1
|
Abstract
Spirocyclic scaffolds are incorporated in various approved drugs and drug candidates. The increasing interest in less planar bioactive compounds has given rise to the development of synthetic methodologies for the preparation of spirocyclic scaffolds. In this Perspective, we summarize the diverse synthetic routes to obtain spirocyclic systems. The impact of spirocycles on potency and selectivity, including the aspect of stereochemistry, is discussed. Furthermore, we examine the changes in physicochemical properties as well as in in vitro and in vivo ADME using selected studies that compare spirocyclic compounds to their nonspirocyclic counterparts. In conclusion, the value of spirocyclic scaffolds in medicinal chemistry is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hiesinger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dmitry Dar'in
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Straße 9, D-60348 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mikhail Krasavin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Xu Z, Xie Z, Guan X, Xie Z. Total Synthesis of Nominal ent-Chlorabietol B. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5724-5732. [PMID: 32212620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nominal enantiomer of chlorabietol B was regio- and stereoselectively synthesized from (-)-abietic acid in 13 steps. Key features of the synthesis involved an oxidative [3+2] cycloaddition to install the dihydrobenzofuran moiety and an Aldol reaction, followed by elimination and reduction steps to introduce the long chain with three cis double bonds. However, obvious differences in the NMR spectra of the synthetic and natural samples suggested that the proposed structure of chlorabietol B should be revised carefully.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhezhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhipeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xingchao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhixiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Iraji A, Khoshneviszadeh M, Firuzi O, Khoshneviszadeh M, Edraki N. Novel small molecule therapeutic agents for Alzheimer disease: Focusing on BACE1 and multi-target directed ligands. Bioorg Chem 2020; 97:103649. [PMID: 32101780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that effects 50 million people worldwide. In this review, AD pathology and the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting AD were fully discussed. In particular, common approaches to prevent Aβ production and/or accumulation in the brain including α-secretase activators, specific γ-secretase modulators and small molecules BACE1 inhibitors were reviewed. Additionally, natural-origin bioactive compounds that provide AD therapeutic advances have been introduced. Considering AD is a multifactorial disease, the therapeutic potential of diverse multi target-directed ligands (MTDLs) that combine the efficacy of cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors, MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors, BACE1 inhibitors, phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) inhibitors, for the treatment of AD are also reviewed. This article also highlights descriptions on the regulator of serotonin receptor (5-HT), metal chelators, anti-aggregants, antioxidants and neuroprotective agents targeting AD. Finally, current computational methods for evaluating the structure-activity relationships (SAR) and virtual screening (VS) of AD drugs are discussed and evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Iraji
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsima Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omidreza Firuzi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoshneviszadeh
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Edraki
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Haghighijoo Z, Firuzi O, Hemmateenejad B, Emami S, Edraki N, Miri R. Synthesis and biological evaluation of quinazolinone-based hydrazones with potential use in Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Chem 2017; 74:126-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
5
|
Development and Structural Modification of BACE1 Inhibitors. Molecules 2016; 22:molecules22010004. [PMID: 28025519 PMCID: PMC6155942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which usually occurs in the elderly. The accumulation of β-amyloid and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles are considered as the main pathogenies of AD. Research suggests that β-secretase 1 (BACE1) plays an important role in the formation of β-amyloid. Discovery of new BACE1 inhibitors has become a significant method to slow down the progression of AD or even cure this kind of disease. This review summarizes the different types and the structural modification of these new BACE1 inhibitors.
Collapse
|
6
|
The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2014. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
7
|
Chambers RK, Khan TA, Olsen DB, Sleebs BE. Synthesis of amino heterocycle aspartyl protease inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:4970-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01842k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic strategies to access 2-amino heterocycle head groups that inhibit aspartyl proteases, are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Chambers
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research
- Parkville
- Australia
| | | | | | - Brad E. Sleebs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research
- Parkville
- Australia
- The University of Melbourne
- Parkville
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen JJ, Liu Q, Yuan C, Gore V, Lopez P, Ma V, Amegadzie A, Qian W, Judd TC, Minatti AE, Brown J, Cheng Y, Xue M, Zhong W, Dineen TA, Epstein O, Human J, Kreiman C, Marx I, Weiss MM, Hitchcock SA, Powers TS, Chen K, Wen PH, Whittington DA, Cheng AC, Bartberger MD, Hickman D, Werner JA, Vargas HM, Everds NE, Vonderfecht SL, Dunn RT, Wood S, Fremeau RT, White RD, Patel VF. Development of 2-aminooxazoline 3-azaxanthenes as orally efficacious β-secretase inhibitors for the potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:767-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
9
|
Thomas AA, Hunt KW, Newhouse B, Watts RJ, Liu X, Vigers G, Smith D, Rhodes SP, Brown KD, Otten JN, Burkard M, Cox AA, Geck Do MK, Dutcher D, Rana S, DeLisle RK, Regal K, Wright AD, Groneberg R, Liao J, Scearce-Levie K, Siu M, Purkey HE, Lyssikatos JP. 8-Tetrahydropyran-2-yl chromans: highly selective beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:10112-29. [PMID: 25411915 DOI: 10.1021/jm5015132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A series of 2,3,4,4a,10,10a-hexahydropyrano[3,2-b]chromene analogs was developed that demonstrated high selectivity (>2000-fold) for BACE1 vs Cathepsin D (CatD). Three different Asp-binding moieties were examined: spirocyclic acyl guanidines, aminooxazolines, and aminothiazolines in order to modulate potency, selectivity, efflux, and permeability. Guided by structure based design, changes to P2' and P3 moieties were explored. A conformationally restricted P2' methyl group provided inhibitors with excellent cell potency (37-137 nM) and selectivity (435 to >2000-fold) for BACE1 vs CatD. These efforts lead to compound 59, which demonstrated a 69% reduction in rat CSF Aβ1-40 at 60 mg/kg (PO).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allen A Thomas
- Array BioPharma, 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Epstein O, Bryan MC, Cheng AC, Derakhchan K, Dineen TA, Hickman D, Hua Z, Human JB, Kreiman C, Marx IE, Weiss MM, Wahl RC, Wen PH, Whittington DA, Wood S, Zheng XM, Fremeau RT, White RD, Patel VF. Lead optimization and modulation of hERG activity in a series of aminooxazoline xanthene β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE1) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9796-810. [PMID: 25389560 DOI: 10.1021/jm501266w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of a series of aminooxazoline xanthene inhibitors of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is described. An early lead compound showed robust Aβ lowering activity in a rat pharmacodynamic model, but advancement was precluded by a low therapeutic window to QTc prolongation in cardiovascular models consistent with in vitro activity on the hERG ion channel. While the introduction of polar groups was effective in reducing hERG binding affinity, this came at the expense of higher than desired Pgp-mediated efflux. A balance of low Pgp efflux and hERG activity was achieved by lowering the polar surface area of the P3 substituent while retaining polarity in the P2' side chain. The introduction of a fluorine in position 4 of the xanthene ring improved BACE1 potency (5-10-fold). The combination of these optimized fragments resulted in identification of compound 40, which showed robust Aβ reduction in a rat pharmacodynamic model (78% Aβ reduction in CSF at 10 mg/kg po) and also showed acceptable cardiovascular safety in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Epstein
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery, ‡Neuroscience, §Molecular Structure and Characterization, ∥Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and ⊥Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc. , 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, and 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Synthesis of some novel pyrano[2,3-f]chromenone derivatives. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-014-0518-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|