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Ri CC, Mf CR, D RV, T PC, F TC, Ir S, A AG, Ma SU. Boron-Containing Compounds for Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Human Metabolic Disorders. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:2222-2239. [PMID: 35771339 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The application of natural and synthetic boron-containing compounds (BCC) in biomedical field is expanding. BCC have effects in the metabolism of living organisms. Some boron-enriched supplements are marketed as they exert effects in the bone and skeletal muscle; but also, BCC are being reported as acting on the enzymes and transporters of membrane suggesting they could modify the carbohydrate metabolism linked to some pathologies of high global burden, as an example is diabetes mellitus. Also, some recent findings are showing effects of BCC on lipid metabolism. In this review, information regarding the effects and interaction of these compounds was compiled, as well as the potential application for treating human metabolic disorders is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Córdova-Chávez Ri
- Academia de Fisiología Y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado E Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis Y Díaz Mirón S/N, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carrasco-Ruiz Mf
- Academia de Fisiología Y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado E Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis Y Díaz Mirón S/N, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodríguez-Vera D
- Academia de Fisiología Y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado E Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis Y Díaz Mirón S/N, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pérez-Capistran T
- Academia de Fisiología Y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado E Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis Y Díaz Mirón S/N, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tamay-Cach F
- Academia de Bioquímica Médica Y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado E Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis Y Díaz Mirón S/N, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Scorei Ir
- BioBoron Research Institute, Dunarii 31B Street, 207465, Podari, Romania
| | - Abad-García A
- Academia de Fisiología Y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado E Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis Y Díaz Mirón S/N, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Soriano-Ursúa Ma
- Academia de Fisiología Y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado E Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis Y Díaz Mirón S/N, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
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2
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Inhibition of LIPG phospholipase activity suppresses tumor formation of human basal-like triple-negative breast cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8911. [PMID: 32488004 PMCID: PMC7265491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelial lipase LIPG possesses serine phospholipase activity and is involved in lipoprotein metabolism. Our previous studies have revealed that LIPG overexpression is required for tumor formation and metastasis of human basal-like triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We also demonstrated that LIPG differentially regulates TNBC malignancy through its enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions. The present studies were aimed at determining how XEN445, a specific inhibitor targeting LIPG phospholipase activity, impacts on TNBC tumor formation and malignant features. We established a cell-based LIPG enzymatic assay system to measure the inhibitory effect of XEN445 on LIPG phospholipase activity and determine its IC50. We found that XEN445 preferentially inhibited the proliferation of LIPG-expressing TNBC cells but not LIPG-negative luminal breast cancer cells. XEN445 inhibited the self-renewal of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in vitro and TNBC tumor formation in vivo. However, XEN445 had no inhibitory effect on the invasiveness and CSC stemness of TNBC cells. Our studies suggest that targeting both LIPG enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions is an important strategy for the treatment of TNBC.
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3
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Jiang Y, Alharbi NS, Sun B, Qin HL. Facile one-pot synthesis of sulfonyl fluorides from sulfonates or sulfonic acids. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13863-13867. [PMID: 35519565 PMCID: PMC9064029 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02531f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile cascade process for directly transforming the abundant and inexpensive sulfonates (or sulfonic acids) to the highly valuable sulfonyl fluorides was developed. This new protocol features mild reaction conditions using readily available and easy-to-operate reagents. A diverse set of sulfonyl fluorides was prepared facilitating the enrichment of the sulfonyl fluoride library. A mild one-pot protocol for directly converting sulfonates or sulfonic acids into sulfonyl fluorides was developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
| | - Njud S. Alharbi
- Biotechnology Research Group
- Deportment of Biological Sciences
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah
| | - Bing Sun
- School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- P. R. China
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4
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Johnson JA, Tora G, Pi Z, Phillips M, Yin X, Yang R, Zhao L, Chen AY, Taylor DS, Basso M, Rose A, Behnia K, Onorato J, Chen XQ, Abell LM, Lu H, Locke G, Caporuscio C, Galella M, Adam LP, Gordon D, Wexler RR, Finlay HJ. Sulfonylated Benzothiazoles as Inhibitors of Endothelial Lipase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:1263-1268. [PMID: 30613337 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial lipase (EL) selectively metabolizes high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. Inhibition of EL has been shown to increase HDL concentration in preclinical animal models and was targeted as a potential treatment of atherosclerosis. We describe the introduction of an α-sulfone moiety to a benzothiazole series of EL inhibitors resulting in increased potency versus EL. Optimization for selectivity versus hepatic lipase and pharmacokinetic properties resulted in the discovery of 24, which showed good in vitro potency and bioavailability but, unexpectedly, did not increase HDL in the mouse pharmacodynamic model at the target plasma exposure.
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5
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Hangeland JJ, Abell LM, Adam LP, Jiang J, Friends TJ, Haque LE, Neels J, Onorato JM, Chen AYA, Taylor DS, Yin X, Harrity TW, Basso MD, Yang R, Sleph PG, Gordon DA, Huang CS, Wexler RR, Finlay HJ, Lawrence RM. PK/PD Disconnect Observed with a Reversible Endothelial Lipase Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:673-678. [PMID: 30034599 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening of a small set of nonselective lipase inhibitors against endothelial lipase (EL) identified a potent and reversible inhibitor, N-(3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propyl)-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-4-carboxamide (5; EL IC50 = 61 nM, ELHDL IC50 = 454 nM). Deck mining identified a related hit, N-(3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propyl)-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide (6a; EL IC50 = 41 nM, ELHDL IC50 = 1760 nM). Both compounds were selective against lipoprotein lipase (LPL) but nonselective versus hepatic lipase (HL). Optimization of compound 6a for EL inhibition using HDL as substrate led to N-(4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)butan-2-yl)-1-ethyl-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide (7c; EL IC50 = 148 nM, ELHDL IC50 = 218 nM) having improved PK over compound 6a, providing a tool molecule to test for the ability to increase HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in vivo using a reversible EL inhibitor. Compound 7c did not increase HDL-C in vivo despite achieving plasma exposures targeted on the basis of enzyme activity and protein binding demonstrating the need to develop more physiologically relevant in vitro assays to guide compound progression for in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon J. Hangeland
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Lynn M. Abell
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Leonard P. Adam
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Ji Jiang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Todd J. Friends
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Lauren E. Haque
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - James Neels
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Joelle M. Onorato
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Alice Ye A. Chen
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - David S. Taylor
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Xiaohong Yin
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Thomas W. Harrity
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Michael D. Basso
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Richard Yang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Paul G. Sleph
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - David A. Gordon
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Christine S. Huang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Ruth R. Wexler
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Heather J. Finlay
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - R. Michael Lawrence
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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6
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Yu JE, Han SY, Wolfson B, Zhou Q. The role of endothelial lipase in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and cancer. Histol Histopathol 2017; 33:1-10. [PMID: 28540715 DOI: 10.14670/hh-11-905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial lipase (LIPG) plays a critical role in lipoprotein metabolism, cytokine expression, and the lipid composition of cells. Thus far, the extensive investigations of LIPG have focused on its mechanisms and involvement in metabolic syndromes such as atherosclerosis. However, recent developments have found that LIPG plays a role in cancer. This review summarizes the field of LIPG study. We focus on the role of LIPG in lipid metabolism and the inflammatory response, and highlight the recent insights in its involvement in tumor progression. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies for targeting LIPG in cancer, and the therapeutic potential of LIPG as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine E Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Shu-Yan Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Benjamin Wolfson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Qun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
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7
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Abstract
Dyslipidemia is defined as elevated fasting blood levels of total cholesterol (TC), and its primary lipoprotein carrier—low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG), or reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL), alone, or in combination (mixed dyslipidemia). Dyslipidemia is well known to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. All patients with dyslipidemia should initiate therapeutic lifestyle changes to target lifestyle-related factors such as physical inactivity, dietary habits, and obesity. The combination of a proper dietary plan and regular aerobic exercise has been reported to lower TC, LDL-C, and TG by 7% to 18%, while increasing HDL-C by 2% to 18%. Numerous pharmacological therapies are available and aggressive therapy using a HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase) inhibitor (statins) should be initiated if lifestyle therapy is not enough to achieve optimal lipid levels with a primary target of lowering LDL-C levels. Aggressive treatment of dyslipidemia with maximal dosage of statin drugs have been reported to reduce LDL-C by 30% to 60%. If mixed dyslipidemia is present, a combination therapy with statin, niacin, cholestyramine, or fibrates should be initiated to reduce the risk of CVD events. These strategies have been shown to reduce CVD risk and optimize LDL-C levels in primary and secondary prevention of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf G. Bronas
- School of Nursing (UGB), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- School of Kinesiology (DS), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dereck Salisbury
- School of Nursing (UGB), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- School of Kinesiology (DS), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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8
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Kingwell BA, Chapman MJ, Kontush A, Miller NE. HDL-targeted therapies: progress, failures and future. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:445-64. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Qiu D, Wang S, Tang S, Meng H, Jin L, Mo F, Zhang Y, Wang J. Synthesis of Trimethylstannyl Arylboronate Compounds by Sandmeyer-Type Transformations and Their Applications in Chemoselective Cross-Coupling Reactions. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1979-88. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402618r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Qiu
- Beijing
National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shengbo Tang
- Beijing
National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - He Meng
- Beijing
National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Beijing
National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fanyang Mo
- Beijing
National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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10
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Elshourbagy NA, Meyers HV, Abdel-Meguid SS. Cholesterol: the good, the bad, and the ugly - therapeutic targets for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Med Princ Pract 2013; 23:99-111. [PMID: 24334831 PMCID: PMC5586853 DOI: 10.1159/000356856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels within healthy limits is critical for decreasing the risk of heart disease. Dyslipidemia refers to the abnormal levels of lipids in the blood, including low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), also known as good cholesterol, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), also known as bad cholesterol, and/or high TG levels that contribute to the development and progression of atherosclerosis. In this article we reviewed some of the current therapeutic targets for the treatment of dyslipidemia, with a primary focus on endothelial lipase and lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase for raising HDL-C, and the proprotein convertase subtilisin-like kexin type 9 (PCSK9), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, and the messenger RNA of apolipoprotein B for lowering LDL-C. In addition, we reviewed the role of apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) in raising HDL-C, where we discuss three apoAI-based drugs under development. These are its mutated dimer (apoAI-Milano), a complex with phospholipids, and a mimetic peptide. Atherosclerosis, mainly because of dyslipidemia, is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease. Regarding the title of this article, the 'good' refers to HDL-C, the 'bad' refers to LDL-C, and the 'ugly' refers to atherosclerosis.
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11
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Larach DB, Cuchel M, Rader DJ. Monogenic causes of elevated HDL cholesterol and implications for development of new therapeutics. CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY 2013; 8:635-648. [PMID: 25374625 PMCID: PMC4217288 DOI: 10.2217/clp.13.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the CETP, LIPG (encoding endothelial lipase) and APOC3 genes, and ana lysis of rare genetic variants in them, have allowed researchers to increase understanding of HDL metabolism significantly. However, development of cardiovascular risk-reducing therapeutics targeting the proteins encoded by these genes has been less straightforward. The failure of two CETP inhibitors is complex but illustrates a possible over-reliance on HDL cholesterol as a marker of therapeutic efficacy. The case of endothelial lipase exemplifies the importance of utilizing population-wide genetic studies of rare variants in potential therapeutic targets to gain information on cardiovascular disease end points. Similar population-wide studies of cardiovascular end points make apoC-III a potentially attractive target for lipid-related drug discovery. These three cases illustrate the positives and negatives of single-gene studies relating to HDL-related cardiovascular drug discovery; such studies should focus not only on HDL cholesterol and other components of the lipid profile, but also on the effect genetic variants have on cardiovascular end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Larach
- Division of Translational Medicine & Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Marina Cuchel
- Division of Translational Medicine & Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Division of Translational Medicine & Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- 11–125 Smilow Center for Translational Research, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Building 421, PA 19104–5158, USA
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12
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Sun S, Dean R, Jia Q, Zenova A, Zhong J, Grayson C, Xie C, Lindgren A, Samra P, Sojo L, van Heek M, Lin L, Percival D, Fu JM, Winther MD, Zhang Z. Discovery of XEN445: a potent and selective endothelial lipase inhibitor raises plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration in mice. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7724-34. [PMID: 24211162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial lipase (EL) activity has been implicated in HDL metabolism and in atherosclerotic plaque development; inhibitors are proposed to be efficacious in the treatment of dyslipidemia related cardiovascular disease. We describe here the discovery of a novel class of anthranilic acids EL inhibitors. XEN445 (compound 13) was identified as a potent and selective EL inhibitor, that showed good ADME and PK properties, and demonstrated in vivo efficacy in raising plasma HDLc concentrations in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyi Sun
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc, 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada.
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13
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Wang Z, Li S, Sun L, Fan J, Liu Z. Comparative analyses of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and endothelial lipase, and their binding properties with known inhibitors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72146. [PMID: 23991054 PMCID: PMC3749185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The triglyceride lipase gene subfamily plays a central role in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. There are three members of this subfamily: lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and endothelial lipase. Although these lipases are implicated in the pathophysiology of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis, their structures have not been fully solved. In the current study, we established homology models of these three lipases, and carried out analysis of their activity sites. In addition, we investigated the kinetic characteristics for the catalytic residues using a molecular dynamics simulation strategy. To elucidate the molecular interactions and determine potential key residues involved in the binding to lipase inhibitors, we analyzed the binding pockets and binding poses of known inhibitors of the three lipases. We identified the spatial consensus catalytic triad “Ser-Asp-His”, a characteristic motif in all three lipases. Furthermore, we found that the spatial characteristics of the binding pockets of the lipase molecules play a key role in ligand recognition, binding poses, and affinities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that systematically builds homology models of all the triglyceride lipase gene subfamily members. Our data provide novel insights into the molecular structures of lipases and their structure-function relationship, and thus provides groundwork for functional probe design towards lipase-based therapeutic inhibitors for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Lidan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
- * E-mail: (ZML); (JLF)
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (ZML); (JLF)
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14
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Hafiane A, Genest J. HDL, Atherosclerosis, and Emerging Therapies. CHOLESTEROL 2013; 2013:891403. [PMID: 23781332 PMCID: PMC3678415 DOI: 10.1155/2013/891403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to provide an overview on the properties of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and their cardioprotective effects. Emergent HDL therapies will be presented in the context of the current understanding of HDL function, metabolism, and protective antiatherosclerotic properties. The epidemiological association between levels of HDL-C or its major apolipoprotein (apoA-I) is strong, graded, and coherent across populations. HDL particles mediate cellular cholesterol efflux, have antioxidant properties, and modulate vascular inflammation and vasomotor function and thrombosis. A link of causality has been cast into doubt with Mendelian randomization data suggesting that genes causing HDL-C deficiency are not associated with increased cardiovascular risk, nor are genes associated with increased HDL-C, with a protective effect. Despite encouraging data from small studies, drugs that increase HDL-C levels have not shown an effect on major cardiovascular end-points in large-scale clinical trials. It is likely that the cholesterol mass within HDL particles is a poor biomarker of therapeutic efficacy. In the present review, we will focus on novel therapeutic avenues and potential biomarkers of HDL function. A better understanding of HDL antiatherogenic functions including reverse cholesterol transport, vascular protective and antioxidation effects will allow novel insight on novel, emergent therapies for cardiovascular prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacques Genest
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Innovative Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A1
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15
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Abstract
All organisms use fatty acids (FAs) for energy substrates and as precursors for membrane and signaling lipids. The most efficient way to transport and store FAs is in the form of triglycerides (TGs); however, TGs are not capable of traversing biological membranes and therefore need to be cleaved by TG hydrolases ("lipases") before moving in or out of cells. This biochemical process is generally called "lipolysis." Intravascular lipolysis degrades lipoprotein-associated TGs to FAs for their subsequent uptake by parenchymal cells, whereas intracellular lipolysis generates FAs and glycerol for their release (in the case of white adipose tissue) or use by cells (in the case of other tissues). Although the importance of lipolysis has been recognized for decades, many of the key proteins involved in lipolysis have been uncovered only recently. Important new developments include the discovery of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), the molecule that moves lipoprotein lipase from the interstitial spaces to the capillary lumen, and the discovery of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) as crucial molecules in the hydrolysis of TGs within cells. This review summarizes current views of lipolysis and highlights the relevance of this process to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G. Young
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Qiu D, Jin L, Zheng Z, Meng H, Mo F, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang J. Synthesis of pinacol arylboronates from aromatic amines: a metal-free transformation. J Org Chem 2012; 78:1923-33. [PMID: 23106090 DOI: 10.1021/jo3018878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A metal-free borylation process based on Sandmeyer-type transformation using arylamines derivatives as the substrates has been developed. Through optimization of the reaction conditions, this novel conversion can be successfully applied to a wide range of aromatic amines, affording borylation products in moderate to good yields. Various functionalized arylboronates, which are difficult to access by other methods, can be easily obtained with this metal-free transformation. Moreover, this transformation can be followed by Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling without purification of the borylation products, which enhances the practical usefulness of this method. A possible reaction mechanism involving radical species has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Qiu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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