization of certain receptor conformations. For this purpose, we have reviewed recent advances made through the use of X-ray data from ligand-β-adrenoceptor (including ADRB1 and ADRB2) crystal structures. Most importantly, implications in the medicinal chemistry field are explored in relation to drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin A Soriano-Ursúa
- Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Postgraduate Research Section, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Plan de San Luis y Dı́az Mirón s/n, Mexico City, 11340, Mexico
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13
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Fragkaki AG, Georgakopoulos C, Sterk S, Nielen MWF. Sports doping: emerging designer and therapeutic β2-agonists. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 425:242-58. [PMID: 23954776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Beta2-adrenergic agonists, or β2-agonists, are considered essential bronchodilator drugs in the treatment of bronchial asthma, both as symptom-relievers and, in combination with inhaled corticosteroids, as disease-controllers. The use of β2-agonists is prohibited in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) due to claimed anabolic effects, and also, is prohibited as growth promoters in cattle fattening in the European Union. This paper reviews the last seven-year (2006-2012) literature concerning the development of novel β2-agonists molecules either by modifying the molecule of known β2-agonists or by introducing moieties producing indole-, adamantyl- or phenyl urea derivatives. New emerging β2-agonists molecules for future therapeutic use are also presented, intending to emphasize their potential use for doping purposes or as growth promoters in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", Kifisias 37, 15123 Maroussi, Greece.
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